Laser Communication is an emerging area of wireless communication .It refers to transmission of modulated visible and IR beams through atmosphere.Its data rate is 30 times higher than Radio waves.
Laser communications offer a viable alternative to RF communications for inter satellite links and other applications where high-performance links are a necessity.
Free Space Optics (FSO) communications, also called Free Space Photonics (FSP) or Optical Wireless, refers to the transmission of modulated visible or infrared (IR) beams through the atmosphere to obtain optical communications. Like fiber, Free Space Optics (FSO) uses lasers to transmit data, but instead of enclosing the data stream in a glass fiber, it is transmitted through the air. Free Space Optics (FSO) works on the same basic principle as Infrared television remote controls, wireless keyboards
Visible light communication (vlc) systemsCKSunith1
The attached narrated power point presentation attempts to explain the working principle, block diagram, layer model, standards, advantages, disadvantages and modulation schemes as applicable to Visible Light Communication Systems (VLC). The material will be useful for KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
Free-space optical communication is an optical communication technology that uses light propagating in free space to wirelessly transmit data for telecommunications or computer networking. It is a technology that can be installed license-free worldwide and can be installed in less than a day. A technology that offers a fast, high ROI. There is no Frequency License Required in it.
Lidar is an acronym for light detection and ranging. It is an optical remote sensing technology that can measure the distance to, or other properties of a target by illuminating the target with light, often using pulses from a laser.
Laser communications offer a viable alternative to RF communications for inter satellite links and other applications where high-performance links are a necessity.
Free Space Optics (FSO) communications, also called Free Space Photonics (FSP) or Optical Wireless, refers to the transmission of modulated visible or infrared (IR) beams through the atmosphere to obtain optical communications. Like fiber, Free Space Optics (FSO) uses lasers to transmit data, but instead of enclosing the data stream in a glass fiber, it is transmitted through the air. Free Space Optics (FSO) works on the same basic principle as Infrared television remote controls, wireless keyboards
Visible light communication (vlc) systemsCKSunith1
The attached narrated power point presentation attempts to explain the working principle, block diagram, layer model, standards, advantages, disadvantages and modulation schemes as applicable to Visible Light Communication Systems (VLC). The material will be useful for KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
Free-space optical communication is an optical communication technology that uses light propagating in free space to wirelessly transmit data for telecommunications or computer networking. It is a technology that can be installed license-free worldwide and can be installed in less than a day. A technology that offers a fast, high ROI. There is no Frequency License Required in it.
Lidar is an acronym for light detection and ranging. It is an optical remote sensing technology that can measure the distance to, or other properties of a target by illuminating the target with light, often using pulses from a laser.
This ppt will give a brief description on laser and fiber optics an it explains the applications of both. it explains about laser
in communication and fiber optics in communication
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
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COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
2. Content
1. Introduction
2. How does it work?
3. Laser Transmitter
4. Laser Receiver
5. Modulation
6. Optics
7. Bandpass Filter
8. Why not RF?
9. Why not Fiber Optics?
10.Applications
11.LADEE
12.Advantages
13.Disadvantages
14.Conclusion
15.Reference
3. Introduction
• Laser communication is a wireless connection through the atmosphere.
• Refers to transmission of modulated visible or IR beams through
atmosphere
• Working similar to fiber optic communication
• No fiber used, transmits through free space
• Transmitter and Receiver require line of sight condition.
• Carrier used for transmission is generated by laser diode
• Two parallel beams are needed for transmission and reception
• Communication over long distances, eg- between planets
4. How does it work ?
Signal Transmitter LASER
ReceiverSignal
5. • Microphone input is conditioned so that full 8 bit data range of ADC is
utilised.
• The MCU passes the signal to the UART.
• On the receiver side, the signal is read by a photo transistor.
• The UART reads these signals and generates a byte
• This byte is sent to DAC through a port and applied to the speaker.
6. LASER TRANSMITTER
• Transmitter involves a signal
processing circuit, and a laser light
source(He-Ne gas laser,
semiconductor laser,IR diode laser,
etc.)
• A laser diode is used to generate
the laser signal.
• Laser Diodes include Photodiodes
for feedback to insure consistent
output.
7. RECEIVER
• Receiver involves a Signal
Processor and Detector (Some
kind of Photodiode) that will
capture and read the incoming
laser signal.
