This document provides an overview of free space optics communication (FSO). It begins with an introduction that defines FSO as using visible or infrared light beams through the atmosphere for optical communications. It then describes how FSO works using low power infrared lasers and photon detectors. The document outlines the basic architecture of FSO systems including transmitters, receivers, and modulation techniques. It discusses applications, advantages such as low cost and flexibility, and disadvantages like interference from weather. In conclusion, the document presents FSO as a wireless optical technology alternative to traditional wired networks.
A brief presentation about optical fiber technology. Presented by Abdessalam BENHARIRA and Laurent PANEK.
Summary
1. What is optical fiber ?
2. How it works ?
3. Different types
4. Uses
5. Advantages and disadvantages
6. Conclusion
Free-space optical communication is an optical communication technology that uses light propagating in free space to wirelessly transmit data for telecommunications or computer networking. It is a technology that can be installed license-free worldwide and can be installed in less than a day. A technology that offers a fast, high ROI. There is no Frequency License Required in it.
This narrated power point presentation attempts to examine the losses due to non-linear effects in optical fibers. The material will be useful for KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
Free Space Optics (FSO) communications, also called Free Space Photonics (FSP) or Optical Wireless, refers to the transmission of modulated visible or infrared (IR) beams through the atmosphere to obtain optical communications. Like fiber, Free Space Optics (FSO) uses lasers to transmit data, but instead of enclosing the data stream in a glass fiber, it is transmitted through the air. Free Space Optics (FSO) works on the same basic principle as Infrared television remote controls, wireless keyboards
The attached narrated power point presentation attempts to explain the block diagram, working principle, different architectures, advantages, disadvantages and applications of free space optical communications apart from the comparison of free space optics with fiber optics and other counterparts such as RF and metallic cables. The material will be extremely useful for KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
A brief presentation about optical fiber technology. Presented by Abdessalam BENHARIRA and Laurent PANEK.
Summary
1. What is optical fiber ?
2. How it works ?
3. Different types
4. Uses
5. Advantages and disadvantages
6. Conclusion
Free-space optical communication is an optical communication technology that uses light propagating in free space to wirelessly transmit data for telecommunications or computer networking. It is a technology that can be installed license-free worldwide and can be installed in less than a day. A technology that offers a fast, high ROI. There is no Frequency License Required in it.
This narrated power point presentation attempts to examine the losses due to non-linear effects in optical fibers. The material will be useful for KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
Free Space Optics (FSO) communications, also called Free Space Photonics (FSP) or Optical Wireless, refers to the transmission of modulated visible or infrared (IR) beams through the atmosphere to obtain optical communications. Like fiber, Free Space Optics (FSO) uses lasers to transmit data, but instead of enclosing the data stream in a glass fiber, it is transmitted through the air. Free Space Optics (FSO) works on the same basic principle as Infrared television remote controls, wireless keyboards
The attached narrated power point presentation attempts to explain the block diagram, working principle, different architectures, advantages, disadvantages and applications of free space optical communications apart from the comparison of free space optics with fiber optics and other counterparts such as RF and metallic cables. The material will be extremely useful for KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
Optical Wireless Communications - from the space to the chip.Joaquin Perez
A short introduction to the applications of the OWC in to the short-range to the deep-space applications. Form visible light communications to wearables, OWC is a way to reuse our natural space of communications the free space and the light.
Seminar presented at Universitat Politecnica de Valencia, Spain during the OQCG regular seminars' series, March 2014. by Dr Joaquin Perez
- Seminar, Dept. of Electrical and Computer Eng., University of California, Davis, CA, USA, May 14, 2004.
- Seminar, Dept. of Electrical and Systems Eng., Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA, Dec. 3, 2004.
The aim of this paper is to determine the viability of Indoor Optical Wireless Communication System. This paper introduces Visible Light Communication along with its merits, demerits and applications. Then the main characteristics of VLC system are described, around which the project is designed. Multiple Input-Multiple Output (MIMO) technique is used in the project in order to enhance the data rate of transmission. Instead of using a system of only one LED and one APD, which transmits only one bit at a time, a system of 4 LEDs and 4 APDs is introduced, which increases the data rates by 300% from the previous case. We observe the signal, noise, SNR, BER etc. across the room dimension. Finally, in the last chapter we summarize our results on the basis of MATLAB simulations and propose some modifications to this model that can be implemented in future.
basic computer networking osi model ppt, network topology ppt
I run a knowledge sharing YouTube channel called (SILICON CHIPS TAMILAN). Please like, share, subscribe, and support me.
