DEFINITION :
GIS is a powerful set of tools for collecting, storing , retrieving at will, transforming and displaying spatial data from the real world for a particular set of purposes
APPLICATION AREAS OF GIS
Agriculture
Business
Electric/Gas utilities
Environment
Forestry
Geology
Hydrology
Land-use planning
Local government
Mapping
11. Military
12. Risk management
13. Site planning
14. Transportation
15. Water / Waste water industry
COMPONENTS OF GIS
DATA INPUT
SPATIAL DATA MODEL
Data Model:
It describes in an abstract way how the data is represented in an information system or in DBMS
Spatial Data Model :
The models or abstractions of reality that are intended to have some similarity with selected aspects of the real world
Creation of analogue and digital spatial data sets involves seven levels of model development and abstraction
SPATIAL DATA MODEL
Conceptual model : A view of reality
Analog model : Human conceptualization leads to analogue abstraction
Spatial data models : Formalization of analogue abstractions without any conventions
Database model : How the data are recorded in the computer
Physical computational model : Particular representation of the data structures in computer memory
Data manipulation model : Accepted axioms and rules for handling the data
SPATIAL DATA MODEL
SPATIAL DATA MODEL
Objects on the earth surface are shown as continuous and discrete objects in spatial data models
Types of data models
Raster data model
vector data models
RASTER DATA MODEL
Basic Elements :
Extent
Rows
Columns
Origin
Orientation
Resolution: pixel = grain = grid cell
Ex: Bit Map Image (BMP),Joint Photographic Expert Group (JPEG), Portable Network Graphics(PNG) etc
RASTER DATA MODEL
VECTOR DATA MODEL
Basic Elements:
Location (x,y) or (x,y,z)
Explicit, i.e. pegged to a coordinate system
Different coordinate system (and precision) require different values
o e.g. UTM as integer (but large)
o Lat, long as two floating point numbers +/-
Points are used to build more complex features
Ex: Auto CAD Drawing File(DWG), Data Interchange(exchange) File(DXF), Vector Product Format (VPF) etc
VECTOR DATA MODEL
RASTER vs VECTORRaster is faster but Vector is corrector
TESSELLATIONS OF CONTINUOUS FIELDS
Triangular Irregular Network: (TIN)
TIN is a vector data structure for representing geographical information that is continuous
Digital elevation model
TIN is generally used to create Digital Elevation Model (DEM)
DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL
DATA STRUCTURES
Data structure tells about how the data is stored
Data organization in raster data structures
Each cell is referenced directly
Each overlay Is referenced directly
Each mapping unit is referenced directly
Each overlay is separate file with general header
This is most benificial for the First year Engineering students.This presentation consists of videos and many applications of GIS. The processes and the other parts of GIS is also nicely explained.
Gis Geographical Information System FundamentalsUroosa Samman
Gis, Geographical Information System Fundamentals. This presentation includes a complete detail of GIS and GIS Softwares. It will help students of GIS and Environmental Science.
A geographic information system (GIS) is a system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and present all types of geographical data. The acronym GIS is sometimes used for geographical information science or geospatial information studies to refer to the academic discipline or career of working with geographic information systems and is a large domain within the broader academic discipline of Geoinformatics. In the simplest terms, GIS is the merging of cartography, statistical analysis, and computer science technology.
