Drill time log
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The document discusses drill time logs, which record the rate of penetration of rocks during drilling to identify changes in subsurface rock types and formations in real-time. Drill time logs are recorded on a paper chart mounted on a drum in a geolograph machine and depend on factors like rock type, bit type, revolutions per second, and drilling parameters. They can identify porous zones and are recorded in units of minutes per foot or meter.
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well logging tools and exercise_dileep p allavarapu
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well logging tools and exercise_dileep p allavarapu
well logging tools and exercise_dileep p allavarapu
Principles of well logging and formation evaluation m.m.badawy
Principles of well logging and formation evaluation m.m.badawy
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Here are the steps to solve these problems:
1) T at 5000 ft depth = Ts + αD
= 75 + 1.5(5000/100)
= 75 + 75
= 150 F
2) Geothermal gradient = (T2 - T1)/D2 - D1)
= (122 - 80)/2200
= 1.5 °F/100ft
So the geothermal gradient of the sandstone layer is 1.5 °F/100ft.
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- This established the basis for quantitative interpretation of resistivity logs in terms
Q921 log lec9 v1
This document provides an overview of induction logging techniques. It discusses the principles behind induction logging tools, including how they use transmitter and receiver coils to measure formation conductivity. It describes different coil configurations and focusing methods used to obtain measurements at various depths. The document also covers induction log corrections for effects like shoulder beds, borehole conditions, and skin effect. It provides an example induction log showing identification of thick and thin hydrocarbon zones.
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internship report on NJHPP
The document discusses the Nauseri area (C1) of the Neelum Jhelum Hydroelectric Project in Azad Jammu & Kashmir. It describes the geology and stratigraphy of the area which includes the Punajal and Murree formations separated by the Main Boundary Thrust fault. It outlines the composite dam and tunneling features in C1, including the use of drill and blast tunneling methods. Curtain grouting is also discussed as a method used to prevent seepage in the debris flow channel near the dam.
Cement bond log
A cement bond log (CBL) measures the loss of acoustic energy as it passes through casing to evaluate the integrity of cement bonding between the casing and formation. A sonic tool detects the bond by transmitting acoustic waves and measuring the amplitude of reflected waves, with lower amplitudes indicating better cement bonding. CBLs are used to detect cement bonding, which is important for supporting the casing, preventing fluid leaks, and isolating zones. Interpreters look for intervals of continuous cement bonding indicated by amplitudes below thresholds like 10 mV over a minimum distance.
Resistivity
Resistivity is a measure of how resistant a material is to electrical flow. It is an intensive property that depends on factors like the resistivity of pore fluids like water, oil, or gas, the porosity of the rock, and aspects of the rock composition including clay content and cementation. Resistivity is used to calculate resistance, which considers both resistivity and the geometry of electrical flow through a material using measurements of length and cross-sectional area. Common notations are presented for resistivity of water-saturated rock, true formation resistivity, and water resistivity.
Basic drilling engineering
This document provides an overview of basic drilling engineering. It discusses the types of drilling including rotary, cable tool, and coil tubing drilling. It describes the historical development of drilling from the early 1800s to modern advances. It also outlines the key components of a conventional drilling rig including those used for hoisting, rotating, circulating, and controlling the drill string. Common drilling fluid types and their uses are also mentioned. Finally, it notes some factors that characterize a successful drilling operation.
Well hydraulics
Well hydraulics analyzes the drawdown of groundwater levels due to pumping from wells over time and distance. It is important to understand well hydraulics to design effective pumping strategies that can meet water demand by withdrawing adequate amounts of groundwater from aquifers. Basic assumptions are made about steady versus unsteady flow, and models examine steady radial flow of groundwater to wells pumping from both confined and unconfined aquifers.
