Short normal log
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The Short Normal Log (SN Log) is an electrical survey technique invented in 1927 that measures formation resistivity using four electrodes: two current electrodes A and B and two potential electrodes M and N. The technique works by passing a current between A and B and measuring the voltage between M and N, allowing the resistivity of a uniform formation to be calculated using a formula involving the voltage, current, and a geometric factor. Electrodes A and M are on a downhole probe, while B and N are placed at the surface or further up the cable.
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Short normal-log
Short Normal Log is the type of Electrical Survey which was invented by the Schlumberger Brothers in 1927. And later it was replaced by Induction log and Laterolog in 1950s and 1960s.
Electrical Resistivity Test
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The objective of this research is to evaluate the water potential of the study area by investigating the shallow subsurface aquifer material properties and moisture distribution using 2D ERT techniques. During the shallow tube well design and development in the study area, some patches of land does have good potential and some does not, which motivated to understand the aquifer properties, aquifer material, and response. Hence the 2D ERT was carried out, oriented around the pond in the center and five ERT profiles.
Resistivity log
This document discusses resistivity logs and how they are used to analyze borehole formations. Resistivity is measured in ohms per meter and depends on factors like water volume, temperature, and salinity. Resistivity logs can determine hydrocarbon versus water-bearing zones and indicate permeable zones. The Archie equation relates resistivity to water saturation and uses constants determined by rock type. Different resistivity tools like electrode and induction logs measure resistivity at varying depths around the borehole to analyze fluid content and identify zones.
Well log data processing
The document discusses well log data processing. It outlines that the main purpose of well log processing is to prepare well data for interpretation. It describes several key processing steps including data checking, depth shifting, removal of end effects, baseline shifting, rescaling, patching, splicing, value editing, tabular editing, filling gaps, and quality checking. The final step is generating a report that documents the full processing workflow and results.
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The document discusses different geophysical methods used for subsurface exploration, including gravity, magnetic, electrical resistivity, and seismic methods. It focuses on explaining the gravity and magnetic methods. Gravity surveys measure differences in the gravitational field to detect variations in subsurface density distributions. Magnetic surveys map variations in the magnetic field caused by changes in magnetic susceptibility or structure of near-surface rocks. Both methods are used to locate features like hydrocarbon deposits, ore bodies, cavities, and buried structures or utilities.
Lecture 13-electrical method -field procedure
This document discusses survey design and procedures for electrical resistivity surveys. It describes three common modes: 1) Sounding mode, where electrode spacing is varied to map resistivity with depth at fixed locations. 2) Profiling mode, where electrode spacing is fixed and the array is moved laterally to map lateral resistivity variations. 3) Profiling-sounding mode, which combines aspects of profiling and sounding modes. Common electrode arrays like Wenner and Schlumberger are described for each mode. Sounding and profiling modes are suited for mapping vertical and horizontal resistivity contrasts respectively.
Exploration Geophysics III semester.pdf
The document discusses the electrical resistivity method for geophysical investigations. It begins by defining electrical resistivity and describing how it is measured. Resistivity depends on factors like moisture content and can be used to distinguish different earth materials. Common electrical methods involve introducing a current and measuring potential gradients to determine resistivity. This allows interpreting subsurface stratigraphy and structures. Applications include mapping geology, locating aquifers, and engineering investigations. In summary, the electrical resistivity method measures resistivity distributions in the ground to interpret subsurface compositions and locate features like water-bearing zones.
Resistivity Log
measures the electric properties of the formation,
Resistivity is measured as, R in Ohm-meter,
Resistivity is the inverse of conductivity,
The ability to conduct electric current depends upon:
Recommended
Short normal-log
Short Normal Log is the type of Electrical Survey which was invented by the Schlumberger Brothers in 1927. And later it was replaced by Induction log and Laterolog in 1950s and 1960s.
Electrical Resistivity Test
To perform geological exploration by the geophysical method of electrical resistivity.
The objective of this research is to evaluate the water potential of the study area by investigating the shallow subsurface aquifer material properties and moisture distribution using 2D ERT techniques. During the shallow tube well design and development in the study area, some patches of land does have good potential and some does not, which motivated to understand the aquifer properties, aquifer material, and response. Hence the 2D ERT was carried out, oriented around the pond in the center and five ERT profiles.
Resistivity log
This document discusses resistivity logs and how they are used to analyze borehole formations. Resistivity is measured in ohms per meter and depends on factors like water volume, temperature, and salinity. Resistivity logs can determine hydrocarbon versus water-bearing zones and indicate permeable zones. The Archie equation relates resistivity to water saturation and uses constants determined by rock type. Different resistivity tools like electrode and induction logs measure resistivity at varying depths around the borehole to analyze fluid content and identify zones.
Well log data processing
The document discusses well log data processing. It outlines that the main purpose of well log processing is to prepare well data for interpretation. It describes several key processing steps including data checking, depth shifting, removal of end effects, baseline shifting, rescaling, patching, splicing, value editing, tabular editing, filling gaps, and quality checking. The final step is generating a report that documents the full processing workflow and results.