DEFINITION :
GIS is a powerful set of tools for collecting, storing , retrieving at will, transforming and displaying spatial data from the real world for a particular set of purposes
APPLICATION AREAS OF GIS
Agriculture
Business
Electric/Gas utilities
Environment
Forestry
Geology
Hydrology
Land-use planning
Local government
Mapping
11. Military
12. Risk management
13. Site planning
14. Transportation
15. Water / Waste water industry
COMPONENTS OF GIS
DATA INPUT
SPATIAL DATA MODEL
Data Model:
It describes in an abstract way how the data is represented in an information system or in DBMS
Spatial Data Model :
The models or abstractions of reality that are intended to have some similarity with selected aspects of the real world
Creation of analogue and digital spatial data sets involves seven levels of model development and abstraction
SPATIAL DATA MODEL
Conceptual model : A view of reality
Analog model : Human conceptualization leads to analogue abstraction
Spatial data models : Formalization of analogue abstractions without any conventions
Database model : How the data are recorded in the computer
Physical computational model : Particular representation of the data structures in computer memory
Data manipulation model : Accepted axioms and rules for handling the data
SPATIAL DATA MODEL
SPATIAL DATA MODEL
Objects on the earth surface are shown as continuous and discrete objects in spatial data models
Types of data models
Raster data model
vector data models
RASTER DATA MODEL
Basic Elements :
Extent
Rows
Columns
Origin
Orientation
Resolution: pixel = grain = grid cell
Ex: Bit Map Image (BMP),Joint Photographic Expert Group (JPEG), Portable Network Graphics(PNG) etc
RASTER DATA MODEL
VECTOR DATA MODEL
Basic Elements:
Location (x,y) or (x,y,z)
Explicit, i.e. pegged to a coordinate system
Different coordinate system (and precision) require different values
o e.g. UTM as integer (but large)
o Lat, long as two floating point numbers +/-
Points are used to build more complex features
Ex: Auto CAD Drawing File(DWG), Data Interchange(exchange) File(DXF), Vector Product Format (VPF) etc
VECTOR DATA MODEL
RASTER vs VECTORRaster is faster but Vector is corrector
TESSELLATIONS OF CONTINUOUS FIELDS
Triangular Irregular Network: (TIN)
TIN is a vector data structure for representing geographical information that is continuous
Digital elevation model
TIN is generally used to create Digital Elevation Model (DEM)
DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL
DATA STRUCTURES
Data structure tells about how the data is stored
Data organization in raster data structures
Each cell is referenced directly
Each overlay Is referenced directly
Each mapping unit is referenced directly
Each overlay is separate file with general header
This is most benificial for the First year Engineering students.This presentation consists of videos and many applications of GIS. The processes and the other parts of GIS is also nicely explained.
Gis Geographical Information System FundamentalsUroosa Samman
Gis, Geographical Information System Fundamentals. This presentation includes a complete detail of GIS and GIS Softwares. It will help students of GIS and Environmental Science.
A geographic information system (GIS) is a system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and present all types of geographical data. The acronym GIS is sometimes used for geographical information science or geospatial information studies to refer to the academic discipline or career of working with geographic information systems and is a large domain within the broader academic discipline of Geoinformatics. In the simplest terms, GIS is the merging of cartography, statistical analysis, and computer science technology.
The basic intention of this presentation is to help the beginners in GIS to understand what GIS is? It is a simple presentation about GIS, i mean an introductory one. Hope anyone finds it useful.
Perhaps the most important component of a GIS is in the part of data used in GIS. The data for GIS can be derived from various sources. A wide variety of data sources exist for both spatial and attribute data.
A network is a system of interconnected elements, such as edges (lines) and connecting junctions (points), that represent possible routes from one location to another.
Here I explained introduction to the network analysis in GIS.
GIS Training is geographical information system and it is mainly used for the storing, recovering, handle, display and examine the all the types of geographical data.
Topics:
1. Introduction to GIS
2. Components of GIS
3. Types of Data
4. Spatial Data
5. Non-Spatial Data
6. GIS Operations
7. Coordinate Systems
8. Datum
9. Map Projections
10. Raster Data Compression Techniques
11. GIS Software
12. Free GIS Data Resources
The basic intention of this presentation is to help the beginners in GIS to understand what GIS is? It is a simple presentation about GIS, i mean an introductory one. Hope anyone finds it useful.
Perhaps the most important component of a GIS is in the part of data used in GIS. The data for GIS can be derived from various sources. A wide variety of data sources exist for both spatial and attribute data.
A network is a system of interconnected elements, such as edges (lines) and connecting junctions (points), that represent possible routes from one location to another.
Here I explained introduction to the network analysis in GIS.
GIS Training is geographical information system and it is mainly used for the storing, recovering, handle, display and examine the all the types of geographical data.
Topics:
1. Introduction to GIS
2. Components of GIS
3. Types of Data
4. Spatial Data
5. Non-Spatial Data
6. GIS Operations
7. Coordinate Systems
8. Datum
9. Map Projections
10. Raster Data Compression Techniques
11. GIS Software
12. Free GIS Data Resources
A geographic information system (GIS) is a collection of hardware,
software, geographicdata, and personnel designed to create, store, edit,
manipulate, analyze and display geographically referenced information.