Short normal log
The Short Normal Log (SN Log) is an electrical survey technique invented in 1927 that measures formation resistivity using four electrodes: two current electrodes A and B and two potential electrodes M and N. The technique works by passing a current between A and B and measuring the voltage between M and N, allowing the resistivity of a uniform formation to be calculated using a formula involving the voltage, current, and a geometric factor. Electrodes A and M are on a downhole probe, while B and N are placed at the surface or further up the cable.
Modular density tool
The MDT (Modular Density Tool) is used to test formation pressure, temperature, and obtain fluid and water samples. It contains formation pressure and resistivity gauges, a pump out system, live fluid analyzer, sample chamber, and crystal quartz gauge. When using the MDT, points are selected for measuring formation pressure in oil, gas, and water zones. Interpretation of MDT data involves plotting a graph of formation pressure versus depth to identify contacts between gas, oil, and water zones based on their different density values.
Gama ray log
Gamma rays are high-energy electromagnetic waves emitted spontaneously by radioactive elements like potassium, uranium, and thorium found in rocks. A gamma ray log measures this natural radioactivity to indicate the presence of shale and clay in formations. The log uses a scintillation counter detector in the tool to measure gamma radiation from the formation. Radioactive elements tend to concentrate in shale and clay. Therefore, higher gamma ray readings indicate more shale, while clean formations like sandstone have lower readings. The log can be used to correlate between wells and evaluate shale content.
Density log
Density logging uses a tool that emits gamma rays into rock formations to determine bulk density along a wellbore. Bulk density depends on mineral density and porosity, with density being a primary indicator of porosity. The gamma rays collide with electrons in the formation through Compton scattering, with more collisions and energy loss occurring in denser formations that have more electrons. This allows density logging tools to measure formation density.
Variable density log
The document discusses variable density logs (VDL), which provide a color or grayscale representation of acoustic wave amplitude received during sonic or ultrasonic measurements. VDLs are commonly used alongside cement bond logs to provide better interpretation. It also discusses density logs, which measure formation density using gamma rays emitted from a borehole tool. Density is plotted on a bulk density scale and used to indicate porosity, derive total porosity, and identify lithology when used with neutron logs. Limitations include needing uniform mudcake/washouts less than 0.75 inches.
Neutron log
Emitted neutrons interact with matter through elastic scattering, where they lose some energy, or inelastic scattering, where the target nucleus absorbs neutrons and emits slower neutrons and gamma rays. The amount of energy lost depends on the mass of the nucleus collided with. Hydrogen causes the highest energy loss at 67% per collision due to its similar mass to neutrons. Heavier nuclei cause less energy loss. Neutron logs measure formation hydrogen content to indicate porosity and lithology. There are two main types - single neutron pad logs detecting epithermal neutrons over short intervals, and compensated neutron logs detecting thermal neutrons over deeper intervals. Neutron logs are used to determine porosity, delineate porous formations
Sp log
This document discusses electrical logs, including self potential (SP) logs. It defines the SP log as measuring the voltage difference between a downhole electrode and a surface electrode. The objectives are to understand the physical principles, interpretation for lithology and properties, and corrections needed. The SP log is used to identify impermeable zones like shale and permeable zones like sand, detect boundaries of permeable beds, and determine formation water resistivity and shale volume. It further explains the theory of measurement, factors affecting readings, and gives more details on the definition and general uses of SP logs.
Induction log
The induction log was invented in 1947 to measure formation resistivity in non-conductive boreholes containing oil-based muds or drilled without fluid. It works using a transmitter coil that generates a magnetic field around the borehole, which is measured by a receiver coil. Factors like borehole size, mud properties, and bed thickness can influence readings. Induction logs are used for saturation determination, lithology identification, and locating hydrocarbon zones, and provide accurate resistivity readings, especially in low resistivity formations. The tool is minimally affected by drilling fluid resistivity.
Proximity log
The Proximity Log (PL) is a downhole tool designed to measure resistivity of the formation (RXO) without interference from thick mud cakes. It operates similarly to the Microlaterolog (MLL) but can penetrate deeper, up to 1.5 feet into the formation. The PL focuses current from a central electrode using guard electrodes to direct flow farther out than the MLL. Preliminary applications found the PL provides more accurate porosity measurements than the MLL when thick mud cakes are present.
