This presentation provides an overview of free space optical communication (FSO). It discusses the history of FSO beginning with Alexander Graham Bell's photo-phone invention in 1880. FSO uses visible or infrared light to transmit data through free space. It has several advantages over traditional wired networks such as lower costs, high speeds, and unlimited spectrum. However, FSO also has disadvantages like vulnerability to weather conditions and need for line-of-sight access. The presentation describes the basic working of FSO systems and components. It outlines applications in areas like metro networks, enterprise connectivity, and space communications. In conclusion, FSO provides a cost-effective option for short-range, high-speed data transmission where physical connections are impractical
Free-space optical communication is an optical communication technology that uses light propagating in free space to wirelessly transmit data for telecommunications or computer networking. It is a technology that can be installed license-free worldwide and can be installed in less than a day. A technology that offers a fast, high ROI. There is no Frequency License Required in it.
Free Space Optics (FSO) communications, also called Free Space Photonics (FSP) or Optical Wireless, refers to the transmission of modulated visible or infrared (IR) beams through the atmosphere to obtain optical communications. Like fiber, Free Space Optics (FSO) uses lasers to transmit data, but instead of enclosing the data stream in a glass fiber, it is transmitted through the air. Free Space Optics (FSO) works on the same basic principle as Infrared television remote controls, wireless keyboards
Free-space optical communication is an optical communication technology that uses light propagating in free space to wirelessly transmit data for telecommunications or computer networking. It is a technology that can be installed license-free worldwide and can be installed in less than a day. A technology that offers a fast, high ROI. There is no Frequency License Required in it.
Free Space Optics (FSO) communications, also called Free Space Photonics (FSP) or Optical Wireless, refers to the transmission of modulated visible or infrared (IR) beams through the atmosphere to obtain optical communications. Like fiber, Free Space Optics (FSO) uses lasers to transmit data, but instead of enclosing the data stream in a glass fiber, it is transmitted through the air. Free Space Optics (FSO) works on the same basic principle as Infrared television remote controls, wireless keyboards
Descripcion de la tecnologia y sistemas de luz para transmitir señales
Sistemas de transmision por fibra optica, equipos de fibra optica para transmision inalambrica
Wavelength selective switch is becoming the central part of ROADM (reconfigurable optical add drop multiplexer). In a WSS, different wavelength channels from the input fiber can be independently switched to different output ports, as shown in the right side picture. The left side picture shows an actual WSS product from Finisar.
This illustration shows a generic design of WSS. This optical principle is used on many different WSS designs, such as LCoS or MEMS based WSS switches.
Multiple wavelengths come in from the input port. The input port is one port among the fiber array. The fiber array is in the direction of perpendicular to the screen, in other words, the fiber array is in and out of the screen, that is why you only see one port shown in the picture.
The light from the input port is first expanded and collimated by the collimation optics. Then the light is projected onto the dispersive element. In a LCoS based WSS, this dispersive element is a conventional grating. The purpose of the dispersive element is to spatially separate these multiple wavelengths. With a conventional grating, the wavelengths are separated into different angles. Blue to the top, green in the middle, and red to the bottom.
These lights are still collimated, so next they are focused by the focusing optics and projected onto the switching element. The purpose of the switching element is to direct different wavelengths to different output ports. In a LCoS based WSS, this switching element is a LCoS chip. This time, the switching element directs lights to different perpendicular angles, in other words, in the fiber array’s direction which is perpendicular to the screen. So when the lights trace back, they are focused into different output ports, depending on the switched angle by the switching element.
Descripcion de la tecnologia y sistemas de luz para transmitir señales
Sistemas de transmision por fibra optica, equipos de fibra optica para transmision inalambrica
Wavelength selective switch is becoming the central part of ROADM (reconfigurable optical add drop multiplexer). In a WSS, different wavelength channels from the input fiber can be independently switched to different output ports, as shown in the right side picture. The left side picture shows an actual WSS product from Finisar.
This illustration shows a generic design of WSS. This optical principle is used on many different WSS designs, such as LCoS or MEMS based WSS switches.
Multiple wavelengths come in from the input port. The input port is one port among the fiber array. The fiber array is in the direction of perpendicular to the screen, in other words, the fiber array is in and out of the screen, that is why you only see one port shown in the picture.
The light from the input port is first expanded and collimated by the collimation optics. Then the light is projected onto the dispersive element. In a LCoS based WSS, this dispersive element is a conventional grating. The purpose of the dispersive element is to spatially separate these multiple wavelengths. With a conventional grating, the wavelengths are separated into different angles. Blue to the top, green in the middle, and red to the bottom.