Gravity and magmetic method
The document discusses different geophysical methods used for subsurface exploration, including gravity, magnetic, electrical resistivity, and seismic methods. It focuses on explaining the gravity and magnetic methods. Gravity surveys measure differences in the gravitational field to detect variations in subsurface density distributions. Magnetic surveys map variations in the magnetic field caused by changes in magnetic susceptibility or structure of near-surface rocks. Both methods are used to locate features like hydrocarbon deposits, ore bodies, cavities, and buried structures or utilities.
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This document discusses survey design and procedures for electrical resistivity surveys. It describes three common modes: 1) Sounding mode, where electrode spacing is varied to map resistivity with depth at fixed locations. 2) Profiling mode, where electrode spacing is fixed and the array is moved laterally to map lateral resistivity variations. 3) Profiling-sounding mode, which combines aspects of profiling and sounding modes. Common electrode arrays like Wenner and Schlumberger are described for each mode. Sounding and profiling modes are suited for mapping vertical and horizontal resistivity contrasts respectively.
Exploration Geophysics III semester.pdf
The document discusses the electrical resistivity method for geophysical investigations. It begins by defining electrical resistivity and describing how it is measured. Resistivity depends on factors like moisture content and can be used to distinguish different earth materials. Common electrical methods involve introducing a current and measuring potential gradients to determine resistivity. This allows interpreting subsurface stratigraphy and structures. Applications include mapping geology, locating aquifers, and engineering investigations. In summary, the electrical resistivity method measures resistivity distributions in the ground to interpret subsurface compositions and locate features like water-bearing zones.
Resistivity Log
measures the electric properties of the formation,
Resistivity is measured as, R in Ohm-meter,
Resistivity is the inverse of conductivity,
The ability to conduct electric current depends upon:
4.resistivity log
The document provides information about resistivity logs including:
1. It discusses factors that affect resistivity like salinity, porosity, lithology, and clay content. It also explains the principles and theoretical considerations of resistivity logs.
2. It describes different resistivity tools like focused devices (Laterolog, Dual Laterolog, Spherically Focused Log) and unfocused devices (Normal Log, Lateral Log). It also discusses micro-resistivity devices.
3. The document discusses log characteristics including depth of investigation, bed resolution, and different scales used in resistivity logs. It explains how resistivity logs can be used for lithology identification, correlation, and permeability determination.
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This document discusses well logging techniques used in geophysical exploration. It describes how electrical logging can be performed to measure currents through electrodes in a logging device to analyze properties of geological formations. Specifically, it covers spontaneous potential, resistivity, and induction logging which are used to identify hydrocarbon-producing zones, define petrophysical parameters, and determine reservoir depth, temperature, and pressure. Different types of electrical logging tools like normal logs, laterologs, and micrologs are also summarized.
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Lateral log deep lld
The Laterolog tool was invented in 1949 by Henry Doll of Schlumberger to replace the ES Log for measuring formation resistivity in saltwater mud environments. It works by focusing an electrical current from electrodes on the tool through the formation and to a return electrode at the surface or downhole. Laterolog tools are able to provide deep investigation resistivity measurements in high resistivity formations over 100 ohm/m better than induction tools. They are used to determine formation resistivity, qualitatively indicate permeability, and identify hydrocarbon/water contacts but require a conductive path between the tool and formation and do not work in air-filled or cased holes.
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This document provides information about formation density logging. It defines formation density logging as a tool that provides a continuous record of a formation's bulk density along the length of a borehole. It is used to calculate porosity along with sonic and neutron logging. The tool works by emitting gamma rays into the formation and measuring the attenuation to determine density. Density logs are useful for determining porosity, identifying lithologies when combined with neutron logs, and detecting gas zones.
Neutron log
This presentation discusses neutron logs and their use in well log interpretation. Neutron logs measure the hydrogen index of formations using detectors that count slowed neutrons deflected back from hydrogen nuclei after being emitted from a radioactive source. They can be used both qualitatively to identify lithologies and quantitatively to calculate porosity. When combined with density logs on a cross-plot, the neutron-density combination is an effective tool for lithology indication and identifying clean formations, shales, and evaporites. Calibration is required using blocks of known porosity. Applications include porosity evaluation, identifying hydrocarbon gas effects, and accounting for shale effects.
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Wireline logging involves continuously recording geophysical measurements in a borehole and plotting them against depth. It provides precise information between cuttings and cores. Resistivity logs measure formation resistivity using focused and non-focused tools to profile resistivity at different depths. Resistivity indicates lithology, textures, and can identify hydrocarbons based on negative separation between measurements. Caliper logs measure borehole size and shape using mechanical or geometry tools. Together, resistivity and caliper logs are used for hydrocarbon identification, correlation, facies identification, and determining lithology, textures, and fluid saturation.
