The history of GIS began in 1854 when Dr. John Snow created the first disease map to track a cholera outbreak in London. This marked the beginning of linking data to locations. Modern GIS emerged in the 1960s as computers advanced and allowed data to be stored, manipulated, and mapped. The first GIS was created by Roger Tomlinson for the Canada Geographic Information System in 1963. Esri was founded in 1969 and released the first commercial GIS software, ARC/INFO, in 1981, allowing GIS to spread widely. Today, GIS is ubiquitous and used in many applications from navigation to delivery tracking to epidemiology.
DEFINITION :
GIS is a powerful set of tools for collecting, storing , retrieving at will, transforming and displaying spatial data from the real world for a particular set of purposes
APPLICATION AREAS OF GIS
Agriculture
Business
Electric/Gas utilities
Environment
Forestry
Geology
Hydrology
Land-use planning
Local government
Mapping
11. Military
12. Risk management
13. Site planning
14. Transportation
15. Water / Waste water industry
COMPONENTS OF GIS
DATA INPUT
SPATIAL DATA MODEL
Data Model:
It describes in an abstract way how the data is represented in an information system or in DBMS
Spatial Data Model :
The models or abstractions of reality that are intended to have some similarity with selected aspects of the real world
Creation of analogue and digital spatial data sets involves seven levels of model development and abstraction
SPATIAL DATA MODEL
Conceptual model : A view of reality
Analog model : Human conceptualization leads to analogue abstraction
Spatial data models : Formalization of analogue abstractions without any conventions
Database model : How the data are recorded in the computer
Physical computational model : Particular representation of the data structures in computer memory
Data manipulation model : Accepted axioms and rules for handling the data
SPATIAL DATA MODEL
SPATIAL DATA MODEL
Objects on the earth surface are shown as continuous and discrete objects in spatial data models
Types of data models
Raster data model
vector data models
RASTER DATA MODEL
Basic Elements :
Extent
Rows
Columns
Origin
Orientation
Resolution: pixel = grain = grid cell
Ex: Bit Map Image (BMP),Joint Photographic Expert Group (JPEG), Portable Network Graphics(PNG) etc
RASTER DATA MODEL
VECTOR DATA MODEL
Basic Elements:
Location (x,y) or (x,y,z)
Explicit, i.e. pegged to a coordinate system
Different coordinate system (and precision) require different values
o e.g. UTM as integer (but large)
o Lat, long as two floating point numbers +/-
Points are used to build more complex features
Ex: Auto CAD Drawing File(DWG), Data Interchange(exchange) File(DXF), Vector Product Format (VPF) etc
VECTOR DATA MODEL
RASTER vs VECTORRaster is faster but Vector is corrector
TESSELLATIONS OF CONTINUOUS FIELDS
Triangular Irregular Network: (TIN)
TIN is a vector data structure for representing geographical information that is continuous
Digital elevation model
TIN is generally used to create Digital Elevation Model (DEM)
DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL
DATA STRUCTURES
Data structure tells about how the data is stored
Data organization in raster data structures
Each cell is referenced directly
Each overlay Is referenced directly
Each mapping unit is referenced directly
Each overlay is separate file with general header
The concept of GIS was first introduced in the early 1960s, and it was subsequently researched and developed as a new discipline. The GIS history views Roger Tomlinson as a pioneer of the concept, where the first iteration was designed to store, collate, and analyze data about land usage in Canada.
