The basic intention of this presentation is to help the beginners in GIS to understand what GIS is? It is a simple presentation about GIS, i mean an introductory one. Hope anyone finds it useful.
DEFINITION :
GIS is a powerful set of tools for collecting, storing , retrieving at will, transforming and displaying spatial data from the real world for a particular set of purposes
APPLICATION AREAS OF GIS
Agriculture
Business
Electric/Gas utilities
Environment
Forestry
Geology
Hydrology
Land-use planning
Local government
Mapping
11. Military
12. Risk management
13. Site planning
14. Transportation
15. Water / Waste water industry
COMPONENTS OF GIS
DATA INPUT
SPATIAL DATA MODEL
Data Model:
It describes in an abstract way how the data is represented in an information system or in DBMS
Spatial Data Model :
The models or abstractions of reality that are intended to have some similarity with selected aspects of the real world
Creation of analogue and digital spatial data sets involves seven levels of model development and abstraction
SPATIAL DATA MODEL
Conceptual model : A view of reality
Analog model : Human conceptualization leads to analogue abstraction
Spatial data models : Formalization of analogue abstractions without any conventions
Database model : How the data are recorded in the computer
Physical computational model : Particular representation of the data structures in computer memory
Data manipulation model : Accepted axioms and rules for handling the data
SPATIAL DATA MODEL
SPATIAL DATA MODEL
Objects on the earth surface are shown as continuous and discrete objects in spatial data models
Types of data models
Raster data model
vector data models
RASTER DATA MODEL
Basic Elements :
Extent
Rows
Columns
Origin
Orientation
Resolution: pixel = grain = grid cell
Ex: Bit Map Image (BMP),Joint Photographic Expert Group (JPEG), Portable Network Graphics(PNG) etc
RASTER DATA MODEL
VECTOR DATA MODEL
Basic Elements:
Location (x,y) or (x,y,z)
Explicit, i.e. pegged to a coordinate system
Different coordinate system (and precision) require different values
o e.g. UTM as integer (but large)
o Lat, long as two floating point numbers +/-
Points are used to build more complex features
Ex: Auto CAD Drawing File(DWG), Data Interchange(exchange) File(DXF), Vector Product Format (VPF) etc
VECTOR DATA MODEL
RASTER vs VECTORRaster is faster but Vector is corrector
TESSELLATIONS OF CONTINUOUS FIELDS
Triangular Irregular Network: (TIN)
TIN is a vector data structure for representing geographical information that is continuous
Digital elevation model
TIN is generally used to create Digital Elevation Model (DEM)
DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL
DATA STRUCTURES
Data structure tells about how the data is stored
Data organization in raster data structures
Each cell is referenced directly
Each overlay Is referenced directly
Each mapping unit is referenced directly
Each overlay is separate file with general header
DEFINITION :
GIS is a powerful set of tools for collecting, storing , retrieving at will, transforming and displaying spatial data from the real world for a particular set of purposes
APPLICATION AREAS OF GIS
Agriculture
Business
Electric/Gas utilities
Environment
Forestry
Geology
Hydrology
Land-use planning
Local government
Mapping
11. Military
12. Risk management
13. Site planning
14. Transportation
15. Water / Waste water industry
COMPONENTS OF GIS
DATA INPUT
SPATIAL DATA MODEL
Data Model:
It describes in an abstract way how the data is represented in an information system or in DBMS
Spatial Data Model :
The models or abstractions of reality that are intended to have some similarity with selected aspects of the real world
Creation of analogue and digital spatial data sets involves seven levels of model development and abstraction
SPATIAL DATA MODEL
Conceptual model : A view of reality
Analog model : Human conceptualization leads to analogue abstraction
Spatial data models : Formalization of analogue abstractions without any conventions
Database model : How the data are recorded in the computer
Physical computational model : Particular representation of the data structures in computer memory
Data manipulation model : Accepted axioms and rules for handling the data
SPATIAL DATA MODEL
SPATIAL DATA MODEL
Objects on the earth surface are shown as continuous and discrete objects in spatial data models
Types of data models
Raster data model
vector data models
RASTER DATA MODEL
Basic Elements :
Extent
Rows
Columns
Origin
Orientation
Resolution: pixel = grain = grid cell
Ex: Bit Map Image (BMP),Joint Photographic Expert Group (JPEG), Portable Network Graphics(PNG) etc