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Geophysical well logging
Geophysical well logging uses sensors located in boreholes to measure physical properties of surrounding rocks as a function of depth. Well logs are used to identify geological formations and fluids, correlate between holes, and evaluate reservoir formations. Common logging methods include electrical resistivity, self-potential, nuclear, acoustic, and thermal measurements. The objective is to determine in situ rock and fluid properties, though drilling disturbs the formation. Effective depth of penetration varies between tools and formations. Well logging aims to identify potential reservoirs by determining porosity, permeability, and fluid contents.
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Well lod ,well Testing and mud logging Ghulam Abbas Abbasi
Well logging records measurements made in boreholes to characterize underground formations. Key logs described include gamma ray, which measures natural radioactivity to identify shale; spontaneous potential, which indicates lithology; caliper, which measures borehole size; resistivity, which distinguishes water and hydrocarbon zones; and neutron, which determines porosity. Mud logging continuously monitors drilling mud and cuttings for gas readings. Well testing evaluates reservoir properties through daily tests and drill stem tests to determine flow rates and commercial potential.
Basic Petrophysics
This document provides information about petrophysics and the Archie equation. It discusses the role of the petrophysicist in integrating data to characterize reservoirs. The Archie equation is introduced as a common method to determine water saturation in clean reservoirs. The document extracts the Archie equation terms and describes how to determine the parameters from well logs, including porosity, water resistivity, and cementation exponent. Methods for calculating porosity from density, sonic, and neutron logs are also presented.
Electrical well logging
Well logging involves using sensors in a borehole to measure physical properties of surrounding rocks as a function of depth. There are several types of well logging including electrical, radioactivity, and sonic logging. Electrical well logging measures potential and resistivity, properties that vary according to the rock beds. Specifically, resistivity logging characterizes rocks by measuring their resistivity, which depends on factors like mineral content and pore water conductivity.
Dual laterolog
The Dual Laterolog provides two resistivity measurements, a Shallow reading which investigates the formation near the borehole and a Deep reading which measures farther out in the formation where it’s less disturbed by drilling fluid.
Electrical resistivity method ( electrical survey)
This document provides information about an online presentation on the electrical resistivity method in applied geophysics and engineering geology. It includes details about the date, time, presenter, and link to join the Zoom meeting. The bulk of the document then discusses the background and principles of the electrical resistivity method, including different electrode configurations, modes of deployment like vertical electrical sounding and constant separation traversing, and factors that influence electrode selection. Tables provide data on resistivities of common rocks and minerals and geometric factors for different electrode arrays.
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2. Key points include that magnetic surveying measures variations in the magnetic field to locate concentrations of magnetic materials. The magnetic susceptibility of rocks can vary significantly and influences the induced magnetization. Magnetic anomalies provide information on the location, size, and depth of magnetic sources like dykes.
3. Temporal variations in the earth's magnetic field like diurnal and secular changes need to be considered during data acquisition and processing to accurately interpret magnetic survey results.
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This document discusses principles of well logging. It describes how well logging aims to evaluate subsurface hydrocarbon accumulations through measuring properties in boreholes. It outlines different types of hydrocarbon traps and elements in a petroleum system. It then explains what a well log is and different types of logs used, including gamma ray, resistivity, sonic, and neutron logs. Gamma ray logs specifically measure natural radioactivity to distinguish between lithologies like sandstone and shale. The document provides details on interpreting gamma ray logs and calculating shale volume from gamma ray readings.
Principles of well logging and formation evaluation m.m.badawy
Principles of well logging and formation evaluation m.m.badawyFaculty of Science, Alexandria University, Egypt
The document provides an overview of principles of well logging and formation evaluation. It discusses different well logging tools and techniques used to measure properties like resistivity, spontaneous potential, and borehole diameter. Well logging allows for determination of lithology, fluid content, porosity, and permeability of rock formations for purposes like identifying hydrocarbon bearing zones and estimating reserves. The document covers concepts such as the invaded zone, uninvaded zone, and formation resistivity factor which are important for understanding well log measurements and evaluation.Geophysical exploration
The electrical resistivity method uses four electrodes to measure the resistivity of soil and rock formations. Resistivity depends on factors like material type, water content, and salt concentration. Rocks have higher resistivity than saturated clays. This method involves expanding the electrode spacing to measure resistivity at increasing depths. It can detect subsurface variations and locate deposits like sand and gravel within fine-grained soils. Interpretation can be challenging as resistivity changes gradually at interfaces rather than abruptly.
Calipar log
Well logging involves making continuous measurements in a borehole to characterize rock properties. A caliper log uses tools like mechanical arms or ultrasound to measure the borehole diameter and shape. Caliper logs are useful for making corrections to other logs affected by hole size, assessing lithology and permeability, and selecting locations for well tests and casing.
C-0131 Mechanical Calibration
QRICS i.e. ‘Quality Ring Inspection Co-Ordination Services’ established in 1989 as a proprietary firm with Mumbai Shop Act No. Pashan/II/122. It deals with quality assurance support services such as calibration of mechanical, pressure, angle, thermal and electro-technical measuring instruments and equipment.Later on, in 1996 this organization was promoted to Private Limited with the name and title of QRICS Calibration Laboratories Pvt.Ltd. It has a registered office and laboratory at ‘Paras’ Complex, Sl. No. No. GP/67, Thermax Chowk, Chinchwad, Pune 411 019, Maharashtra State, INDIA. This laboratory has now been legally identified vide certificate of incorporation No. 11-103211 (1996) with a seal of registrar of companies, Maharashtra state.