TYBSC IT PGIS Unit I Chapter I- Introduction to Geographic Information SystemsArti Parab Academics
A Gentle Introduction to GIS The nature of GIS: Some fundamental observations, Defining GIS, GISystems, GIScience and GIApplications, Spatial data and Geoinformation. The real world and representations of it: Models and modelling, Maps, Databases, Spatial databases and spatial analysis
basic concept of geographic data,GIS and its component,data acquisition ,raster, vector formats,spatial data,topology and data model data output ,GIS applications
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
3. What is GIS?
A GIS integrate hardware, software and data for capturing,
managing, analysing and displaying all forms of geographically
referenced information.
A Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computer-based system
including software, hardware, people, and geographic information.
A GIS can:
create, edit, query, analyze, and display map information on the
computer.
4. Geographic Information System
Geographic – 80% of government data collected is associated with
some location in space
Information - attributes, or the
characteristics (data), can be used to symbolize and provide further
insight into a given location
System – a seamless operation linking the information to the
geography – which requires hardware, networks, software, data, and
operational procedures
…not just software!
…not just for making maps!
5. Homes
School Districts
Streets
Zip Codes
Cities
Counties
CAPTURE
STORE
QUERY
ANALYZE
DISPLAY
OUTPUT
GIS FUNCTIONS
6. Capturing Data: A GIS must provide methods for inputting
geographic (coordinate) or tabular (attribute) data. The more input
methods available, the more versatile the GIS.
Storing Data: There are two basic data models for geographic data
storage: vector and raster. A GIS should be able to store geographic
data in both models.
Querying data: A GIS must provide utilities for finding specific
features based on location or attribute value.
Analyzing data: A GIS must be able to answer questions regarding
the interaction of spatial relationships between multiple data sets.
Displaying Data: A GIS must have tools for visualizing geographic
features using a variety of symbology.
Output: A GIS must be able to display results in a variety of formats,
such as maps, reports, and graphs.
8. People: This is the most important component in a GIS. People must
develop the procedures and define the tasks of the GIS. People can
often overcome shortcomings in other components of the GIS, but
the best software and computers in the world cannot compensate for
the incompetence of people.
Data: The availability and accuracy of data can affect the results of
any query or analysis.
Hardware: hardware capabilities affect processing speed, ease of
use, and the type of output.
Software: This includes not only actual GIS software, but also
various database, drawing, statistical, imaging, or other software.
Procedures or Methods: Analysis requires well-defined, consistent
methods to produce accurate, reproducible results.
9. HOW GIS WORKS
Thematic
object
selection
Real world
Maps
-Analysis
GIS operations
Cartographic
processing
.- Generalization
- Symbolization
Geology
Hydrology
Soil
Attribute tables
Decision makers
Statistical tables
GPS Satellite imagesAerial photographs
Point
Area
Line
Field Survey
11. DATA IN GIS
Spatial and Attribute data
There are two important components of
geographic database: its geographic position
and its attributes or properties. In other
words, spatial data (where is it?) and
attribute data (what is it?)
12. SPATIAL DATA
City blocks Land use
001 Institutional
002 Commercial
003 Commercial
004 Residential
005 Residential
006 Residential
007 Industrial
008 Residential
009 Industrial
010 Industrial
011 Residential
012 Industrial
013 Residential
014 Residential
015 Residential
Map: City blocks
ATTRIBUTE DATA
SPATIALAND ATTRIBUTE DATA
13. What makes data spatial?
PlacenameGrid co-ordinate
Postcode
Distance & bearing
Description
Latitude / Longitude
14. Characteristics of spatial data
Location
Description: University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir
Post Code: 13100
Latitude/Longitude: 33° 21’ 55.38”N, 73° 36’ 17.62”E
15. Characteristics of spatial data
Geometry
The shape of a
building or county
The course of a
river, the route of a
road
The shape of the
landscape, relief
16. Maps model the real world with points, lines, and polygons. Symbols and labels
describe the descriptive information about the geographic features.
Points
Points define the discrete locations of geographic features which are too small to
illustrate as lines or polygons such as well or telephone poles. Points can be used
to illustrate the locations of mountain peak or discrete elevation points.