RASTER DATA MODEL
VECTOR DATA MODEL
Basic Elements:
Location (x,y) or (x,y,z)
Explicit, i.e. pegged to a coordinate system
Different coordinate system (and precision) require different values
o e.g. UTM as integer (but large)
o Lat, long as two floating point numbers +/-
Points are used to build more complex features
Ex: Auto CAD Drawing File(DWG), Data Interchange(exchange) File(DXF), Vector Product Format (VPF) etc
VECTOR DATA MODEL
RASTER vs VECTORRaster is faster but Vector is corrector
TESSELLATIONS OF CONTINUOUS FIELDS
Triangular Irregular Network: (TIN)
TIN is a vector data structure for representing geographical information that is continuous
Digital elevation model
TIN is generally used to create Digital Elevation Model (DEM)
DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL
DATA STRUCTURES
Data structure tells about how the data is stored
Data organization in raster data structures
Each cell is referenced directly
Each overlay Is referenced directly
Each mapping unit is referenced directly
Each overlay is separate file with general header
Gis Geographical Information System FundamentalsUroosa Samman
Gis, Geographical Information System Fundamentals. This presentation includes a complete detail of GIS and GIS Softwares. It will help students of GIS and Environmental Science.
This is most benificial for the First year Engineering students.This presentation consists of videos and many applications of GIS. The processes and the other parts of GIS is also nicely explained.
basic concept of geographic data,GIS and its component,data acquisition ,raster, vector formats,spatial data,topology and data model data output ,GIS applications
Topics:
1. Introduction to GIS
2. Components of GIS
3. Types of Data
4. Spatial Data
5. Non-Spatial Data
6. GIS Operations
7. Coordinate Systems
8. Datum
9. Map Projections
10. Raster Data Compression Techniques
11. GIS Software
12. Free GIS Data Resources
The concept of GIS was first introduced in the early 1960s, and it was subsequently researched and developed as a new discipline. The GIS history views Roger Tomlinson as a pioneer of the concept, where the first iteration was designed to store, collate, and analyze data about land usage in Canada.
This presentation is about the raster and vector data in GIS which is important and costly as well, through the presentation we will learn about both type of data.
Gis Geographical Information System FundamentalsUroosa Samman
Gis, Geographical Information System Fundamentals. This presentation includes a complete detail of GIS and GIS Softwares. It will help students of GIS and Environmental Science.
This is most benificial for the First year Engineering students.This presentation consists of videos and many applications of GIS. The processes and the other parts of GIS is also nicely explained.
basic concept of geographic data,GIS and its component,data acquisition ,raster, vector formats,spatial data,topology and data model data output ,GIS applications
Topics:
1. Introduction to GIS
2. Components of GIS
3. Types of Data
4. Spatial Data
5. Non-Spatial Data
6. GIS Operations
7. Coordinate Systems
8. Datum
9. Map Projections
10. Raster Data Compression Techniques
11. GIS Software
12. Free GIS Data Resources
The concept of GIS was first introduced in the early 1960s, and it was subsequently researched and developed as a new discipline. The GIS history views Roger Tomlinson as a pioneer of the concept, where the first iteration was designed to store, collate, and analyze data about land usage in Canada.
This presentation is about the raster and vector data in GIS which is important and costly as well, through the presentation we will learn about both type of data.
TYBSC IT PGIS Unit I Chapter I- Introduction to Geographic Information SystemsArti Parab Academics
A Gentle Introduction to GIS The nature of GIS: Some fundamental observations, Defining GIS, GISystems, GIScience and GIApplications, Spatial data and Geoinformation. The real world and representations of it: Models and modelling, Maps, Databases, Spatial databases and spatial analysis
GIS (Geographic Information System): is computer assisted system used for collecting, storing, retrieving at will, transforming and displaying spatial data from the real world for a particular set of purpose.
Why GIS use is prevalent in natural resource management Evolution of the development of GIS technology and key figures Common spatial data collection techniques and input devices that are available Common GIS output processes that are typical in natural resource management The broad types of GIS software that are available.