• Detectors
• Solar cells
• Photo diode
• PMT
• CdS photoresistors
• Phototransistors
8.
9. Modulation
• PAM - Output energy varies with
amplitude of the supplied
current
• PWM - Output energy varies with
pulsewidth
• PFM -Output energy varies with
pulse frequency(needs highest
BW >100KHz)
10. OPTICS
Conventional Glass Lens
• Double Convex lens makes
excellent receiving lens
• Different focal length for
different wavelength of light
• Increase in lens aperture
increases selectivity and light
gathering efficiency.
Fresnel Lens
• Flat with large capture area,light
weight
• Easily affordable
11. Bandpass Filter
• Increases the range of IR and visible
light laser.
• Heat-absorbing glass are used.
• Coloured Acetate (Red acetate passes
only red part of the visible spectrum).
12. Why not RF?
• Narrow Beamwidth
• For laser communication(LC), optical beam
is more focused as it propagates, due to
shorter wavelength
• As a result more,power is received by the
receiver achieving greater SNR.
• Potentially, high data rates can be achieved.
• Bandwidth
• LC has 100 times greater BW than RF
• Power
• LC is much focused at the target ,so less
transmission power required.
• Power loss is less.
• Security
secure due to low divergence
• Size of antenna
• optical antenna is much smaller than RF.
13. • RF antennas produce beams that are
many times earth's size
• Optical can produce beams that are a
fraction of earth's size
14. • Privacy comparison between microwave v/s laser footprint
• Small intercept areas enable transmission to a private and monitored area
15. Why not Fiber Optic?
• Not always possible to lay
fiber lines
– Satellite
– combat zones
– physically and economically
not practical
– Emergencies
18. • Laser Space Communication
• Disaster scenes
• Navigation
• Ecosystem monitoring
19.
20.
21.
22. Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer(LADEE)
• Lunar Laser Communication
Demonstration(LLCD) is NASA's 1st
demonstration of use of free space high
rate optical communication between
lunar spacecraft and earth ground station
on october 2013.
• Used a laser beam to transmit data over
the 3,85,000 kilometers distance
between moon and earth.
• It successfully demonstrated a reliable
data delivery over optical links i.e. at a
“Record-Breaking download rate of 622
Mbps and upload rate of 20Mbps”
23.
24. Advantages
• Speed more than 1GBps
• No need for broadcast rights and buried cables
• LC systems are inexpensive , small and low power.
• High bitrates
• low bit error rates
• Increased security
• License-free long range operation
• Laser space communication system designs are
lightweight, high bandwidth, low cost comm payloads.
• Optical terminals require less power than RF terminal
operating at same data rate.
• High directivity , so no interference between
transmitters.
25. Disadvantages
• For terrestrial applications,the limiting factors are:
• Beam dispersion
• Atmospheric attenuation
• Rain
• Fog
• Snow
• Interference from background light sources(including the Sun)
• Pollution/smog
• Optical Receiver noise
• Thermal noise
• Dark current
26. Conclusion
• Two way laser communication has been a goal for NASA because it
enable data transmission rates that are 10 to 1000 times higher
than traditional radio waves.
• Lasers can provide real-time data across the world.
• Intersatellite laser communication links offer an attractive
alternative to RF with virtually unlimited potential and an
unregulated spectrum.
• Astronomers could use lasers like very accurate rulers to measure
the movement of planets with very high precision
• Lasers could also be used to refine basic principles of fundamental
physics.
27. References
• A Laser - communications Primer-Part 1 & Part 2
• Laser Space Communication by David .G. Aviv
• https://lasercommunications.weebly.com
• https://people.ece.cornell.edu/land/courses/ece4760/FinalProjects/s2003/k
mc29/index.htm
• Introduction to Optical Communication for Satellites-KISSCaltech.edu
• Naveen, Shreyas AS, Ravi Ghael,Najashree , “Laser Communication System” ,
Department of Electronics and communication, IEEE.
• The NASA Lunar Laser Communication Demonstration-Successful High Data
Rate Laser Communications To and From Moon
• https://www.slideshare.net/asertseminar/laser-communications-33264562
• Youtube Channels-
– European Space Agency (ESA)
– German Aerospace Centre ,DLR
– KISSCaltech
– NASA's Marshall Space Flight Cente
– NASA Goddard