The document provides an introduction to ArcGIS. It outlines that it will discuss what GIS is, how geographic data is represented in GIS, how data is stored in ArcGIS, GIS maps, GIS analysis processes, what ArcGIS is, and planning a GIS project. It then proceeds to define GIS, explain how geographic data is modeled in vector and raster formats, describe how data is organized and stored in an ArcGIS geodatabase, discuss GIS mapping and visualization, and overview spatial analysis tools in ArcGIS.

1. Introduction to
ArcGIS
Prepared by
Eng . Mohamed Hamed
E-mail : eng.mohamedhamed55@gmail.com

2. 2

3. Outline of Presentations
What is GIS ?
How GIS Representation Geographic data ?
How data are stored in ArcGIS ?
GIS Maps
GIS Analyze Process
What is ArcGIS ?
Planning a GIS Project

4. What is
GIS
Geographic Information System
Refer to :

5. What is Geography ?
Geography is a science that deals with
the earth and life on the earth and
provide the position data (Spatial Data)

6. What is an Information System?
Its System used for:
Gathering, Storing, Updating,
Manipulating, Analyzing
Data

7. IS Data
Storage
User
Query
Information
Information System

8.  A geographic information system (GIS) is a system designed to
Gathering, Storing, Updating, Manipulating, Analyzing and
present all types of spatial or geographical data.
 A geographic information system (GIS) is a computer-based tool
that analyzes, stores, manipulates and visualizes geographic
information on a map.
 GIS allows you to view, understand, question, interpret and
visualize data in many ways in form of maps, reports and charts.
 A GIS helps you answer questions and solve problems by looking
at your data in a way that is quickly understood and easily
shared.
 Briefly GIS mean Making Smart Maps can Talk to You 
Then GIS is

9. Different groups of people (general public, planners, teachers, scientists)
can find a different definition useful.
 “GIS is much more than a container of maps in digital form”.
 “A GIS is a computerized tool for solving geographic problems”
 “GIS is a spatial decision support system”
 “GIS is a method for revealing patterns and processes in geographic
information”
 “GIS is a tool to automate time-consuming tasks that are too tedious or
expensive or inaccurate if performed by hand”
 “GIS is a collection of computer hardware, software, and geographic
data for capturing, managing, analyzing, and displaying all forms of
geographically referenced information.”
There are a number of definitions of GIS :

10.  A Geographic Information System is not only about computers,
software and electronic data.
 A GIS is an organized collection of :
 Hardware
 Software
 Network
 Data
 Procedures
 And people!
GIS Not Software only!

11. Geographic data Management
Mapping and Visualization
Spatial Analysis
There are three main functions of GIS :
GIS functions

12. I
Geographic
data Management

13. How GIS Representation
Geographic data
“The World in GIS”

14.  Two components of geographic data
 Spatial Data: representation of geographic features associated
with real-world locations
Says where the feature is
Co-ordinate based
Stored in files and managed by the GIS software
 Attribute Data (non Spatial) : descriptive information
Says what a feature is .
like : statistics, text, images, sound, etc.
Stored in tables and managed by an RDBMS (relational database
management system)
Geographic Data

15. Geographic data models
 Two main models for geographic data
 Vector data: Discrete features
three feature types
 points/nodes (single x,y locations)
 lines/arcs (linear string of x,y locations)
 areas/polygons (closed string of x,y locations)
zones or areas
 Raster data : A continuous surface
 Rectangular array of cells or pixel

16. Geographic data models
 Other models :
 Surfaces for 3D visualization
 Networks (geometric, transportation)

18. How data are stored in
ArcGIS
“Data Management”

19. All data store in the genius
GIS Container
“Geo-Database”

20. What is a geodatabase?
 ArcGIS geodatabase is a collection of geographic
datasets of various types held in a common file
system folder, a Microsoft Access database, or a
multiuser relational DBMS
The geodatabase contains
three primary dataset types:
Feature classes
Raster datasets
Tables