Introduction to gis and arc gis
A Geographic Information System (GIS) integrates hardware, software and data to capture, store, query, analyze and display spatially-referenced information. A GIS links location data to descriptive attributes and allows users to create, edit, analyze and display map information on a computer. Key GIS functions include capturing data, storing data in both vector and raster formats, querying data, analyzing spatial relationships between data sets, displaying data visually, and outputting results in various formats like maps, reports and graphs.
Coordinate systems
The document discusses geographic coordinate systems (GCS) and projected coordinate systems (PCS). It explains that a GCS uses latitude and longitude to define locations on Earth based on the equator and prime meridian. A PCS projects locations onto a flat surface using x,y coordinates defined by a grid. It also discusses datums, which define ellipsoids and their position relative to Earth's center, providing a reference frame. Map projections transform locations from the ellipsoid to the flat grid using mathematical formulas that can distort shapes, areas, or distances.
Metamorphism
This document discusses metamorphism and metamorphic rocks. It defines metamorphism as a change in shape of pre-existing rocks due to heat and pressure below the surface. It describes different types of metamorphism including contact, dynamic, and regional metamorphism. It also defines foliated and non-foliated metamorphic rocks, providing examples like slate, schist, and gneiss. The document aims to explain metamorphic concepts and rock types to students.
SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES
This document discusses sedimentary structures, which are geological features formed during or just after sediment deposition. There are two types of sedimentary structures: primary and secondary. Primary structures form during deposition and include graded bedding, ripple marks, rip-ups, pebble imbrication, and mud cracks. Secondary structures form after deposition through chemical or physical processes, such as Liesegang rings, cone-in-cone structures, flame structures, raindrop impressions, and slump structures. Examples of each type of structure are provided along with brief descriptions.
COLLECTION OF SAMPLE
The document provides guidance on starting a rock collection for microfossil study. It recommends properly labeling collected samples with location data and replacing poor samples. Basic collecting equipment includes a geologist's hammer and hand lens. Surface samples can be collected from natural exposures while subsurface samples come from wells and boreholes, with cores providing the most accurate records. The best collecting sites are quarries, road cuts, and outcrops displaying unweathered rock. Careful permanent labeling and record keeping is important for housing and maintaining the collection.
Estimation of initial stresses
(1) Several methods are used to estimate initial stresses in rock masses, including the stress relief method, hydraulic fracturing method, and methods using oriented core samples or fault earthquake data.
(2) The stress relief method involves drilling a borehole and installing a probe to measure strain changes before and after overcoring to relieve stresses around the probe.
(3) The hydraulic fracturing method involves injecting water into a borehole under pressure to initiate and propagate fractures, with initial stresses estimated from breakdown, reopening, and shut-in pressures.
(4) While less common, oriented core tests and analyses of fault earthquake mechanisms can also provide information on initial stress orientations. A variety of techniques are
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Order : Trombidiformes (Acarina) Class : Arachnida
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Signatures of wave erosion in Titan’s coasts
The shorelines of Titan’s hydrocarbon seas trace flooded erosional landforms such as river valleys; however, it isunclear whether coastal erosion has subsequently altered these shorelines. Spacecraft observations and theo-retical models suggest that wind may cause waves to form on Titan’s seas, potentially driving coastal erosion,but the observational evidence of waves is indirect, and the processes affecting shoreline evolution on Titanremain unknown. No widely accepted framework exists for using shoreline morphology to quantitatively dis-cern coastal erosion mechanisms, even on Earth, where the dominant mechanisms are known. We combinelandscape evolution models with measurements of shoreline shape on Earth to characterize how differentcoastal erosion mechanisms affect shoreline morphology. Applying this framework to Titan, we find that theshorelines of Titan’s seas are most consistent with flooded landscapes that subsequently have been eroded bywaves, rather than a uniform erosional process or no coastal erosion, particularly if wave growth saturates atfetch lengths of tens of kilometers.