YouTube Link : https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCenZp9ho_PP0K5iYrdocvrw
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
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Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
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When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
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Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
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This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Governing Equations for Fundamental Aerodynamics_Anderson2010.pdf
Free space optical communication
1. R V COLLEGE ENGINEERING.
DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICAION ENGINEERING
BY
SANTHOSHKUMAR (1RV14TE410 ).
Prashnat m angadi(1RV14TE407)
smitha (1RV14TE411)
Topic-
FREE SPACE OPTICS COMMUNICATION(FSO).
2. CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION
• HISTORY OF FSO
• HOW FSO WORKS
• ARCHITECTURE
• FSO SECURITY
• APPLICATIONS
• MERIT
• DEMERIT
• CONCLUSION
• REFERENCES.
4. INTRODUCTION
• Free Space Optics (FSO) communications, also called Free
Space Photonics (FSP) or Optical Wireless, refers to the
transmission of modulated visible or infrared (IR) beams
through the atmosphere to obtain optical communications.
Free-space optical communication-
(FSO) is an optical
communication technology that uses
light propagating in free space to
wirelessly transmit data
for telecommunications or computer
networking.
5. HOW FREE SPACE OPTICS WORKS
• Free Space Optics (FSO) transmits invisible, eye-safe light beams
from one "telescope" to another using low power infrared laser in
the teraHertz spectrum.
• The beams of light in Free Space Optics (FSO) systems are
transmitted by laser light focused on highly sensitive photon
detector receivers.
• These receivers are telescopic lenses able to collect the photon
stream and transmit digital data containing a mix of Internet
messages, video images, radio signals or computer files.
6. *
FSO systems use optical wireless link heads each having:
• a transceiver with a laser or LED transmitter, a lens or telescope (can have
more that one) .shaping overcomes building movement
• a receiver usually a semiconductor May also employ servo motors, voice
coils, mirrors, CCD arrays, and even liquid crystals and micro-
electromechanical systems (MEMS) for tracking and acquisition.
• FSO operates in the infrared (IR) range around 850 and 1550 nm (frequencies
around 200 THz).
• FSO can use Power Over Ethernet (PoE).
7. 7
1010
1010
DATA
IN
LED/LD
DRIVER
PHOTO
DETECTOR
SIGNAL
PROCESSO
R
DATA
OUT
ATMOSPHERIC CHANNEL
TRANSMITTER RECEIVER
FSO Block-Diagram
1 Network traffic converted into
pulses of invisible light
representing 1’s and 0’s
2
Transmitter projects the carefully
aimed light pulses into the air
5 Reverse direction data transported the same way.
• Full duplex
3 A receiver at the other end of the link collects
the light using lenses and/or mirrors
4 Received signal converted back
into fiber or copper and
connected to the network
1.Both parties can communicate with each
Other simultaneously.
8. Better Modulation Techniques
Classic systems use a relatively simple modulation
• Called “Non-Return to Zero” (NRZ).
(Allow the medium to flow in only one direction.)
• Each symbol encodes 1 bit worth of data.
But there are other more efficient modulations
• If we can’t signal faster, carry more data in each signal.
• Some modulation schemes currently being adopted are:
• Duo-binary
• DPSK (Differential Phase Shift Keying)
• DQPSK (Differential Quaternary Phase-Shift Keying)
12. Free space Optical Amplifiers.
FSO Optical amplifiers increase the intensity of a signal
• There are different types, for different spectrums of light.
• The most common is the Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier(EDFA).
• Another method is Raman Amplification, typically for ultra
long-haul.
In an EDFA, a piece of fiber is “doped” with Erbium ions.
Additional laser power at 980nm and/or 1480nm is pumped in via
a coupler.
The interaction between the Erbium and the pump laser causes the
emission of light in the C-band spectrum, amplifying the signal.
13. Free space Optic Transmission Bands.
There are several frequency “windows” available:
• 850nm – The First Window
• Highest attenuation, only used for short reach applications today.
1310nm – The Second Window (O-band)
• The point of zero dispersion on classic SMF, but high attenuation.
• Primarily used for medium-reach applications (up to 10km) today.
1550nm – Third Window (C-band)
• Stands for “conventional band”, covers 1525nm – 1565nm.
• Has the lowest rate of attenuation over SMF.
• Used for almost all long-reach and DWDM applications today.
• Also called the “Erbium Band”, the frequencies which support EDFAs.
Forth Window (L-band)
• Stands for “long band”, covers 1570nm – 1610nm.