Lines
Lines represent the linear features of geographic object too narrow to illustrate as
polygons, such as streets and streams that have length but no area. Moreover,
contour lines are represented as the lines
By using different symbols and labels, descriptive information of linear features are
illustrated. For example: Roads are drawn with various line widths and patterns and
colors to represent different road types, e.g., highway as wide solid red colour line,
blue lines are used to illustrate the streams. The symbol can be used to
illustrate the railway.
City streets are labeled with names and often address ranges.
BASIC TYPES OF SPATIAL DATA
17. Polygons
Polygons are closed features that represent the shape and location of
homogeneous features such as landuse, forest types. Tone of the colour
can be applied to illustrate the density of population, green color can be
used to represent vegetation and blue colour can be used to illustrate
lake.
Surfaces
A surface represents the elevation, presence or absence of something for
every point on the piece of earth. The elevation models are best examples
to illustrate as the surfaces.
Surfaces are typically represented on the maps as the series of isolines.
Elevation contours, rainfall, temperature can be represented as the
surface of isolines.
Surfaces can be represented as the Raster Elevation Model and Vector
Elevation Model.
19. Vector Graphics:
•Images are built-up from points, lines (segments) and areas
(Polygons).
•Each defined by pair of X-Y co-ordinates.
•Preparing a map by digitization is converted into vector data in
computer.
Raster Graphics:
•Images are built-up from cells which is called as Pixels.
•In raster graphics, the smaller the area of land that each cell
represents, the higher the resolution of the data and higher the
spatial accuracy, ultimately the larger the files needed to store
the data.
.For continuous data such as elevation, slope, surfaces.
REPRESENTATION OF GEOGRAPHIC DATA
22. GIS LAYER
A GIS stores information
about the world as a
collection of layers that can
be linked together by
geography.
Real World
23. Why do we need GIS?
Because location is important, It is an issue in many
of the problems society must solve. Problems that
involve an aspect of location, either in the
information used to solve them, or in the solutions
themselves, are termed geographic problems.
24. Examples of geographic problems
Health care managers solve geographic problems “Where to locate new clinics
and hospitals”
Delivery companies solve geographic problems when they decide the routes,
and schedules of their vehicles, often on a daily basis.
Transportation authorities solve geographic problems “When they select routes
for new highways”
Forestry companies: They determine how best to manage forests, etc.
Governments solve geographic problems when they decide how to allocate
funds for building sea defenses
25. APPLICATIONS OF GIS
Applications generally fulfill the five M’s of GIS:
mapping,
measurement,
monitoring,
modeling,
and management
26. APPLICATIONS OF GIS
land-use planning and management
oil & mineral exploration
environmental impact studies
management of water resources
natural hazard mapping
forestry and wildlife management
soil degradation studies
agricultural development
socio-economic survey and mapping
Measurements of landscapes or structures
Transport/vehicle routing
and many more . . .
28. ArcGIS is a Product of
ESRI
ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEM RESEARCH INSTITUTE
29. It is available in three license level……….
Basic, ArcView
Standard, ArcEditor
Advanced, ArcInfo
ArcGIS Desktop Software
30. Exploring ArcGIS Desktop
ArcView: viewing, map production, spatial analysis,
basic editing
ArcEditor: ArcView, plus specialized editing
ArcInfo: ArcView & ArcEditor plus special analysis
and conversions
• All three software products look and work the same. They differ
only in how much they can do.
• ArcEditor does more than ArcView, and ArcInfo does more than
ArcEditor.
31. ArcInfo is now referred to as ArcGIS for Desktop Advanced
ArcInfo
32. Mapping & Analysis for Understanding Our World
ArcGIS Desktop
Version 10.1
33. ArcMap
Mapping, editing, analysis
ArcCatalog
Manage spatial data, database designs, creation and management of metadata
ArcToolbox
GIS data conversion and geoprocessing
ArcScene
3-D display
Main components of ArcGIS
34. Powerful map creation and spatial data editing.
ArcMap is the main interface for conducting
analysis and creating maps. Here, feature
classes and shapefiles can be populated, data
can be edited, calculations can be performed,
and finally, maps can be created for displaying
the results of the GIS analysis
ArcMap