The document is a presentation on Geographic Information Systems (GIS) prepared by students at the Gandhinagar Institute of Technology, exploring the introduction, history, key components, processes, and applications of GIS. It highlights GIS's significance in various fields such as agriculture, natural resource management, urban planning, and disaster management. Additionally, it includes literature reviews discussing the effectiveness and challenges of GIS technology in specific applications.

1. GANDHINAGAR INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY
Elements of Civil Engineering
Presentation on
“Geographical Information System”
Prepared By:-
Vedant Dave 140120119247
Vivek Verma 140120119248
Kuldeep Tiwari 140120119233
Prahar Vyas 140120119251
Nilesh Sharma 140120119215
Guided By:-
Mrs. Priyanka Mehta
Mrs. Ankita Shah

2. Flow of Presentation
1. Introduction to GIS
2. History of Development
3. Key Components of GIS
4. GIS Processes
5. 4 M’s of GIS
6. Contribution Disciplines of GIS
7. Applications of GIS
8. Research Papers

3. Introduction to GIS
GEOGRAPHIC
implies that locations of the data items are known, or can be
calculated, in terms of Geographic coordinates (Latitude,
Longitude)
INFORMATION
implies that the data in a GIS are organized to yield useful
knowledge, often as colored maps and images, but also as statistical
graphics, tables, and various on-screen responses to interactive
queries.
SYSTEM
implies that a GIS is made up from several inter-related and linked
components with different functions. Thus, GIS have functional
capabilities for data capture, input, manipulation, transformation,
visualization, combinations, query, analysis, modelling and output.

4. A Model of GIS

5. • Allow users to create interactive queries.
• Analyze spatial information
• Edit data in maps.
• Geographic concepts, applications, and systems.
• Refers to a number of different technologies, processes,
and methods.
• Foundation for many location-enabled services that rely
on analysis and visualization.
• Relate unrelated information.
• RecordsLocations or extents in the Earth space–time.

6. The x, y and z axis representating the longitude, latitude,
and elevation, respectively

7. History of Development
• John Snow's 1855 map of the Soho cholera in the London.
 1966 GIS demonstrated by Howard
Fisher
 1969 ESRI founded
 1970’s satellites aid GPS
 1971 GIS project used a layering
system to display data
 1979 Odessy developed

8. GIS concepts
 London cholera epidemic 1854
8
Soho
+
Cholera death
Water pump

9.  1986 MapInfo developed
 1986 SPOT satellite was launched.
 1992 the Lebanon used GIS to
rebuild electricity network the

10. KEY COMPONENTS OF GIS

11. 1. Hardware:-
• Used in stand-alone or networked configurations.
• Chief part of GIS such as Computer etc.
• Help to run centralized computer servers to desktop
2. Software:-
•Analyse and display geographic information.
•Provides function and tools needed.
3. Data:-
•Collects the geographic and other tabular data
•It assemble to use specifications and requirements
•Integrate spatial data with other existing data resources
•Key functionality is to store the data.

12. 4.People:-
• Developers and users are quiet important.
• Ranges from Specialists to Normal Users.
5. Procedures:-
• Drafting Designs
• Implementing Plans
• Integration into the business strategy and operation
• Requires necessary investments in hardware and
software

13. Capture
Data
GIS Process
Register
Map Base
Interpret
Data
Convert Data
to Digital
Format
Store Data
in Computer
Process
Data
Display
Results

14. 4 M’s of GIS

15. Land Use Environmental
Cadastral 4 M’s
Assessment
Agriculture Drainage Network
Hydrology Model Terrains
Measurement
Mapping
Monitoring
Modelling

16. Contribution Disciplines

17. Mathematics
GIS
Geography
Cartography
CAD,CAM
Automated
Cartography
Surveying
Photographical
Digital
Photogrammetry
Remote Sensing
Technology
Statistics

18. Applications of GIS
1. Agriculture
 Farm management
 Pest/Disease tracking
 Crop monitoring
 Yield prediction
 Soil analysis

19. 2. Natural Resource Management
 Forestry
 Ecology
 Mining
 Petroleum
 Water Resources

20. 3.Planning and Economic Development
 Land Use/Zoning
 Emergency Preparedness
 Population Forecast
 Market Analysis
 Property Tax Assessment
 Transportation

24. 4. Geography Matters
Today’s challenges require geographic approach
 Climate Change
 Urban Growth
 Sustainable Agriculture
 Water Quality and Availability
 International and National Security
 Energy
 Epidemiology/Disease Tracking
 Natural Hazards: Seismicity, Weather Events