DEFINITION :
GIS is a powerful set of tools for collecting, storing , retrieving at will, transforming and displaying spatial data from the real world for a particular set of purposes
APPLICATION AREAS OF GIS
Agriculture
Business
Electric/Gas utilities
Environment
Forestry
Geology
Hydrology
Land-use planning
Local government
Mapping
11. Military
12. Risk management
13. Site planning
14. Transportation
15. Water / Waste water industry
COMPONENTS OF GIS
DATA INPUT
SPATIAL DATA MODEL
Data Model:
It describes in an abstract way how the data is represented in an information system or in DBMS
Spatial Data Model :
The models or abstractions of reality that are intended to have some similarity with selected aspects of the real world
Creation of analogue and digital spatial data sets involves seven levels of model development and abstraction
SPATIAL DATA MODEL
Conceptual model : A view of reality
Analog model : Human conceptualization leads to analogue abstraction
Spatial data models : Formalization of analogue abstractions without any conventions
Database model : How the data are recorded in the computer
Physical computational model : Particular representation of the data structures in computer memory
Data manipulation model : Accepted axioms and rules for handling the data
SPATIAL DATA MODEL
SPATIAL DATA MODEL
Objects on the earth surface are shown as continuous and discrete objects in spatial data models
Types of data models
Raster data model
vector data models
RASTER DATA MODEL
Basic Elements :
Extent
Rows
Columns
Origin
Orientation
Resolution: pixel = grain = grid cell
Ex: Bit Map Image (BMP),Joint Photographic Expert Group (JPEG), Portable Network Graphics(PNG) etc
RASTER DATA MODEL
VECTOR DATA MODEL
Basic Elements:
Location (x,y) or (x,y,z)
Explicit, i.e. pegged to a coordinate system
Different coordinate system (and precision) require different values
o e.g. UTM as integer (but large)
o Lat, long as two floating point numbers +/-
Points are used to build more complex features
Ex: Auto CAD Drawing File(DWG), Data Interchange(exchange) File(DXF), Vector Product Format (VPF) etc
VECTOR DATA MODEL
RASTER vs VECTORRaster is faster but Vector is corrector
TESSELLATIONS OF CONTINUOUS FIELDS
Triangular Irregular Network: (TIN)
TIN is a vector data structure for representing geographical information that is continuous
Digital elevation model
TIN is generally used to create Digital Elevation Model (DEM)
DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL
DATA STRUCTURES
Data structure tells about how the data is stored
Data organization in raster data structures
Each cell is referenced directly
Each overlay Is referenced directly
Each mapping unit is referenced directly
Each overlay is separate file with general header
The concept of GIS was first introduced in the early 1960s, and it was subsequently researched and developed as a new discipline. The GIS history views Roger Tomlinson as a pioneer of the concept, where the first iteration was designed to store, collate, and analyze data about land usage in Canada.
This document help you to prepare Triangulation Network (TIN), Hillshade Map, Slope map, interpolation and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) in a area and how to interpret them.
This is most benificial for the First year Engineering students.This presentation consists of videos and many applications of GIS. The processes and the other parts of GIS is also nicely explained.
Topics:
1. Introduction to GIS
2. Components of GIS
3. Types of Data
4. Spatial Data
5. Non-Spatial Data
6. GIS Operations
7. Coordinate Systems
8. Datum
9. Map Projections
10. Raster Data Compression Techniques
11. GIS Software
12. Free GIS Data Resources
Gis Geographical Information System FundamentalsUroosa Samman
Gis, Geographical Information System Fundamentals. This presentation includes a complete detail of GIS and GIS Softwares. It will help students of GIS and Environmental Science.
This presentation is about the raster and vector data in GIS which is important and costly as well, through the presentation we will learn about both type of data.
GIS Training is geographical information system and it is mainly used for the storing, recovering, handle, display and examine the all the types of geographical data.
Perhaps the most important component of a GIS is in the part of data used in GIS. The data for GIS can be derived from various sources. A wide variety of data sources exist for both spatial and attribute data.
Mumbai University, T.Y.B.Sc.(I.T.), Semester VI, Principles of Geographic Information System, USIT604, Discipline Specific Elective Unit 1: Introduction to GIS
This document help you to prepare Triangulation Network (TIN), Hillshade Map, Slope map, interpolation and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) in a area and how to interpret them.
This is most benificial for the First year Engineering students.This presentation consists of videos and many applications of GIS. The processes and the other parts of GIS is also nicely explained.
Topics:
1. Introduction to GIS
2. Components of GIS
3. Types of Data
4. Spatial Data
5. Non-Spatial Data
6. GIS Operations
7. Coordinate Systems
8. Datum
9. Map Projections
10. Raster Data Compression Techniques
11. GIS Software
12. Free GIS Data Resources
Gis Geographical Information System FundamentalsUroosa Samman
Gis, Geographical Information System Fundamentals. This presentation includes a complete detail of GIS and GIS Softwares. It will help students of GIS and Environmental Science.
This presentation is about the raster and vector data in GIS which is important and costly as well, through the presentation we will learn about both type of data.
GIS Training is geographical information system and it is mainly used for the storing, recovering, handle, display and examine the all the types of geographical data.