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The document provides information about resistivity logs including:
1. It discusses factors that affect resistivity like salinity, porosity, lithology, and clay content. It also explains the principles and theoretical considerations of resistivity logs.
2. It describes different resistivity tools like focused devices (Laterolog, Dual Laterolog, Spherically Focused Log) and unfocused devices (Normal Log, Lateral Log). It also discusses micro-resistivity devices.
3. The document discusses log characteristics including depth of investigation, bed resolution, and different scales used in resistivity logs. It explains how resistivity logs can be used for lithology identification, correlation, and permeability determination.
Prospecting of electrical logging method
This document discusses well logging techniques used in geophysical exploration. It describes how electrical logging can be performed to measure currents through electrodes in a logging device to analyze properties of geological formations. Specifically, it covers spontaneous potential, resistivity, and induction logging which are used to identify hydrocarbon-producing zones, define petrophysical parameters, and determine reservoir depth, temperature, and pressure. Different types of electrical logging tools like normal logs, laterologs, and micrologs are also summarized.
Electrical well logging
This document provides an overview of well logging techniques. It introduces well logging and describes the borehole environment. It then outlines the main types of well logging as electrical, radioactivity, sonic, and miscellaneous. The document focuses on electrical well logging, describing the resistivity, self-potential, and induction methods. For resistivity logging, it explains tools such as normal/lateral logs, micrologs, laterologs, microlaterologs, and proximity logs. It also discusses using resistivity to determine saturation, flushed zones, and mud filtrate invasion profiles.
Lateral log deep lld
The Laterolog tool was invented in 1949 by Henry Doll of Schlumberger to replace the ES Log for measuring formation resistivity in saltwater mud environments. It works by focusing an electrical current from electrodes on the tool through the formation and to a return electrode at the surface or downhole. Laterolog tools are able to provide deep investigation resistivity measurements in high resistivity formations over 100 ohm/m better than induction tools. They are used to determine formation resistivity, qualitatively indicate permeability, and identify hydrocarbon/water contacts but require a conductive path between the tool and formation and do not work in air-filled or cased holes.
Density Log
This document provides information about formation density logging. It defines formation density logging as a tool that provides a continuous record of a formation's bulk density along the length of a borehole. It is used to calculate porosity along with sonic and neutron logging. The tool works by emitting gamma rays into the formation and measuring the attenuation to determine density. Density logs are useful for determining porosity, identifying lithologies when combined with neutron logs, and detecting gas zones.
Neutron log
This presentation discusses neutron logs and their use in well log interpretation. Neutron logs measure the hydrogen index of formations using detectors that count slowed neutrons deflected back from hydrogen nuclei after being emitted from a radioactive source. They can be used both qualitatively to identify lithologies and quantitatively to calculate porosity. When combined with density logs on a cross-plot, the neutron-density combination is an effective tool for lithology indication and identifying clean formations, shales, and evaporites. Calibration is required using blocks of known porosity. Applications include porosity evaluation, identifying hydrocarbon gas effects, and accounting for shale effects.
Wireline logging: Resistivity log
Wireline logging involves continuously recording geophysical measurements in a borehole and plotting them against depth. It provides precise information between cuttings and cores. Resistivity logs measure formation resistivity using focused and non-focused tools to profile resistivity at different depths. Resistivity indicates lithology, textures, and can identify hydrocarbons based on negative separation between measurements. Caliper logs measure borehole size and shape using mechanical or geometry tools. Together, resistivity and caliper logs are used for hydrocarbon identification, correlation, facies identification, and determining lithology, textures, and fluid saturation.
Structur Alanalysis
The analysis of all of the significant processes that formed a basin and deformed its sedimentary fill from basin-scale processes (e.g., plate tectonics)
to centimeter-scale processes (e.g., fracturing)
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This presentation discusses electrical resistivity methods for geophysical surveying. It describes how resistivity utilizes differences in electric potential to image the subsurface. Key concepts covered include Ohm's law, electrode configurations like Wenner and Schlumberger arrays, methods like vertical electrical sounding and electric profiling, and instrumentation used including current sources, resistivity meters, and electrode types. Applications mentioned are groundwater detection, mineral exploration, and waste exploration.
Geophysical well logging
Geophysical well logging uses sensors located in boreholes to measure physical properties of surrounding rocks as a function of depth. Well logs are used to identify geological formations and fluids, correlate between holes, and evaluate reservoir formations. Common logging methods include electrical resistivity, self-potential, nuclear, acoustic, and thermal measurements. The objective is to determine in situ rock and fluid properties, though drilling disturbs the formation. Effective depth of penetration varies between tools and formations. Well logging aims to identify potential reservoirs by determining porosity, permeability, and fluid contents.