25. 5.Vehicle Routing

29. 6. Land Use Planning and Management
Map of Ahmedabad City through GIS

30. 7.Environmental Applications
• Land cover and land use analysis
• Modelling watersheds
• Soil Erosion
• Forest management
• Conservation and Protected Areas
Marine Map

31. 8.Business Applications
• Delivery of goods and services
• Retail store placement
• Distribution of competitors
• Location of potential customers
• Traffic flow
• Parking locations

32. Expenditures using costumer market data

33. Literature Review
L
TOPIC:-
An overview of
“Geographic Information
System" and its role and
applicability in
Environmental
Monitoring and Process
Modelling
Author:-
Miroslav Rusko,
Roman Chovanec,
Dana Roskova
Volume 29
Edition :- 1st
Year:- 2010
Methodology Used:- Result/Conclusion:-
GIS system are the powerful
and effective tool for creating
intelligent maps. The system
functions only when the
requisite expertise is available,
the data are compiled, the
necessary routines are
organized, and the programs are
modified to suit the application,
and/or the organization’s needs.
GIS integrates all kinds of
information and applications
with a geographic component
into one manageable system.
The hardware and software
functions of GIS include:-
• Data input
• Data storage
• Data management (data
manipulation, updating,
changing, exchange)
• Data reporting (retrieval,
presentation, analysis,
combination, etc.).
All of these actions and
operations are applied to
GIS as a tool that forms its
database.

34. Literature Review
L
TOPIC:-
Developing a Web-based
GIS Application
for Earthquake
Information
Author :-
A. Garagon Dogru ,
T. Selcuk ,
H. Ozener,
O. Gurkan, G. Toz
Volume 1
Edition :- 1st
Year:- NA
Methodology Used:- Result/Conclusion:-
It is designed to allow viewing,
querying, and analysis of
geographic information. This
application is a software
independent System. It offers
maximum functionality with the
minimum effort. The drawback
in such a distributed system is
that data come
from different sources based on
different forms and datas
which cause havoc in a GIS. The
response time for generating
maps is related to the map server
configuration (memory, disk, and
processor).
This paper focuses on
development and
implementation of a web-based
GIS application for
earthquake information.
Methods used:-
• Integrating various data from
different sources.
• Provides public users to
access information.
• Gathers information about
Earthquakes doing spatial
and attribute query.
• Easy data management
including maintenance and
updating.

35. Literature Review
L
TOPIC:-
GIS Technology for
Disasters
and Emergency
Management
Author :-
Russ Johnson
Volume 1
Edition :- 1st
Year:- May 2000
Methodology Used:- Result/Conclusion:-
This paper will identify
emergency management
activities and describe how
GIS technology plays a
critically important role.
Methods Used:-
• Information analysis
• Mapping
• Emergency management
planning
• Planning Implementation
• Modifications in Planning
•Data Reporting
GIS allows emergency
management needs to be
identified prior to an incident.
Emergency management
personnel can use modeling for
training, for actual tactical
deployment during a disaster,
or to analyze the consequences
of a possible disaster. In short,
the thoughtful application of a
GIS can take
much of the panic and surprise
out of emergencies.

36. Literature Review
TOPIC:-
GIS and Transportation:
Status and Challenges
It is designed to allow viewing, querying, and analysis
of geographic information.
Author:-
Michael F.
Goodchild
Volume 1
Edition :- 1st
Methodology Used:- Result/Conclusion:-
Database designs have been
influenced by a number of
historical practices and
traditions, and three of these
have been of particular
significance to GIS: map,
navigation, and the study of
behavior. Six research
challenges have been
identified, ranging from the
technical issues of
representation and unambiguous
communication of location to
the economic modeling of GIS
data creation and use.
The application of GIS in
transportation, dates from
the very earliest in the 1960s.
Methods Used:-
• The mapping
• The navigation
• Unambiguous
communication
• Connectivity
• Response to new
technologies
• Map Implementation
• Map Recovery

37. References
Websites:-
www.google.com
www.wikipedia.org
www.mtf.stuba.sk
ncgia.ucsb.edu
www.isprs.org
Journals:-
Research Papers Authors
GIS and its role and applicability in
Environmental Monitoring and
Process Modelling
Developing a Web-based GIS
Application for Earthquake Info.
GIS Technology for Disasters and
Emergency Management
GIS and Transportation: Status and
Challenges
Miroslav Rusko, Roman Chovanec,
Dana Roskova
A. Garagon Dogru , T. Selcuk ,
H. Ozener, O. Gurkan, G. Toz
Russ Johnson
Michael F. Goodchild
1.
2.
3.
4.
Books:-
R.B.Khasiya