21. Types of geodatabases
 There are three types of GDB:
 Personal Geodatabase
 Single user editing / multiple readers
 Stored in MS Access
 Size limit of 2 GB
 File Geodatabase
 Single user editing / multiple readers
 1 TB per table
 Reduced storage requirements
 ArcSDE Geodatabase
 Stored in an Enterprise DBMS
 Supports multiuser editing via versioning
 Requires ArcEditor or ArcInfo to edit

22. An overview of geodatabase design
 How the geographic features are to be represented for each
theme (for example, as points, lines, polygons, or rasters) along
with their tabular attributes
 How the data will be organized into datasets, such as feature
classes, attributes, raster datasets, and so forth
 What additional spatial and database elements will be needed
for integrity rules, for implementing rich GIS behavior (such as
topologies, networks, subtypes and raster catalogs), and
defining spatial and attribute relationships between datasets

23. Geodatabase Workflow
 Create Schema
 Import / Load data
 Pre-process data to store geodatabase behaviors
 Create geodatabase behaviors ( subtypes, domain,…)
 Apply behaviors
 Create topology or geometric network
 Create connectivity rules for networks
 Use and edit in ArcMap
 Feature and attribute validation
 Backtrack to create needed schemas if necessary

24. Geodatabase (gdb) File Structure

25. Geodatabase (gdb) File Structure
Geodatabase
Feature Dataset
Feature Classes Geometric Network
Object Table
Relationship
Workspace
Annotation
Topology

26. II
Mapping and Visualization
“GIS Maps”
Wisdom ) GIS Power “The data behind the map” (

27.  A geological map is a Unique
Values Map based on
categorical data representing
different formations, or other
geological units
 This maps have fixed scale
27
Ordinary Maps

28.  GIS organizes the world into ‘layers’ of
geographic objects that are alike.
 Each map Composed of a series of layers
drawn in a particular order.
 Each layer is used to display and work
with a specific GIS dataset.
 Layer references the data stored in
geodatabases
 Layer defines how a GIS dataset is
symbolized and labeled in your map views
28
GIS Maps

29. Advantage of GIS maps:
Composed of a series of layers.
Dynamic Scale
Dynamic Labels, Annotations
Symbols associated with Data
Variable not fixed
29
GIS Maps

30. Not Easy to Understand
GIS Maps

31. Changeable Maps
Visualization Maps

32. Visualization Graphs, Statistics, Reports

33. III
Spatial Analysis
“Geoprocessing”

34. Analyzing GIS data
 The true power of a GIS lies in its ability to
analyze geospatial data
 Why analysis ?
 Gain more information than with visualization
 Answer questions about your data
 Use for site selection
 Make better decisions
 Derive new data that contains new
information

35. Ask a
question
Acquire
data
Explore
data
Analyze
data
Act on
Knowledge
GIS analysis workflow

36. Analyzing GIS data
 The most commonly used GIS tools
 Overlay and proximity
 Table management
 Surface creation
 Spatial and nonspatial statistics
 Selection and extraction

37. Analyzing GIS data
 Overlay analysis
 One of the most basic questions asked of a
GIS is "What's on top of what?"

38. Analyzing GIS data
 Overlay analysis

39. Analyzing GIS data
 Proximity analysis
 One of the most basic questions asked of a
GIS is "what's near what?"

40. Analyzing GIS data
 Proximity analysis

41. Analyzing GIS data
 Table analysis and management
 Creating GIS data from tables
 Joining tables
 Making features from tables
 Analysis of tabular data
Finding how many
Looking at the distribution of values
Counting records
 Management of tabular data
 Calculating values
 Joining tables
 Attribute indexes
 Subtypes and attribute domains
 Table views
 Pivoting a table
 Raster tables