ABSTRACT: Geographical Information System is a new branch of information system in which system (GIS software) containing geographic data and converting useful information. The ability to integrate and analyze data organized in multiple thematic layers is a heart of Geographical Information System. Hardware, software, procedure, data and users are different components in which data is essential and core of GIS because without data GIS cannot work and cannot display the result.
Few names from history inspire such immediate and emphatic revulsion as that of Nazi leader Adolf Hitler. His hands are stained with the blood of millions killed in the devastation of the Second World War and the horror of the Holocaust.
But Hitler was not born a brutal tyrant, he became one. Explore Hitler's life and discover the road that led to destruction.
Rapid urban and industrial growth demands more land for further development, to meet this demand land reclamation and utilization of unsuitable and environmentally affected lands have been taken up and converted to useful ones by adopting one or more Ground Improvement Techniques
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
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How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
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Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
2. Introduction
Geographical Information System
The acronym GIS stands for Geographical
Information System.
GIS consists of two distinct disciplines, namely,
Geography and Information System.
GIS
Geography
Information
system
&
3. The scientific study of the geospatial pattern and
process.
The geography usually starts with 3 “W’s”
questions :
1. Where?
2. What is it like there?
3. Why do I care?
4. It is an interactive combination of people,
computer hardware and software, communication
devices and procedures designed to provide
continuous flow of information to the people who
need information to make decisions or perform
analysis.
5. A geographical information system is a system
which integrates hardware, software and data for
capturing, managing, analyzing and visualizing all
forms of geographically referenced information.
In simplest terms it is the merging of cartography,
statistical analysis and database technology.
6. In short, a GIS is….
An information system (hardware, software,
data)
which enables us to apply lots of analysis models
to any geographical datasets
for generating derived information
that can be visualized as maps.
7. History & Development of GIS:
The development of GIS was first started in 1832. One of the first
applications of spatial analysis is in Epidemiology.
In 1854 John Snow depicted a cholera outbreak in London using
points to represent the locations of some individual cases,
possibly the earliest use of a geographic methodology in
epidemiology.
The year 1960 saw the development of the world’s first true
operational GIS in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada by the federal
dept. of forestry and rural development, developed by
Dr. Roger Tomlinson (Father of GIS),
it was called the Canada Geographic Information System (CGIS).
9. Key components of GIS:
A GIS constitutes of five key components, namely
1. Documentation
2. Hardware
3. Software
4. Data and
5. Users.
These five components need to be in balance to
function any information system satisfactorily.
GIS
Softw
are
Data
Docu
ment
ation
Users
Hard
ware
• Vector(Drawing)
• Raster(images)
• Descriptive(text/tables)
• Guides
• Procedures
• Specifications
• Standards
• End Users
• Administration
• Managers
• GIS Technicians
• Computer &
Peripherals
• Networks and
network devices
• Printing and
image acquisition
devices
• GIS applications
• databases
• operating system
• other software's
10. GIS data & Spatial data model:
Data are the observations made from real-world
experiences, organized and processed in order to
make them meaningful, and convert into information.
Data may have three modes:
1. Spatial data
2. Thematic or attribute or non-spatial data &
3. Temporal data.
Spatial data may be represented by several GIS data
models.
11. Data model:
A data model describes in an abstract way how data
is represented in an information system.
In GIS there are two basic data models to input and
visualize data in the world of GIS. They are:
1. Raster data model &
2. Vector data model.
12. Raster data model:
The raster data model divides the geographic space into a
regular grid of square cells, called pixels, with a number in
each cell representing the solid color fill of that cell in specific
sequence (row-column structure).
Example of raster data may be:
Stored electronic image or
picture taken as an aerial
photograph or satellite image.
13. Vector data model:
The vector data model is close to the traditional
mapping approach where the objects are
represented as points, lines or areas(features).
The position of each object is defined by a series of
coordinate pairs.
Points
Lines
Areas
point
1,6
2,5
5,4
4,1
7,10
5,9
4,7
6,6
8,6
9,8
line
polygon
2,2
5 10
5
10
Vector model Raster model