Perhaps the most important component of a GIS is in the part of data used in GIS. The data for GIS can be derived from various sources. A wide variety of data sources exist for both spatial and attribute data.
Mumbai University, T.Y.B.Sc.(I.T.), Semester VI, Principles of Geographic Information System, USIT604, Discipline Specific Elective Unit 1: Introduction to GIS
GIS: Bringing Geography to the World & the World to GeographyBarry Wellar
GIS Day is a special occasion, whereby we express what we are thinking and doing in our GIS research, education, training, and applications activities. And, it is also is a time to set forth what we wish others would think about and do, such as providing answers to the question: “What contribution is Geography making to support and encourage the development and use of GIS technology and GIScience methods, techniques, and operations by governments, NGOs, business, researchers, academe, the media, and interest groups?” The impending Research Colloquium on Using the Retrospective Approach to Mine for GIS Nuggets is one such contribution by Geography to GIS. This GIS Day 2014 presentation includes a selection of figures and tables from several Colloquium papers which illustrate how Geography can contribute to both parts of the title, that is, GIS: Bringing Geography to the World and, GIS: Bringing the World to Geography.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
2. Rooted in the science of geography, modern GIS integrates
many types of data. It analyses spatial location and organises
layers of information into visualisations using maps and 3D
scenes. With this unique capability, GIS reveals deeper
insights into data, such as patterns, relationships and
situations - helping users make smarter decisions.
Hundreds of thousands of organisations in virtually every
field are using GIS to make maps that communicate, perform
analysis, share information and solve complex problems
around the world. This is changing the way the world works.
The Geographic Information System market is predicted to
reach US$9billion by 2024
3. THE EARLY HISTORY OF GIS
• The field of geographic information systems (GIS)
started in the 1960s as computers and early
concepts of quantitative and computational
geography emerged.
• Early GIS work included important research by the
academic community. Later, the National Center for
Geographic Information and Analysis, led by Michael
Goodchild, formalized research on key geographic
information science topics such as spatial analysis
and visualization.
• These efforts fuelled a quantitative revolution in the
world of geographic science and laid the groundwork
for GIS
4. THE FIRST GIS-1963
• Roger Tomlinson’s pioneering work to initiate, plan, and
develop the Canada Geographic Information System
resulted in the first computerized GIS in the world in
1963.
• The Canadian government had commissioned
Tomlinson to create a manageable inventory of its
natural resources. He envisioned using computers to
merge natural resource data from all provinces.
• Tomlinson created the design for automated computing
to store and process large amounts of data, which
enabled Canada to begin its national land-use
management program. He also gave GIS its name.
5. THE HARVARD LABORATORY-1964
• While at Northwestern University in 1964, Howard Fisher
created one of the first computer mapping software
programs known as SYMAP. In 1965, he established the
Harvard Laboratory for Computer Graphics.
• While some of the first computer map-making software
was created and refined at the Lab, it also became a
research center for spatial analysis and visualization.
• Many of the early concepts for GIS and its applications
were conceived at the Lab by a talented collection of
geographers, planners, computer scientists, and others
from many fields
6. ESRI IS FOUNDED-1969
• In 1969, Jack Dangermond—a member of the Harvard
Lab—and his wife Laura founded Environmental
Systems Research Institute, Inc. (Esri).
• The consulting firm applied computer mapping and
spatial analysis to help land use planners and land
resource managers make informed decisions. The
company’s early work demonstrated the value of GIS for
problem solving.
• Esri went on to develop many of the GIS mapping and
spatial analysis methods now in use. These results
generated a wider interest in the company’s software
tools and work-flows that are now standard to GIS
7. GIS GOES COMMERCIAL-1981
• As computing became more powerful, Esri improved its
software tools. Working on projects that solved real-world
problems led the company to innovate and develop robust
GIS tools and approaches that could be broadly used.
• Esri’s work gained recognition from the academic community
as a new way of doing spatial analysis and planning. In need
of analyzing an increasing number of projects more
effectively,
• Esri developed ARC/INFO—the first commercial GIS product.
The technology was released in 1981 and began the
evolution of Esri into a software company
8. GIS TODAY
• GIS gives people the ability to create their own
digital map layers to help solve real-world problems.
