Free Space Optics (FSO) communications, also called Free Space Photonics (FSP) or Optical Wireless, refers to the transmission of modulated visible or infrared (IR) beams through the atmosphere to obtain optical communications. Like fiber, Free Space Optics (FSO) uses lasers to transmit data, but instead of enclosing the data stream in a glass fiber, it is transmitted through the air. Free Space Optics (FSO) works on the same basic principle as Infrared television remote controls, wireless keyboards
Free-space optical communication is an optical communication technology that uses light propagating in free space to wirelessly transmit data for telecommunications or computer networking. It is a technology that can be installed license-free worldwide and can be installed in less than a day. A technology that offers a fast, high ROI. There is no Frequency License Required in it.
Free Space Optics (FSO) communications, also called Free Space Photonics (FSP) or Optical Wireless, refers to the transmission of modulated visible or infrared (IR) beams through the atmosphere to obtain optical communications. Like fiber, Free Space Optics (FSO) uses lasers to transmit data, but instead of enclosing the data stream in a glass fiber, it is transmitted through the air. Free Space Optics (FSO) works on the same basic principle as Infrared television remote controls, wireless keyboards
Free-space optical communication is an optical communication technology that uses light propagating in free space to wirelessly transmit data for telecommunications or computer networking. It is a technology that can be installed license-free worldwide and can be installed in less than a day. A technology that offers a fast, high ROI. There is no Frequency License Required in it.
The attached narrated power point presentation attempts to explain the working principle, types, classifications, merits, demerits, applications,safety and deployment issues related to Raman Amplifiers. The material will be useful for KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
The following ppt gives overview about Optical Communication and the underlying principle with the general overview of all the contents for optical communication
The attached narrated power point presentation attempts to explain the working principle, types, classifications, merits, demerits, applications,safety and deployment issues related to Raman Amplifiers. The material will be useful for KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
The following ppt gives overview about Optical Communication and the underlying principle with the general overview of all the contents for optical communication
Laser communications offer a viable alternative to RF communications for inter satellite links and other applications where high-performance links are a necessity.
Descripcion de la tecnologia y sistemas de luz para transmitir señales
Sistemas de transmision por fibra optica, equipos de fibra optica para transmision inalambrica
Study on Laser Communication: Features, Application, Advantagesijtsrd
Laser communications offer a viable alternative to RF communications for intersatellite links and other applications where high-performance links are necessary. High data rate, small antenna size, narrow beam divergence, and a narrow field of view are characteristics of laser communication that offer a number of potential advantages for system design. The high data rate and large information throughput available with laser communications are many times greater than in radio frequency (RF) systems. The small antenna size requires only a small increase in the weight and volume of host vehicle. In addition, this feature substantially reduces blockage of fields of view of the most desirable areas on satellites. The smaller antennas, with diameters typically less than 30cm, create less momentum disturbance to any sensitive satellite sensors. The narrow beam divergence of affords interference-free and secure operation. Prof. Atul A. Padghan | Prof. Ankit P. Jaiswal"Study on Laser Communication: Features, Application, Advantages" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd10798.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/10798/study-on-laser-communication-features-application-advantages/prof-atul-a-padghan
Laser Communication is an emerging area of wireless communication .It refers to transmission of modulated visible and IR beams through atmosphere.Its data rate is 30 times higher than Radio waves.
This report gives the viewers a broad description about using a light wave generated from a typical LED's or LASER source for an effective communication.
Garth naar - optical fibre communication telecommunicationsgarthnaar
Fibre optic communication has revolutionised the telecommunications industry. It has also made its presence widely felt within the data networking community as well. Using fibre optic cable, optical communications have enabled telecommunications links to be made over much greater distances and with much lower levels of loss in the transmission medium and possibly most important of all, fiber optical communications has enabled much higher data rates to be accommodated.
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This presentation gives an insight about various antennas that were in use in cell phones and are being used in today's smartphones. Images of various phone models showing antenna used are included to give pictorial view of internal antennas
These are the steps to be followed to use the Optimetrics feature in HFSS. This feature lets a user to optimize his/her design and its parameters by employing several techniques.
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Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
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Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
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The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
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A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
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UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
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Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
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👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
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Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
2. OUTLINE
What is Free Space Optics (FSO) ?
History of Free Space Optics
Architecture.
Basic link designs.
Advantages and disadvantages of links
Advanced approaches towards link performance improvement
Techniques based on diversity
Adaptive signal processing in a nondirected los link
Performance Limited Effects.
FSO advantages and Disadvantages.
Security Issues.
Conclusion
3. Free Space Optics communications, also called Free Space Photonics (FSP) or
Optical Wireless, refers to the transmission of visible and infrared (IR) beams
through the atmosphere to obtain optical communications.
Like fiber, Free Space Optics uses lasers and LED to transmit data, but instead
of enclosing the data stream in a glass fiber, it is transmitted through the air
Free space optical communication is an effective means of communication
at high bit rates over short distances.
Wireless optical holds the promise of delivering data rates that can meet the
broadband requirements.
4. • In the late nineteenth century, Alexander Graham Bell’s "photo-phone”.
• Late 1950‘s~early 1960's, several scientists theorized and developed
laser.
• In the mid-1960's NASA initiated experiments to utilize the laser as a
means of communication between the Goddard Space Flight Center and the
Gemini-7 orbiting space capsule.
• In the early 1980's United States and its military research.
• Germany, France and Japan made significant advancements in free space
optics for satellite communications.
5. The safety standard recommends that these systems should be located
where the beam cannot be interrupted or viewed inadvertently by a
person or receiver.
7. EXPLANATION
The electrical signal is converted to optical power and
transmitted through the air.