Induced Polarization Presentation
This document provides an overview of induced polarization (IP) surveying techniques for mapping porphyry copper deposits. It describes how IP uses electrical current to measure the resistivity and conductivity of rock bodies, which can help differentiate rock zones with varying mineral assemblages and locate ore deposits. Specifically, it outlines how spectral IP and dipole-dipole arrays are useful for mapping potassic cores and pyrite halos in porphyry systems. The document also gives examples of how certain IP parameters like phase angle and chargeability relate to mineralization.
Well lod ,well Testing and mud logging Ghulam Abbas Abbasi
Well logging records measurements made in boreholes to characterize underground formations. Key logs described include gamma ray, which measures natural radioactivity to identify shale; spontaneous potential, which indicates lithology; caliper, which measures borehole size; resistivity, which distinguishes water and hydrocarbon zones; and neutron, which determines porosity. Mud logging continuously monitors drilling mud and cuttings for gas readings. Well testing evaluates reservoir properties through daily tests and drill stem tests to determine flow rates and commercial potential.
Basic Petrophysics
This document provides information about petrophysics and the Archie equation. It discusses the role of the petrophysicist in integrating data to characterize reservoirs. The Archie equation is introduced as a common method to determine water saturation in clean reservoirs. The document extracts the Archie equation terms and describes how to determine the parameters from well logs, including porosity, water resistivity, and cementation exponent. Methods for calculating porosity from density, sonic, and neutron logs are also presented.
Electrical well logging
Well logging involves using sensors in a borehole to measure physical properties of surrounding rocks as a function of depth. There are several types of well logging including electrical, radioactivity, and sonic logging. Electrical well logging measures potential and resistivity, properties that vary according to the rock beds. Specifically, resistivity logging characterizes rocks by measuring their resistivity, which depends on factors like mineral content and pore water conductivity.
Dual laterolog
The Dual Laterolog provides two resistivity measurements, a Shallow reading which investigates the formation near the borehole and a Deep reading which measures farther out in the formation where it’s less disturbed by drilling fluid.
Electrical resistivity method ( electrical survey)
This document provides information about an online presentation on the electrical resistivity method in applied geophysics and engineering geology. It includes details about the date, time, presenter, and link to join the Zoom meeting. The bulk of the document then discusses the background and principles of the electrical resistivity method, including different electrode configurations, modes of deployment like vertical electrical sounding and constant separation traversing, and factors that influence electrode selection. Tables provide data on resistivities of common rocks and minerals and geometric factors for different electrode arrays.
LEC- GW 885-magnetic-method -.ppt
1. The document discusses magnetic methods for groundwater exploration. It covers topics such as the earth's magnetic field, magnetization of materials, magnetic anomalies over simple shapes, and magnetic surveying.
2. Key points include that magnetic surveying measures variations in the magnetic field to locate concentrations of magnetic materials. The magnetic susceptibility of rocks can vary significantly and influences the induced magnetization. Magnetic anomalies provide information on the location, size, and depth of magnetic sources like dykes.
3. Temporal variations in the earth's magnetic field like diurnal and secular changes need to be considered during data acquisition and processing to accurately interpret magnetic survey results.
Well loggining. Gamma Ray log
This document discusses principles of well logging. It describes how well logging aims to evaluate subsurface hydrocarbon accumulations through measuring properties in boreholes. It outlines different types of hydrocarbon traps and elements in a petroleum system. It then explains what a well log is and different types of logs used, including gamma ray, resistivity, sonic, and neutron logs. Gamma ray logs specifically measure natural radioactivity to distinguish between lithologies like sandstone and shale. The document provides details on interpreting gamma ray logs and calculating shale volume from gamma ray readings.
Principles of well logging and formation evaluation m.m.badawy
Principles of well logging and formation evaluation m.m.badawyFaculty of Science, Alexandria University, Egypt
The document provides an overview of principles of well logging and formation evaluation. It discusses different well logging tools and techniques used to measure properties like resistivity, spontaneous potential, and borehole diameter. Well logging allows for determination of lithology, fluid content, porosity, and permeability of rock formations for purposes like identifying hydrocarbon bearing zones and estimating reserves. The document covers concepts such as the invaded zone, uninvaded zone, and formation resistivity factor which are important for understanding well log measurements and evaluation.Geophysical exploration
The electrical resistivity method uses four electrodes to measure the resistivity of soil and rock formations. Resistivity depends on factors like material type, water content, and salt concentration. Rocks have higher resistivity than saturated clays. This method involves expanding the electrode spacing to measure resistivity at increasing depths. It can detect subsurface variations and locate deposits like sand and gravel within fine-grained soils. Interpretation can be challenging as resistivity changes gradually at interfaces rather than abruptly.
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Well lod ,well Testing and mud logging Ghulam Abbas Abbasi
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Principles of well logging and formation evaluation m.m.badawy
Principles of well logging and formation evaluation m.m.badawy
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Calipar log
Well logging involves making continuous measurements in a borehole to characterize rock properties. A caliper log uses tools like mechanical arms or ultrasound to measure the borehole diameter and shape. Caliper logs are useful for making corrections to other logs affected by hole size, assessing lithology and permeability, and selecting locations for well tests and casing.