These lights are still collimated, so next they are focused by the focusing optics and projected onto the switching element. The purpose of the switching element is to direct different wavelengths to different output ports. In a LCoS based WSS, this switching element is a LCoS chip. This time, the switching element directs lights to different perpendicular angles, in other words, in the fiber array’s direction which is perpendicular to the screen. So when the lights trace back, they are focused into different output ports, depending on the switched angle by the switching element.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Free Space Optics (FSO), also known as Optical Wireless Communication or Laser Communication, is a communication technology that employs beams of light to transmit data through the air or free space. Unlike traditional wired or radio-frequency-based communication methods, FSO relies on the transmission of modulated laser or infrared beams to establish high-speed data links between two points without the need for physical cables.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
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Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
3. Introduction
FSO involves communication through free space ie vacuum and finds
extensive application in interstellar space.
FSO is an upcoming technique used for broadband communication as
we face RF spectrum scarcity with respect to increasing throughput
requirements.
Useful in places where physical connections are impossible.
Free space optical spectrum is license free and nearly unlimited.
4. Introduction:-
FSO is a line-of-sight (LOS) technology that transmits a modulated
beam of visible or infrared light through the atmosphere for broadband
communications.
FSO technology delivers cost-effective optical wireless connectivity,
power efficient, and a faster return on investment (ROI) for
Enterprises and Mobile Carriers.
Of high usage where physical connections are impractical due to high
costs and other considerations.
5. History
In 1880, Alexander Graham Bell invented the ‘photo-phone’ .
The invention of lasers In the 1960s, revolutionized free space
optics.
Germany, France and Japan made significant advancements in
free space optics for satellite communications.
Military organizations especially were interested and forced
some developments.
6. Why FSO??
Increasing
demand for high
bandwidth in
metro networks
Last mile bottleneck
:Copper-based
connections limits
speed to an average of
around 12Mbps–
generally the slowest
link in the chain.
Digging, delays and
associated costs to lay
fiber often make it
economically
prohibitive.
RF-based networks require
immense capital investments
to acquire spectrum license.
Also bandwidth is limited to
622 Mbps
So FSO is
used as an
alternative!!
7. Working
Network traffic converted
into pulses of invisible light
representing 1’s and 0’s.
Transmitter projects the
carefully aimed light
pulses into the air.
Reverse direction
data transported
the same way.
A receiver at the other
end of the link collects the
light using lenses and/or
mirrors.
Received signal converted
back into fiber or copper
and connected to the
network.
Anything that can be done in fiber can be done with FSO.
9. LED v/s LASER
LED
Non coherent
Few MHz
Eye safe
Preferred for indoor
applications.
Optical power output.
LASER
Coherent Beam
Up to 10 GHz
Harmful eye
Can be used in all practical
outdoor applications
FSO systems require LASER.
10. Advantages
Installation cost is very low as compared to laying Fiber
Highly secure transmission possible
Unregulated Spectrum
Low Power Consumption
Ease of installation
License-free long-range operation
Immunity to electromagnetic interference
Speed: high bit rates and low bit error rates
11. Disadvantages
High Launch Power represents eye hazard.
Physical obstruction
Atmospheric barriers
SNR can vary significantly with the distance and the ambient noise
Low Power Source requires high sensitive receivers.
If the sun goes exactly behind the transmitter, it can swamp the
signal.
12. Applications
Metro Area Network (MAN)
Last Mile Access
Enterprise connectivity
Fiber backup
Backhaul
Service acceleration
Space Applications/Extraterrestrial(esp. in military)
CCTV
Video conferencing
13. Fso and Other Technologies
Coaxial cable Satellite Optical Fibre Free Space optics
Transmission
speed
500Mbps 90Mbps 100Mbps to
100Gbps
Varies
Ease of
installation
Moderate Difficult Difficult Moderate
Cost Moderate Moderate (not including
cost of satellite)
High Moderate
Maintenance
difficulty
Moderate Low Low Low
Skills Required to
install
Moderate High High Moderate
Applications Computer networks long distances Point-to-point Between buildings
Advantages Less susceptible to
interference
Speed, availability Not susceptible to
EMI
Price/ performance
Disadvantages Bulky, difficult to work
with
Propagation delay Difficult to
terminate
Can be intercepted
14. SECURITY
FSO laser beams cannot be detected with spectrum analyzers
or RF meters.
FSO laser transmissions are optical and travel along a line of
sight path that cannot be intercepted easily.
The laser beams generated by FSO systems are narrow and
invisible, making them harder to find and even harder to intercept
and crack.
Data can be transmitted over an encrypted connection adding
to the degree of security available in FSO network transmissions.
15. Conclusion
For future short-range applications, optical wireless communications
present a viable and promising supplemental technology to radio
wireless systems and optical fiber.
It provides a low cost, rapidly deployable method of gaining access to
fiber-quality connections and provides the lowest cost transmission
capacity in the broadband industry saving substantial up-front capital
investments.
Can be installed for as little as one-tenth of the cost of laying fiber
cable, and about half as much as comparable microwave/RF wireless
systems thus eliminating the need to buy expensive spectrum, which
further distinguishes it from fixed wireless technologies.