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一比一原版(macewan学位证书)加拿大麦科文大学毕业证如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(macewan学位证书)加拿大麦科文大学毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
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Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...
Context. The observation of several L-band emission sources in the S cluster has led to a rich discussion of their nature. However, a definitive answer to the classification of the dusty objects requires an explanation for the detection of compact Doppler-shifted Brγ emission. The ionized hydrogen in combination with the observation of mid-infrared L-band continuum emission suggests that most of these sources are embedded in a dusty envelope. These embedded sources are part of the S-cluster, and their relationship to the S-stars is still under debate. To date, the question of the origin of these two populations has been vague, although all explanations favor migration processes for the individual cluster members. Aims. This work revisits the S-cluster and its dusty members orbiting the supermassive black hole SgrA* on bound Keplerian orbits from a kinematic perspective. The aim is to explore the Keplerian parameters for patterns that might imply a nonrandom distribution of the sample. Additionally, various analytical aspects are considered to address the nature of the dusty sources. Methods. Based on the photometric analysis, we estimated the individual H−K and K−L colors for the source sample and compared the results to known cluster members. The classification revealed a noticeable contrast between the S-stars and the dusty sources. To fit the flux-density distribution, we utilized the radiative transfer code HYPERION and implemented a young stellar object Class I model. We obtained the position angle from the Keplerian fit results; additionally, we analyzed the distribution of the inclinations and the longitudes of the ascending node. Results. The colors of the dusty sources suggest a stellar nature consistent with the spectral energy distribution in the near and midinfrared domains. Furthermore, the evaporation timescales of dusty and gaseous clumps in the vicinity of SgrA* are much shorter ( 2yr) than the epochs covered by the observations (≈15yr). In addition to the strong evidence for the stellar classification of the D-sources, we also find a clear disk-like pattern following the arrangements of S-stars proposed in the literature. Furthermore, we find a global intrinsic inclination for all dusty sources of 60 ± 20◦, implying a common formation process. Conclusions. The pattern of the dusty sources manifested in the distribution of the position angles, inclinations, and longitudes of the ascending node strongly suggests two different scenarios: the main-sequence stars and the dusty stellar S-cluster sources share a common formation history or migrated with a similar formation channel in the vicinity of SgrA*. Alternatively, the gravitational influence of SgrA* in combination with a massive perturber, such as a putative intermediate mass black hole in the IRS 13 cluster, forces the dusty objects and S-stars to follow a particular orbital arrangement. Key words. stars: black holes– stars: formation– Galaxy: center– galaxies: star formation
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Centrifugation is a powerful technique used in laboratories to separate components of a heterogeneous mixture based on their density. This process utilizes centrifugal force to rapidly spin samples, causing denser particles to migrate outward more quickly than lighter ones. As a result, distinct layers form within the sample tube, allowing for easy isolation and purification of target substances.
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Drill time log
- 2. Today we will discuss about Drill Time Log. Can any of you tell me about this log??? NOBODY!!!! Ok no problem I am here to brief you about this. Now listen all of you carefully.
- 3. Drill Time Log • Used to record the rate of penetration in the rocks or formation.
- 4. How we record it?? • Recorded on paper chart around a drum in Geolograph. • Because this Log is recorded as the well is drilled
- 5. • Changes in the subsurface rocks are recorded instantaneously • That is why Drill time Log is Real Log.
- 6. Dependence It depends upon Rock type Drill parameters
- 7. Drilling rate is affected by Bit type Revolution per second With tricone drilling bit Sandstone have fast drilling rate Shales are intermediate Carbonates are lowest
- 8. Drilling Break • The suddent Change in penetration of bit is drilling break. • Also used to locate porous zone Units Recorded in minutes per foot or meter.