After undergoing the influences of the time-dispersive channel
and ambient light, the optical signal is directly translated into a
photocurrent at the detector.
The electrical SNR in optical links depends on the square of
the optical power, which has a deep impact on both design and
performance of OW systems.
8. KEY COMPONENTS
AT TRANSMITTER:
One or more laser diodes (LD) or light emitting diodes (LED) are used. The
choice between LED and LD is determined by standard factors that influence price
and performance as known from traditional optical communications
AT RECIEVER:
An optical concentrator ( collect and concentrate incoming radiation) and an optical
filter (to reject ambient light), a photo detector (PD, to convert radiation/ optical
power into a photocurrent), and an electrical front-end (performing amplification,
filtering etc.)
9. PROPERTIES OF DETECTORS
Large area, low-capacitance Si Photo Diodes(PD) with peak
responsivity in the near IR window are available at low-cost.
PIN Photo Diodes are cheaper but limit the link range due to
their poor sensitivity.
APDs have a better sensitivity than PINs and offer link
performance when the ambient light is weak.
10. BASIC LINK DESIGNS
There are two basic link designs:
Directed line-of-sight (LOS) :
The beam of a directed link travels from a narrow-beam Tx to a
narrow field-of-view (FOV) receiver(Rx) via the LOS.
Diffuse link:
Communication between a wide-beam Tx and a wide FOV Rx relies
on numerous signal reflections off the surfaces in the room, instead
of a LOS.
12. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
OF TWO LINKS
Directed LOS experiences minimal effects of multipath
dispersion, noise and path loss but its disadvantage is
shadowing.
Diffused link is simpler, more robust to shadowing and offers
better mobility than the directed one (no tracking and pointing
is needed) but its speed is less due to multiple reflections.
13. ADVANCED APPROACHES TOWARDS
LINK PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT
It is often desired to combine the mobility of diffuse and the
high speed capability of LOS systems. For this techniques are:
Techniques based on diversity.
Adaptive signal processing in a non-directed LOS link.
14. TECHNIQUES BASED ON DIVERSITY
Techniques based on diversity is called multi-spot
diffusing approach.
Tx Sends multiple moderate-width or collimated beams to
ceiling, where they are diffusely reflected to an angle
diversity receiver.
A way to secure the directed link against connection
failures.
Here multiple LOS occur between the diffusing spots and
the receiver.
15. SIGNAL PROCESSING IN A NON
DIRECTED LOS LINK
• Here LOS and diffuse signal components are simultaneously
present at the receiver.
• These systems exploit the LOS for transmission speed and
reflections for good coverage.
• Here it is difficult to sufficiently maintain the SNR for high bit
rates. So it makes sense to have rate-adaptive links.
16. • Free space loss due to unguided media
• Clear air absorption
• Scattering
• Inter-Symbol-Interference (ISI)
17. FREE SPACE LOSS
Free space loss defines the proportion of optical power
arriving at the receiver that is usually captured within the
receiver’s aperture. A typical value for a point-to-point system
that operates with a slight divergent beam would b20 dB.
18. • It is equivalent of absorption loss in optical fibers.
• It is a wavelength sensitive process that gives rise to low-
loss transmission windows centered on 850nm, 1310nm, and
550nm, essentially the same as that in optical fiber.
19. SCATTERING
This is due to rain, fog, mist, and snow. This attenuation is
continually in the state of flux.
Atmospheric scattering can be Rayleigh due to molecular sized
particles. Mie scattering is due to larger sized particles such as
smoke and fog.
Rayleigh scattering is much less than Mie scattering.
20. ADVANTAGES
1. Unregulated Spectrum Leads to virtually unlimited use of
spectrum by individual networks.
2. Huge Bandwidth Great Support for high-speed
applications.
3. No Strict Laws License-free operation.
4. Optoelectronic Leads to manufacturing
Technology inexpensive components and little
power consumption
5. Less Interference Facilitates system design and
results in a significant cost savings.
6. Fading Immunity Results in less power loss to
attenuation.
7. Reusability Enables use of same
communication equipments and
wavelengths by nearby systems.
8. Low Power Consumption Leads to less energy requirements
21. DISADVANTAGE
High Launch Power represents eye hazard.
Light Interference negatively affects system performance.
Blockage Leads to design challenges.
Low Power Source requires high sensitive receivers.
Signal Scattering results in multipath impairment.
Alignment Leads to more operation constraints.
22. FSO laser beams cannot be detected with spectrum analyzers
or RF meters.
FSO laser transmissions are optical and travel along a line of
sight path that cannot be intercepted easily.
The laser beams generated by FSO systems are narrow and
invisible, making them harder to find and even harder to intercept
and crack.
Data can be transmitted over an encrypted connection adding
to the degree of security available in FSO network transmissions.
23. CONCLUSIONS
For future short-range applications, optical wireless
communications present a viable and promising supplemental
technology to radio wireless systems.
Recent advances in the performance of optical links (in terms
of both transmission speed and spatial coverage) are based
above all on efficient digital signal processing techniques.
24. REFERENCES
[1] Transparent optical networks, 2007. Icton '07, 9th international conference
[2] Infrared Data Association: http://www.irda.org.
[3] O. Bouchet et al.: Free-space optics: Propagation and communication, London: ISTE
Ltd., 2006.
[4] S.T. Jivkova, M. Kavehrad: Multispot diffusing configuration for wireless infrared
access, IEEE Trans. On Communications.
25. Where to find me..
25
chd.naveen@gmail.com
/chd.naveen
@saini_naveen87
/NaveenKumar11
www.elixir-india.com