C-0131 Mechanical Calibration
QRICS i.e. ‘Quality Ring Inspection Co-Ordination Services’ established in 1989 as a proprietary firm with Mumbai Shop Act No. Pashan/II/122. It deals with quality assurance support services such as calibration of mechanical, pressure, angle, thermal and electro-technical measuring instruments and equipment.Later on, in 1996 this organization was promoted to Private Limited with the name and title of QRICS Calibration Laboratories Pvt.Ltd. It has a registered office and laboratory at ‘Paras’ Complex, Sl. No. No. GP/67, Thermax Chowk, Chinchwad, Pune 411 019, Maharashtra State, INDIA. This laboratory has now been legally identified vide certificate of incorporation No. 11-103211 (1996) with a seal of registrar of companies, Maharashtra state.
More Details,
www.qrics.in
Gama ray log
Gamma rays are high-energy electromagnetic waves emitted spontaneously by radioactive elements like potassium, uranium, and thorium found in rocks. A gamma ray log measures this natural radioactivity to indicate the presence of shale and clay in formations. The log uses a scintillation counter detector in the tool to measure gamma radiation from the formation. Radioactive elements tend to concentrate in shale and clay. Therefore, higher gamma ray readings indicate more shale, while clean formations like sandstone have lower readings. The log can be used to correlate between wells and evaluate shale content.
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Sp log
The Self Potential (SP) log measures the natural voltage difference between an electrode in the borehole and a reference electrode at the surface without applying any artificial current. It is recorded in millivolts on the left track of the log. The SP log principle involves conductive fluid in the borehole creating a potential difference from formation fluids due to salinity variations. SP logs are used to identify permeable zones like sand and impermeable zones like shale, detect boundaries between permeable beds, and determine formation water resistivity and shale volume.
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Spontaneous (SP) log
The spontaneous potential log, commonly called the self potential log or SP log, is a passive measurement taken by oil industry well loggers to characterise rock
Resistivity log
The resistivity log measures the ability of rock formations to conduct electricity. Higher resistivity indicates water-bearing zones while lower resistivity corresponds to hydrocarbon-bearing zones. Resistivity is dependent on factors like porosity, fluid salinity, and lithology. Resistivity logs are used to identify hydrocarbon zones, permeable layers, and estimate porosity. Log interpretation provides values for parameters like porosity, water saturation, and lithology which can then be used to calculate reserves and map reservoir characteristics.
Caliper log
The document discusses caliper well logs, which measure the diameter and shape of boreholes. It describes how caliper tools work, including mechanical calipers with extendable arms that measure variations in borehole diameter. Common types are 2-arm, 4-arm, and ultrasonic calipers. Caliper logs present continuous borehole diameter measurements and are used to make environmental corrections to other well logs and assess lithology, permeability, and porosity.
Spontaneous potential Log
This document summarizes the spontaneous potential (SP) log. It discusses how SP works by measuring the natural potential difference between a downhole electrode and surface reference electrode. SP response is caused by salinity differences between borehole fluid and formation water. The document outlines the various SP potentials, how the tool works, factors affecting response, and applications for formation evaluation and correlation. SP provides a qualitative indicator of permeability but is not quantitative.
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The document provides an overview of well logging techniques and tools. It discusses the history of well logging beginning in 1912 and describes some common downhole tools used for well logging including gamma ray, spontaneous potential, neutron, density, resistivity, and acoustic logs. It explains what each tool measures and how the data can be used to evaluate properties of the formation like lithology, porosity, fluid content, and structure for purposes like hydrocarbon exploration and reservoir characterization.
Geophysical wireline log: Caliper log
The document discusses caliper logs, which measure the diameter and shape of a borehole. Caliper tools have extendable arms that contact the borehole wall. Two-arm tools provide the diameter, while four-arm tools give diameters in two perpendicular directions, revealing if the hole is oval. Caliper logs help evaluate borehole conditions, correct other logs for borehole size effects, and aid in assessing lithology, permeability, and well completion.
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This document discusses borehole geophysical logging and resistivity logging. It describes:
1. The objectives of borehole logging including characterizing the borehole environment, invasion depth and profile.
2. Conditions that affect the borehole such as hole size, drilling mud, mud cake and filtrate.
3. How resistivity logs work by measuring the resistivity of formations and fluids to determine lithology, fluid content and invasion.
4. Types of resistivity logging tools like lateral logs and micro-resistivity tools and how they make measurements in the flushed, transition and undisturbed zones.
Oslo university basic well log analysis introduction
The document provides an overview of basic well log analysis methods used to derive petrophysical properties for hydrocarbon exploration. It discusses the borehole environment, including invasion of drilling mud into formations. It also covers open and cased hole logs, the three main types of logs (electrical, nuclear, acoustic), and how logs are used to infer properties like lithology, porosity, permeability, water saturation, and resistivity. Key concepts discussed include Archie's law, borehole resistivity profiles, and correcting mud and water resistivities for formation temperature.
formation evaluation chapter 1
Formation evaluation and well logging are processes used to determine the properties of subsurface reservoirs and identify commercially viable oil and gas fields. Key logging tools developed over time include resistivity logs in the 1920s, dipmeters in the 1940s, gamma ray and neutron logs in the 1940s, sonic logs in the 1950s, density logs in the 1960s, and logging while drilling was introduced, allowing real-time data acquisition. The document provides a historical overview of the development of various openhole well logging tools and techniques.
