Free space optics uses light propagating through free space to transmit data between two points. It provides line-of-sight connectivity at speeds up to 2.5 Gbps as an alternative to fiber cables when they are impractical. An FSO system consists of an optical transceiver with a laser transmitter and receiver to provide bidirectional communication over distances of several kilometers depending on the power of the transmitter. While offering rapid deployment over buildings on a campus, FSO is limited by fog, physical obstructions, and atmospheric effects like scattering that can reduce the intensity of the light beam.
Free-space optical communication is an optical communication technology that uses light propagating in free space to wirelessly transmit data for telecommunications or computer networking. It is a technology that can be installed license-free worldwide and can be installed in less than a day. A technology that offers a fast, high ROI. There is no Frequency License Required in it.
Free Space Optics (FSO) communications, also called Free Space Photonics (FSP) or Optical Wireless, refers to the transmission of modulated visible or infrared (IR) beams through the atmosphere to obtain optical communications. Like fiber, Free Space Optics (FSO) uses lasers to transmit data, but instead of enclosing the data stream in a glass fiber, it is transmitted through the air. Free Space Optics (FSO) works on the same basic principle as Infrared television remote controls, wireless keyboards
Free-space optical communication is an optical communication technology that uses light propagating in free space to wirelessly transmit data for telecommunications or computer networking. It is a technology that can be installed license-free worldwide and can be installed in less than a day. A technology that offers a fast, high ROI. There is no Frequency License Required in it.
Free Space Optics (FSO) communications, also called Free Space Photonics (FSP) or Optical Wireless, refers to the transmission of modulated visible or infrared (IR) beams through the atmosphere to obtain optical communications. Like fiber, Free Space Optics (FSO) uses lasers to transmit data, but instead of enclosing the data stream in a glass fiber, it is transmitted through the air. Free Space Optics (FSO) works on the same basic principle as Infrared television remote controls, wireless keyboards
“Hybrid communication systems, FSO/RF and RoF: reliable and scaled communicat...Joaquin Perez
Title:
“Hybrid communication systems, FSO/RF and RoF: reliable and scaled communications anywhere”
Abstract:
Current network and telecommunication systems are required to provide higher data rates in access
networks to an increasing number of users. This fact is mainly due to the increase in the Internet
traffic data, which is related with the higher demand of online added-value online content, as a result
of a society increasingly more interconnected. New emergent radio technologies play a key role to
supply these high-demand services to customer, e.g., UWB, WIMAX and LTE-advanced. [1-3]
How to carry them to final customer? How to backup these services?
Free-space optics (FSO), Radio-over-fibre (RoF) and RF/FSO Hybrid communication systems
become a solution to deploy these services on indoor/outdoor scenarios avoiding architecture
problems on WAN environments, e.g., university campus, companies’ parks [4]. Moreover, these
systems will fit emergency scenarios, e.g. earthquakes, tsunamis, where the classical
communications infrastructure cost and time replacement is very high [5]. On the other hand, the
implementation of RF/FSO or RoF systems are enclosed in the new green communications issues,
because they share the common goal to implement energy efficiency communications at anywhere
scenario [6, 7]. Therefore, emergent radio technologies and their application on FSO and RoF
systems are a challenging research issue nowadays.
(abstract = 190 words)
References:
[1] J. Perez, M. Morant, M. Beltran, and R. Llorente, "Performance of MB-OFDM UWB and
WiMAX IEEE 802.16e Converged Radio-over-Fiber in PON," Mwp: 2009 International Topical
Meeting on Microwave Photonics, pp. 235-238, 2009.
[2] J. Perez, M. Morant, R. Llorente, and J. Marti, "Joint Distribution of Polarization-Multiplexed
UWB and WiMAX Radio in PON," Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. 27, pp. 1912-1919,
Jun 15 2009.