15. 15
Noise in FSO Systems
Background Radiation (e.g. sun light)
Shot Noise (Poisson distributed)
Thermal Noise (Gaussian distributed)
Scintillation Noise
16. Building Motion – Thermal
Expansion
Results from Seattle
Deployment:
• 15% of buildings move
more than 4mrad
• 5% of buildings move
more than 6mrad
• 1% of buildings move
more than 10mrad
17. SERVICE TYPES AND NETEORK TRANSMISSION OF FSO.
Two basic service types (switching technologies)
Connection-oriented
Connectionless
Connection-oriented
Based on circuit switching (setup, connect, tear-
down)
Example: Public Switching Telephone Network
(PSTN)
Originally only supported voice
Not good for bursty traffic
Connectionless
Based on sending datagrams
Examples: Packet, massage, burst switching
Improves bandwidth and network utilization
18. *
*1.Physical layer methods.
•Free space optical terminal –Field proven adaptive optics
system reduces beam spread, increases collection efficiency.
•Optical Automatic Gain Control system – Field proven system
substantially reduces receive power variations. 60 dB dynamic
range, < 1 ms response time
•Optical modem and FEC with near theoretical sensitivity
2.Network layer methods.
•Packet retransmission systems (link or network) –Assures
delivery of packets lost during deep fades.
•Deep queues at the nodes (link or network)
•Network re-routing or re-pointing (network only)
19. *
*Unguided media transport electromagnetic waves without using
a physical conductor. This type of communication is often
referred to as wireless communication. Signals are normally
broadcast through free space and thus are available to anyone
who has a device capable of receiving them.
*Microwaves
* Radio Waves
*Infrared
20. MAC Sublayer
• In Standard Ethernet, the MAC sublayer governs the operation
of the access method. It also frames data received from the upper
layer and passes them to the physical layer.
Frame Format
• The Ethernet frame contains seven fields: preamble, SFD, DA,
SA, length or type of protocol data unit (PDU), upper-layer data,
and the CRC
• Ethernet does not provide any mechanism for acknowledging
received frames, making it what is known as an unreliable
medium. Acknowledgments must be implemented at the higher
layers.
21. IEEE Project 802 has created a sublayer called media access
control that defines the specific access method for each LAN. For
example,
it defines CSMA/CD as the media access method for Ethernet
LANs and the tokenpassing-method for Token Ring and Token
Bus LANs. A part of the framing function is also handled by the
MAC layer.
23. Preamble - The first field of the 802.3 frame contains 7 bytes
(56 bits) of alternating Os and 1s that alerts the receiving
system to the coming frame and enables it to synchronize its
input timing.The pattern provides only an alert and a timing pulse.
Start frame delimiter (SFD) -The second field (l byte: 10101011)
signals the beginning of the frame. The SFD warns the station or
stations that this is the last chance for synchronization. The last 2
bits is 11 and alerts the receiver that the next field is the
destination address.
Destination address (DA)- The DA field is 6 bytes and
contains the physical address of the destination station or
stations to receive the packet.
Data- This field carries data encapsulated from the upper-
layer protocols. It is a minimum of 46 and a maximum of
1500 bytes,
24. CRC- The last field contains error detection information.CRC is
calculated over the address, types and data field.
If the receiver calculates the CRC and finds that it is not
zero(corruption transmission),it discards the frame.
25. Applications
• Metro Area Networks (MAN)
• Last Mile Access
• Enterprise connectivity
• Fiber backup
• Backhaul
• Service acceleration
26. Merits
• Flexible network solution over conventional broadband
services.
• Straight forward deployment- no licenses required
• Low initial investment
• Ease of installation
• Re-deployability
• High bit rates and low error rates
27. Demerits
• Fog
• Physical obstructions
• Scintillation
• Solar interference
• Scattering
• Absorption
• Building sway / Seismic activity
28. [1] .V. W. S. Chan, “Coherent optical space communications system: Architecture and
technology issues,” in SPIE Control Communication Technol. Laser Syst., vol. 295, 1981,
pp. 10–17.
[2]. V. W. S. Chan, “Space coherent optical communication systems—An introduction,”
IEEE J. Lightwave Technol., vol. LT-5, pp. 633–637, Apr. 1987.
[3]. Couch, L. Digital and Analog Communication Systems. Upper Saddle River, NJ:
Prentice Hall, 2000
[4]. Garcia, A. and Widjaja, I, Communication Networks. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill,
2003
[5]. Keshav, S. An Engineering Approach to Computer Networking. Reading,MA: Addison-
Wesley, 1997.
[6]. Kumar A., Manjunath, D., and Kuri, 1. Communication Networking. San Francisco,
CA: Morgan, Kaufmans, 2004.
[7].Data communication and networking.Behrouz A.Forouzan.
REFERENCES.