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Oslo university basic well log analysis introduction
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A cement bond log (CBL) measures the loss of acoustic energy as it passes through casing to evaluate the integrity of cement bonding between the casing and formation. A sonic tool detects the bond by transmitting acoustic waves and measuring the amplitude of reflected waves, with lower amplitudes indicating better cement bonding. CBLs are used to detect cement bonding, which is important for supporting the casing, preventing fluid leaks, and isolating zones. Interpreters look for intervals of continuous cement bonding indicated by amplitudes below thresholds like 10 mV over a minimum distance.
Drill time log
The document discusses drill time logs, which record the rate of penetration of rocks during drilling to identify changes in subsurface rock types and formations in real-time. Drill time logs are recorded on a paper chart mounted on a drum in a geolograph machine and depend on factors like rock type, bit type, revolutions per second, and drilling parameters. They can identify porous zones and are recorded in units of minutes per foot or meter.
Resistivity
Resistivity is a measure of how resistant a material is to electrical flow. It is an intensive property that depends on factors like the resistivity of pore fluids like water, oil, or gas, the porosity of the rock, and aspects of the rock composition including clay content and cementation. Resistivity is used to calculate resistance, which considers both resistivity and the geometry of electrical flow through a material using measurements of length and cross-sectional area. Common notations are presented for resistivity of water-saturated rock, true formation resistivity, and water resistivity.
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Well hydraulics
Well hydraulics analyzes the drawdown of groundwater levels due to pumping from wells over time and distance. It is important to understand well hydraulics to design effective pumping strategies that can meet water demand by withdrawing adequate amounts of groundwater from aquifers. Basic assumptions are made about steady versus unsteady flow, and models examine steady radial flow of groundwater to wells pumping from both confined and unconfined aquifers.
Modular density tool
The MDT (Modular Density Tool) is used to test formation pressure, temperature, and obtain fluid and water samples. It contains formation pressure and resistivity gauges, a pump out system, live fluid analyzer, sample chamber, and crystal quartz gauge. When using the MDT, points are selected for measuring formation pressure in oil, gas, and water zones. Interpretation of MDT data involves plotting a graph of formation pressure versus depth to identify contacts between gas, oil, and water zones based on their different density values.
Sample log
The document describes the process of creating a litho log by examining well cuttings. Well cuttings are small rock chips cut by the drilling bit, washed to remove mud, and examined under a microscope to note rock type, texture, grain size, porosity, and microfossils. Cuttings are sampled regularly at intervals of 5-10 feet or shorter when near a reservoir. Observations are recorded and plotted against depth to identify lithologies encountered during drilling. While cuttings provide information, it can be difficult to identify precise formation boundaries due to cuttings mixing during the trip to the surface.
Mud logging
Mud logging involves collecting and analyzing drill cuttings and mud properties to interpret lithology and detect hydrocarbon shows. It relies on mud circulation from the mud pump through the drill string and annulus to the shale shaker where cuttings are examined. The mud logger monitors and records drilling parameters and cuttings data to help assess the producibility of formations. However, mud logging becomes less accurate at depths over 3000m where cuttings are mixed and it takes longer for mud to return to the surface.
Density log
Density logging uses a tool that emits gamma rays into rock formations to determine bulk density along a wellbore. Bulk density depends on mineral density and porosity, with density being a primary indicator of porosity. The gamma rays collide with electrons in the formation through Compton scattering, with more collisions and energy loss occurring in denser formations that have more electrons. This allows density logging tools to measure formation density.
Variable density log
The document discusses variable density logs (VDL), which provide a color or grayscale representation of acoustic wave amplitude received during sonic or ultrasonic measurements. VDLs are commonly used alongside cement bond logs to provide better interpretation. It also discusses density logs, which measure formation density using gamma rays emitted from a borehole tool. Density is plotted on a bulk density scale and used to indicate porosity, derive total porosity, and identify lithology when used with neutron logs. Limitations include needing uniform mudcake/washouts less than 0.75 inches.
Neutron log
Emitted neutrons interact with matter through elastic scattering, where they lose some energy, or inelastic scattering, where the target nucleus absorbs neutrons and emits slower neutrons and gamma rays. The amount of energy lost depends on the mass of the nucleus collided with. Hydrogen causes the highest energy loss at 67% per collision due to its similar mass to neutrons. Heavier nuclei cause less energy loss. Neutron logs measure formation hydrogen content to indicate porosity and lithology. There are two main types - single neutron pad logs detecting epithermal neutrons over short intervals, and compensated neutron logs detecting thermal neutrons over deeper intervals. Neutron logs are used to determine porosity, delineate porous formations
Sp log
This document discusses electrical logs, including self potential (SP) logs. It defines the SP log as measuring the voltage difference between a downhole electrode and a surface electrode. The objectives are to understand the physical principles, interpretation for lithology and properties, and corrections needed. The SP log is used to identify impermeable zones like shale and permeable zones like sand, detect boundaries of permeable beds, and determine formation water resistivity and shale volume. It further explains the theory of measurement, factors affecting readings, and gives more details on the definition and general uses of SP logs.