[3] R. Llorente, T. Alves, M. Morant, M. Beltran, J. Perez, A. Cartaxo, and J. Marti, "Ultrawideband
radio signals distribution in FTTH networks," IEEE Photonics Technology Letters,
vol. 20, pp. 945-947, May-Jun 2008.
[4] E. Leitgeb, M. S. Awan, P. Brandl, T. Plank, C. Capsoni, R. Nebuloni, T. Javornik, G. Kandus,
S. S. Muhammad, F. Ghassemlooy, M. Loschnigg, and F. Nadeem, "Current Optical
Technologies for Wireless Access," Contel 2009: Proceedings of the 10th International
Conference on Telecommunications, pp. 7-17, 2009.
[5] S. Bloom, E. Korevaar, J. Schuster, and H. Willebrand, "Understanding the performance of
free-space optics [Invited]," J. Opt. Netw., vol. 2, pp. 178-200, 2003.
[6] Z. Yi, P. Chowdhury, M. Tornatore, and B. Mukherjee, "Energy Efficiency in Telecom Optical
Networks," Communications Surveys & Tutorials, IEEE, vol. 12, pp. 441-458.
[7] R. S. Tucker, "Green Optical Communications---Part II: Energy Limitations in Networks,"
Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, IEEE Journal of, vol. PP, pp. 1-14.
They are not tattoos.they don't contain any ink nor involve piercing through skin.they can stick to the skin as band aid and consists of sensors.in addition to sensors wireless networking capability provided with which contrlolling can be done from remote computer or smartphone.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Free Space Optics (FSO), also known as Optical Wireless Communication or Laser Communication, is a communication technology that employs beams of light to transmit data through the air or free space. Unlike traditional wired or radio-frequency-based communication methods, FSO relies on the transmission of modulated laser or infrared beams to establish high-speed data links between two points without the need for physical cables.
COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT TRANSMITTERS USING 1550NM AND 10000NM IN FSO COMMUNIC...ijcsit
In the recent past Free Space Optical (FSO) communication has taken over the radio frequency
communication and microwave systems due to its advantages like its long-range operations devoid of need
of license. In this paper we will find the most efficient transmitter suitable for free space optical (FSO)
communication. The theoretical analysis of behaviour of an FSO wireless communications system is done
using on off keying with different transmitters over fog weather conditions. Based on different models for
optical beam propagation at 1550nm and 10000nm on an FSO, the bit error rate (BER) and Q-factor under
fog weather are analyzed.
Free space optics known as (FSO) is very popular now days this is because of increased demand for cheaper, faster and most important affordable internet. So many research scientists have taken the great interest in this field. FSO uses laser for transmitting data at the speed capable of reaching 2.5 Gbps through the air. And its systems use invisible infrared laser light wavelengths in the 780 nm to 1600 nm range. This article explains the FSO security, the transmission characteristics and also its challenges; although Free Space Optic systems can be a better solution for the needs of some broadband networking, there are limitations of bad climatic conditions that influence its performance such as fog, snow and too much rain can shut down the network. The performance of FSO is measured by Bit Error Rates (BER).
Free Space Optics (FSO) communications, also called Free Space Photonics (FSP) or Optical Wireless, refers to the transmission of modulated visible or infrared (IR) beams through the atmosphere to obtain optical communications. Like fiber, Free Space Optics (FSO) uses lasers to transmit data, but instead of enclosing the data stream in a glass fiber, it is transmitted through the air. Free Space Optics (FSO) works on the same basic principle as Infrared television remote controls, wireless keyboards or wireless Palm® devices.
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2. In telecommunications, Free Space
Optics (FSO) is an optical
communication technology that uses light
propagating in free space to transmit data
between two points. The technology is
useful where the physical connections by
the means of fibre optic cables are
impractical due to high costs or other
considerations.
"Free space" means air, outer space,
vacuum, or something similar. It is the
opposite of a fibre optic
cable or transmission line.
3. FSO systems can function over distances
of several kilometres.
4. FSO is a line-of-sight technology, which
enables optical transmission up to 2.5
Gbps of data, voice and video
communications.