• GIS has also evolved into a means for data sharing
and collaboration, inspiring a vision that is now
rapidly becoming a reality—a continuous,
overlapping, and interoperable GIS database of the
world, about virtually all subjects.
• Today, hundreds of thousands of organizations are
sharing their work and creating billions of maps
every day to tell stories and reveal patterns, trends,
and relationships about everything
9. WHAT IS GIS?
• GIS or a Geographic Information System is a system designed to capture, store,
manipulate, analyse, manage and present data. An easier way to think of it is,
‘everything happens somewhere’, and GIS allows us to visualise the
relationship between the 'what' and 'where'. By understanding this relationship
of 'what' and 'where' we can solve complex problems, make better decisions and
even save lives.
10. THE BIRTH OF GIS
• The first example of linking the 'what' with 'where' takes us all the way
back to 1854 and a cholera outbreak. At the time, people believed that the
disease was being spread through the air. But an enterprising English
Doctor, Dr Jon Snow wasn’t convinced. So, he decided to map the
outbreak locations, the roads and the property boundaries and the water
pumps. And, when he did, he made a startling discovery. A pattern
emerged. This pattern proved that the disease was not in fact airborne but
was being communicated via water and even more specifically by one
infected water pump. John Snow’s cholera map was a major event
connecting the what with the where.
• Not only was this the beginning of spatial analysis, it also marked a
whole new field of study: Epidemiology, the study of the spread of
disease. Snow’s work demonstrated that GIS is a problem-solving tool.
He put the what on a map to show the where and a made a life-saving
discovery.
Figure 1: Dr Jon Snow’s original map showing the
outbreak of cholera against the location of the
water pumps.
11. Figure 2: Dr Jon Snow’s original map with heat map analysis showing
the outbreak of cholera against the location of the water pumps
12. 1854 - 1960
During the next hundred years or so, there
was limited development in GIS. Mapping
was paper based and there was no computer
mapping.
By the 1950s, maps were starting to be used
in vehicle routing, development planning
and locating points of interest.
13. 1960 - 1975
In the period between 1960 to 1975 three major
technological advancements in new computer
technology led to the birth of modern GIS.
Those were: the ability to output map graphics using
line printers; advances in data storage and the
processing power of mainframe computers. We now
had the ability to record coordinates as data inputs and
perform calculations on those coordinates.
14. • Roger Tomlinson, widely acclaimed as the ‘Father of GIS’,
during his time with the Canadian Government in the 1960s,
was responsible for the creation of the Canadian Geographic
Information System (CGIS). CGIS was unique in that it
implemented a layering approach to map handling.
• The US Census Bureau was also an early adopter of the core
principles of GIS. The Bureau began to digitise Census
boundaries, roads and urban areas.
• The Ordnance Survey GB began to develop their
topographic mapping. They used computers to simplify the
process of updating future map editions and in 1971, digital
mapping was introduced to OS large-scale map production.
15. 1975 - 1990
This era saw the creation of GIS software. Jack Dangermond, co-
founder of Esri Inc had studied environmental science, landscape
architecture and urban design
By the late 1970s, the progress in computer memory and
improved computer graphic capabilities led to the creation of
commercial GIS Software. One of the vendors, was Esri, which is
now the largest GIS software company in the world, recognised
as a world leading expert in GIS, that has played a key role in the
history of GIS.
16. 1990 - 2010
The adoption of GIS into the mainstream took off between 1990-2010. This
was facilitated by a number of IT advancements: computers were getting
cheaper, faster and more powerful; there were an increasing number of GIS
software options and digitised mapping data was more readily available.
These advancements, together with the launch of new earth observation
satellites and the integration of remote sensing technology with GIS, saw
more and more applications being developed. GIS found its way into
classrooms, to businesses and to governments across the world.
17. 2010 - 2018
Due to the increased adoption of GIS over the previous twenty
years, open source GIS was born. GIS data has become more
and more ubiquitous, for instance, Landsat satellite imagery is
now accessible to all. GIS is now online, in the cloud, and on
your mobile
18. Today
Today, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and spatial analysis are
being used by everyone whether we realise or not. Have you noticed
that location-based search facility in Google? Do you use an app on
your phone to get you from A to B? Do you track your parcel delivery or
the taxi you booked? All these examples use spatial information to get
you the best answer or the most up to date information