This document provides an overview of basic drilling engineering. It discusses the types of drilling including rotary, cable tool, and coil tubing drilling. It describes the historical development of drilling from the early 1800s to modern advances. It also outlines the key components of a conventional drilling rig including those used for hoisting, rotating, circulating, and controlling the drill string. Common drilling fluid types and their uses are also mentioned. Finally, it notes some factors that characterize a successful drilling operation.
Drilling fluids are absolutely essential during the drilling process and considered the primary well control.
Know more now about such a very important component of the drilling process.
Drilling fluids are absolutely essential during the drilling process and considered the primary well control.
Know more now about such a very important component of the drilling process.
Hi,friend,
This presentation will give some effectiveness for entry level drilling engineers!
Thanks and Best regards,
Myo Min Htet
MPRL E&P Pte Ltd.
+95933336767
myominhtetz2012@gmail.com
A summary presentation of a 7" Liner job, demonstrating different components, mechanisms of liner hanger and other string components. Then a quick hint about cementing operation and some extra components involved in the job like the Handling equipment, VAM HT, ...etc.
Presentation defines well completion as a sub-discipline of drilling operations. It introduces the various components of the well completion process. It then describes and explains basic areas of the completion process including the bottom-hole completion process, the perforation process, the upper completion with packers, tubing component equipment and devices, tubing configurations, the horizontal completions and the Christmas tree(production head)
Hi,friend,
This presentation will give some effectiveness for entry level drilling engineers!
Thanks and Best regards,
Myo Min Htet
MPRL E&P Pte Ltd.
+95933336767
myominhtetz2012@gmail.com
A summary presentation of a 7" Liner job, demonstrating different components, mechanisms of liner hanger and other string components. Then a quick hint about cementing operation and some extra components involved in the job like the Handling equipment, VAM HT, ...etc.
Presentation defines well completion as a sub-discipline of drilling operations. It introduces the various components of the well completion process. It then describes and explains basic areas of the completion process including the bottom-hole completion process, the perforation process, the upper completion with packers, tubing component equipment and devices, tubing configurations, the horizontal completions and the Christmas tree(production head)
This course describe different systems of petroleum drilling rig (Hoisting system, Rotary System,Circulation system,Power system, BOP system and Monitoring system) and provide insight of individual components.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
3. WHY WE DRILL
PROSPECT SELECTION
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
MODIFICATION IN DRILLING
TYPES OF DRILLING
WHAT ARE DIFFERENT WELL LOCATIONS IN TERMS OF
DRILLING
CONVENTINAL DRILLING RIG COMPONENTS
RIG COMPONENTS
ADVANCEMENT IN ROTARY DRILLING
MUD TYPES & THEIR USAGE
WHAT WE CALL A SUCCESSFUL DRILLING OPERATION
4. TO KNOW THE SUB-SURFACE
TO GET WATER FROM UNDERNEATH
TO GET THE BLACK GOLD ( OIL ) & GAS
5. In case of Production wells, prospect selection is
identified by the need to maintain or increase
reservoir production
Exploration wells require geological and
geophysical data gathering, processing and
evaluation
• Surface geological study
• Subsurface mapping
• Identification of structures e.g. anticlines, salt
domes, fault traps, sand bodies lenses
• Seismic Evaluation
6. 1808 PERCUSSION DRILLING BY CHINESE
FIRST COMMERCIAL WELL
1859 CABLE TOOL PERCUSSION DRILLING
1918 WORLD DEEPEST WELL BY CABLE
TOOL ( 7386 ft )
1930 ROTARY DRILLING
7. Rotary Drilling Coil Tubing
BY THE PONDING
ACTION OF THE
DRILLING BITS
BY THE ROATARY
ACTION OF THE
DRILL BITS
USED FOR THE
HORIZONTAL &
MULTILATERAL
DRILLING
Cable Tool
10. CIRCULATING
• PUMPS
• STAND PIPES
• SOLIDS CONTROL EQUIPMENT
CONTROLLING
• BLOWOUT PREVENTOR
• CHOKE SYSTEM
Basic Drilling Rig Functions
11. DERRICK
The function of a derrick is to
provide vertical clearance to
the raising and lowering of
drill string into and out of
borehole
Two type of Derricks
Standard Derricks - it is of
bolted construction and
assembled part by part
Mast – a portable derrick, one
capable of being erected as a
unit
12. CROWN BLOCK
The fixed set of pulleys (called sheaves)
located at the top of the derrick or mast
over which the drilling line is threaded.
TRAVELLING BLOCK
A pulley (sheave) assembly that
connects the drilling line to the
hook and swivel
Rig Components (Hoisting System)
13. DRAWWORKS
It is the control center from
which the driller operates the
rig. It contains clutches,
chains and other controls
It houses the drum which
spools drilling line during
hoisting and allows feed off
during drilling
14. KELLY
A Kelly is a square or
hexagonal length of pipe
that fits into a bushing in
the rig's rotary table. As
the rotary table turns to
the right, the Kelly turns
with it.
The main function of a
Kelly is to transfer energy
from the rotary table to the
rest of the drill string
SWIVEL
It suspends the drill string
and allows rotation at the
same time
KELLY
ROTARY TABLE
RAT HOLE
15. DRILL PIPES
Drill pipe furnishes the
necessary length for drill
string and serves as a
conduit for the drilling
fluid
DRILL COLLARS
Provides weight and
stability to the drill bit,
maintain tension on the
drill pipe and help keep
the hole on a straight
course
16. HEAVY WALL DRILL
PIPES provides additional
hole stability and aids in
directional control
STABILIZERS
centralize the drill collars,
help maintain the hole at
full-gauge diameter
JARS
provides sharp upward or
downward impact to free
stuck pipe
REAMERS
helps to maintain a full-
gauge hole diameter
CROSS OVER SUBS
which join components
having different types of
connections.
17. BITS
Most critical component in rotary
drilling operations. Different types of
bits
Two main type of bits:
Rolling cutter bits - consist of
cutting elements arranged on cones
(usually three cones, but sometimes
two) that rotate on bearings about
their own axis as the drill string turns
the body of the bit. These bits can
have teeth or buttons
18. Fixed cutter bits - also
known as drag bits, consist
of stationary cutting
elements that are integral
with the body of the bit and
are rotated directly by the
turning of the drill string.
The principal types of fixed
cutter bits are
natural diamond
polycrystalline diamond
compact (PDC)
19.
20. MUD PUMPS
Their function is to circulate the drilling fluid at the desired
pressure and volume
The pump normally used for this service is reciprocating piston,
double acting and duplex type
STANDPIPE
A rigid metal conduit that provides the high-pressure pathway
for drilling mud to travel approximately one-third of the way up
the derrick where it connects to a flexible high-pressure hose
(Kelly hose)
Many large rigs are fitted with dual standpipes so that downtime
is kept to a minimum if one standpipe requires repair
21. PRIME MOVRES
These are used to supply
power to drilling operations.
These can be steam engines,
electric motors, internal
combustion engine
The bulk of rig power is
consumed in two operations
namely circulation of fluid
and hoisting
22. BLOWOUT PREVENTER (BOP)
If the formation pressure is more
than the imposed by drilling fluid,
in this case formation fluids flow
into borehole and eventually to the
surface. This effect is called blowout
The main function of blowout
preventers is to close the annular
space between the drill pipe and
casing