Free space optics require light, which can
be focused by using either light
emitting diodes (LED) or LASERS.
5. As long as there is a clear line of sight
between the source and the destination
and enough transmitter power,
communication is possible virtually at
the speed of light.
FSO works on the same basic
principle as infrared television remote
controls, wireless keyboards or wireless
palm devices.
6. ORIGIN OF FSO
This mode of communication was first used in
the 8th century by the Greeks. They used
fire as the light source ,the atmosphere as
the transmission medium and human eye as
receiver.
Optical wireless communication was used by
Alexander Graham Bell in the late 19th
century even before his telephone.
Bell FSO experiment converted voice sounds
to telephone signals and transmitted them
between receivers through free air space
along a beam of light for a distance of some
600 feet, this was later called
PHOTOPHONE.
7. THE TECHNOLOGY OF FSO
An FSO unit consists of an optical
transceiver with a laser transmitter and
a receiver to provide full duplex (bi-
directional) capability.
Each FSO unit uses a high power optical
source ( laser ) plus a lens that
transmits light through the atmosphere
to another lens receiving information.
The receiving lens connects to a high
sensitivity receiver via optical fiber.
8. Two FSO units can take the optical
connectivity to a maximum of 4kms.
11. WORKING OF FSO SYSTEM
Optical systems work in the infrared or
near infrared region of light.
The infrared carrier used for transmitting
the signal is generated either by a high
power LED or a laser diode. Two
parallel beams are used, one for
transmission and one for reception,
taking a standard data, voice or video
signal, converting it to a digital format
and transmitting it through free space.
12. Today’s modern laser system provide network
connectivity at speed of 622 Mega bits/sec
and beyond with total reliability.
The beams are kept very narrow to ensure
that it does not interfere with other FSO
beams. The receive detectors are either PIN
diodes or avalanche photodiodes.
The FSO transmits invisible eye safe light
beams from transmitter to the receiver
using high power infrared lasers in the
tera hertz spectrum.
16. 1.MILITARY AND GOVERNMENT
Secure and undetectable FSO system can
connect large areas safely with minimal
planning and deployment time.
17. 2. Wireless Service Provider
Unlike microwave or fiber, deployment of FSO does
not require spectrum licensing, physical disruption to a
location, or government zoning approvals. Carriers
are free to grow their business.
18. 3. Enterprise connectivity
Companies, airports, hospitals and schools can use
safe, secure Free space optical wireless links to
connect buildings within their campus
environments.
19. MERITS OF FSO
1. Free space optics offers a flexible networking solution that
delivers on the promise of broadband.
2. Straight forward deployment-as it requires no licenses.
3. Rapid time of deployment.
4. Low initial investment.
5. Ease of installation even indoors in less than 30 minutes.
6. Security and freedom from irksome regulations like roof top
rights and spectral licenses.
20. LIMITATIONS OF FSO
As the medium is air and the light pass through it,
some environmental challenges are inevitable.
FOG : Fog substantially attenuates visible
radiation, and it has a similar affect on the near-
infrared wavelengths that are employed in FSO
systems.
Fog can be countered by a network design
with short FSO link distances. FSO installation
in foggy cities like san Francisco have
successfully achieved carrier-class reliability.
21. 2. PHYSICAL OBSTRUCTIONS: Flying
birds can temporarily block a single beam, but
this tends to cause only short interruptions and
transmissions are easily and automatically re-
assumed.
3. SCINTILLATION: Scintillation refers
the variations in light intensity caused by
atmospheric turbulence. Such turbulence may
be caused by wind and temperature gradients
which results in air pockets of varying diversity
act as prisms or lenses with time varying
properties.
22. 4. SCATTERING: In scattering there is no
loss of energy, only a directional redistribution
of energy which may cause reduction in beam
intensity for longer distance.
5. SOLAR INTERFERENCE
6. ABSORPTION
7. BUILDING SWAY / SEISMIC
ACTIVITY