This document provides an overview of optical fiber communication. It discusses the introduction of optical fiber, including its composition and small diameter. The history of optical fiber is summarized, from early experiments in the 1840s to widespread telecommunication use in the late 20th century. The document outlines the principle of total internal reflection that allows transmission through optical fibers and describes the main types of fibers based on mode and refractive index. Applications and advantages of optical fiber communication are also mentioned.

1. OPTICAL COMMUNICATION
Optical Fiber Communication
By: Saurabh Kumar

2. CONTENT
● Introduction to Optical Fiber.
● History of Optical Fiber.
● Principles of operation.
● Types of Fiber
a) On basis of mode
b) On basis of Index
● Manufacturing of OFC .

3. INTRODUCTION
● Optical Fiber is a boon for the digital communication.
● Optical Fiber is a flexible, transparent fiber made from
silica(glass) and it is thin as human hair.
● Diameter of a typical optical fiber is about 27 micrometer.
● Optical fiber are used most often as a means to transmit
light between the two ends of the fiber and has wide usage
in fiber-optics communication.

4. HISTORY
● Fiber Optics was first introduced by Daniel Colladon and Jacques Babinet in
Paris in the early 1840s.
● Earlier it was developed for the image transmission through fiber bundles.
● In 1880, Alexander Graham Bell and Sumner Tainter invented photophone which
was first of it type uses optical beam for the transmission of voice signals.
● In late 20th century, optical fiber came out for the wide usage in
telecommunication.

5. PRINCIPLE OF
OPERATION
● An optical fiber is a cylindrical
dielectric waveguide in which
transmission is done by the
process of Total Internal
Reflection. (TIR).
● When light is beamed in fiber
with angle greater than critical
angle (θc) then reflection of
light starts inside the core of
OFC.
● There is a range of angles in
which transmission of light in
OFC is possible and it is know
as acceptance cone of fiber.

6. TYPES OF FIBER
FIBER
BASIS OF MODE BASIS OF INDEX
SINGLE MODE
FIBRE (SMF)
MULTIMODE
FIBER(MMF)
STEP INDEX
FIBER
GRADED INDEX
FIBER

7. SINGLE MODE
FIBER(SMF)
● In single mode fiber,
there is single light path
through which light is
transmitted to other end.
● The core to cladding
diameter ratio of SMF is
9:125.
● Used for long distance
transmission and higher
bandwidth is required.

8. MULTIMODE
FIBER(MMF)
● In multimode Optical
Fiber, there is multiple
light path through which
light is transmitted to
other end.
● The diameter ratio of
core and cladding is
63:125.
● Used where multiple
voice/data is transmitted
in less expensive with

9. CONSUMERS OF OFC IN WORLD
Consumer of a chinese company

10. MANUFACTURING
● The core of optical fiber is made
from the glass(silica).
● Cladding is covering the core with
higher Refractive Index.
● Coating in OFC is done according to
their usage. As coating is done with
HDP(High Density Polyethene) or
LDP(Low Density Polyethene).
● A strengthening fiber is again
provided for its strength.
● Final Cable jacket is provided for the
colour coding.

11. TERMINATION AND SPLICING
Termination
● Optical Fibers are terminated using the connectors.These connectors are usually
of standard type such as FC,SC,LC connectors.
Ferrule Connector Square Connector Lucent Connector

12. TERMINATION AND SPLICING(Contd.)
Splicing
● Optical Fibers splicing means joining two
fibers to form a continuous optical
waveguide.
● Generally accepted splicing method is arc
fusion splicing,which melts the fiber ends
together with an electric arc.

13. MERITS AND DEMERITS
Merits
1. Immune to electrical interference
2. Immune to corrosion.
3. Large bandwidth than a copper wire.
4. Highly secure as it cannot be tap.
Demerits
1. It is expensive to install but long last
than copper wires.
2. Transmission on optical fiber
requires repeaters after 50kms.
3. More protection than copper wires. It
has special coating for protection.

14. APPLICATIONS OF OFC

15. Thanks!