42. Analyzing GIS data
 Table analysis and management

43. Analyzing GIS data
 Statistical analysis
 Spatial statistics tools that allow
you to discover and characterize
geographic patterns and are
described in Statistical analysis,
along with standard nonspatial
statistical tools, such as minimum,
maximum, sum, frequency, mean,
and standard deviation

44. Analyzing GIS data
 Statistical analysis

45. Analyzing GIS data
 Selecting and Extracting data
 GIS datasets often contain much
more data than you need, and a
common set of tasks is to reduce or
extract data from larger, more
complex datasets
 There are several methods available
to reduce or extract data from
larger, more complex datasets
 Feature-based extraction
 Raster-based extraction
 Feature-based extraction
 Selecting features
 Clipping features
 Dissolving features
 Raster-based extraction
 Raster data extraction tools
include tools that simplify
complex or noisy data and tools
that create a spatial subset or
sample of a raster.

46. Analyzing GIS data
 Selecting and
Extracting data

47. GIS Software

48. GIS Software
ArcGIS
QGIS
GRASS GIS
MapInfo
InterGraph
SAGA GIS
JUMP GIS
Bentley Map
IGIS Framework
TerrSet
MIDAS
And more….
There are plenty software of GIS :

49. ArcGIS

50. History of ArcGIS
1969
Jack Dangermond
founds ESRI
1982
Arc/INFO (Unix)
1989 PC Arc/INFO (DOS + Windows)
1992
ArcView + Arc/INFO
2002
ArcView 3.3
“retired product”
1999 ArcGIS v.8.0
(to v8.3 2003)
2004
ArcGIS v.9.0
2008
ArcGIS v.9.3
2010
ArcGIS v.10.0
2012
ArcGIS v.10.1

51. ArcGIS Desktop components
ArcMap
 ArcCatalog
 ArcToolbox
 Extensions

52. ArcGIS Desktop components

53. ArcMap
 ArcMap is the main application
used in ArcGIS for Desktop for
mapping, editing, analysis, and
data management.
 ArcMap is used for all 2D
mapping work and visualization.
 ArcMap displays map contents in
one of two views:
 Data view
 Layout view

54. ArcMap

55. ArcMap
 Map layers
 Within the data frame, you display
geographic datasets as layers, where
each layer represents a particular
dataset overlaid in the map.
 each layer's map symbols, colors, and
labels help describe the objects in
the map
 A layer doesn't store the actual
geographic data. Instead, it
references a dataset, such as a
feature class, an image, a grid, and
so on

56. ArcMap
 The Table of Contents
 Lists all the layers on the map and
shows what the features in each
layer represent.
 The check box next to each
layer indicates whether its
display is currently turned on
or off.
 The order of layers within the
table of contents specifies
their drawing order in the data
frame.

57. ArcMap
 The Catalog Window
 used to organize and manage various
types of geographic information as
logical collections—for example, the
data, maps, and results of your
current GIS projects that you work
with in ArcGIS.
 provides a tree view of file
folders and geodatabases.
 The order of layers within the
table of contents specifies their
drawing order in the data frame.

58. ArcCatalog
 The ArcCatalog application provides
a catalog window.
 ArcCatalog is used to:
 Organize your GIS contents
 Manage geodatabase schemas
 Search for and add content to
ArcGIS applications
 Document your contents
 Manage GIS servers
 Manage standards-based metadata

59. ArcToolbox
 The ArcToolbox window
contains shortcuts to
toolboxes.
 Toolboxes can be a file (.tbx) in
a folder or an item in a
geodatabase.
 Tool types
 Built-in tool
 Model tool
 Script tool

60. Planning GIS Project

61. Steps in a GIS Project
 Define the field of activity
 Identify your objectives “What information do you need”
 Assembling data “paper maps, digital files, remote sensing/satellite, fieldwork”
 Preprocessing “preparation of data”
 Create a Geodatabase “ features, relations, domain, ….”
 Digitizing features on a surface
 Analysis
 Product Generation “graphics (maps and charts), tabular reports”
Planning a GIS Project