Induction log
The induction log was invented in 1947 to measure formation resistivity in non-conductive boreholes containing oil-based muds or drilled without fluid. It works using a transmitter coil that generates a magnetic field around the borehole, which is measured by a receiver coil. Factors like borehole size, mud properties, and bed thickness can influence readings. Induction logs are used for saturation determination, lithology identification, and locating hydrocarbon zones, and provide accurate resistivity readings, especially in low resistivity formations. The tool is minimally affected by drilling fluid resistivity.
Proximity log
The Proximity Log (PL) is a downhole tool designed to measure resistivity of the formation (RXO) without interference from thick mud cakes. It operates similarly to the Microlaterolog (MLL) but can penetrate deeper, up to 1.5 feet into the formation. The PL focuses current from a central electrode using guard electrodes to direct flow farther out than the MLL. Preliminary applications found the PL provides more accurate porosity measurements than the MLL when thick mud cakes are present.
Introduction to gis and arc gis
A Geographic Information System (GIS) integrates hardware, software and data to capture, store, query, analyze and display spatially-referenced information. A GIS links location data to descriptive attributes and allows users to create, edit, analyze and display map information on a computer. Key GIS functions include capturing data, storing data in both vector and raster formats, querying data, analyzing spatial relationships between data sets, displaying data visually, and outputting results in various formats like maps, reports and graphs.
Coordinate systems
The document discusses geographic coordinate systems (GCS) and projected coordinate systems (PCS). It explains that a GCS uses latitude and longitude to define locations on Earth based on the equator and prime meridian. A PCS projects locations onto a flat surface using x,y coordinates defined by a grid. It also discusses datums, which define ellipsoids and their position relative to Earth's center, providing a reference frame. Map projections transform locations from the ellipsoid to the flat grid using mathematical formulas that can distort shapes, areas, or distances.
Metamorphism
This document discusses metamorphism and metamorphic rocks. It defines metamorphism as a change in shape of pre-existing rocks due to heat and pressure below the surface. It describes different types of metamorphism including contact, dynamic, and regional metamorphism. It also defines foliated and non-foliated metamorphic rocks, providing examples like slate, schist, and gneiss. The document aims to explain metamorphic concepts and rock types to students.
SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES
This document discusses sedimentary structures, which are geological features formed during or just after sediment deposition. There are two types of sedimentary structures: primary and secondary. Primary structures form during deposition and include graded bedding, ripple marks, rip-ups, pebble imbrication, and mud cracks. Secondary structures form after deposition through chemical or physical processes, such as Liesegang rings, cone-in-cone structures, flame structures, raindrop impressions, and slump structures. Examples of each type of structure are provided along with brief descriptions.
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The document provides guidance on starting a rock collection for microfossil study. It recommends properly labeling collected samples with location data and replacing poor samples. Basic collecting equipment includes a geologist's hammer and hand lens. Surface samples can be collected from natural exposures while subsurface samples come from wells and boreholes, with cores providing the most accurate records. The best collecting sites are quarries, road cuts, and outcrops displaying unweathered rock. Careful permanent labeling and record keeping is important for housing and maintaining the collection.
Estimation of initial stresses
(1) Several methods are used to estimate initial stresses in rock masses, including the stress relief method, hydraulic fracturing method, and methods using oriented core samples or fault earthquake data.
(2) The stress relief method involves drilling a borehole and installing a probe to measure strain changes before and after overcoring to relieve stresses around the probe.
(3) The hydraulic fracturing method involves injecting water into a borehole under pressure to initiate and propagate fractures, with initial stresses estimated from breakdown, reopening, and shut-in pressures.
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https://ashpc.eu/
Micronuclei test.M.sc.zoology.fisheries.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
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Short normal log
- 2. Short Normal Log (SN Log) • Short Normal Log is the Type of Electrical Survey which was invented by the Schlumberger Brothers in 1927. • The tool required a conductive mud, but worked poorly in salty mud. It did not work in cased holes. • If the formation is uniform, the formation resistivity, Rt, can be computed from the formula Rt = K * V / I.
- 3. • Where V is the voltage between M and N, and I the intensity of the current flowing from A to B. • K is a geometric factor that depends upon the relative distance between A, B, M, and N and is a constant for a given electrode arrangement.
- 4. • Electrodes A and M are on an insulating mandrel, called the probe or sonde or logging tool, which is suspended at the end of the logging cable. • Electrodes B and N are placed far from A and M, and are either at the surface of the ground or on the cable at a long distance from A and M.
- 5. • The distance AM is known as the spacing. The depth reference point of the measurement is the midpoint between A and M.
- 10. Thanks…