This document provides information about energy and metabolism in living things. It discusses how organisms get and use energy through photosynthesis, respiration, and the breakdown of nutrients. Producers, consumers, and decomposers are defined by how they get energy. The main macronutrients - carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins - are examined in terms of their functions, building blocks, and examples. Metabolic rates and homeostasis in endothermic and ectothermic organisms are also covered.

1. Science is Organized Knowledge
Energy and Life
Energy Cycles of Living Things
Exploring Creation with General ScienceExploring Creation with General Science

2. Note-Taking 101
• Tip # 3:
– Resist distractions.
• talking, texting
• doodling
• day-dreaming (spacing out)
• Note-Taking Methods:
– Cornell Method
– Outlining
– Charting
– Mind Mapping
– Full Sentences

3. • Use charts
WITHIN outline
or Cornell notes
– especially if
presented in a
chart/table

4. Charting Example
Kingdom Cell Type Organization Energy Source Examples
Monera Prokaryote Photosynthesis
or decaying stuff
Bacteria &
Archaea
Protista Single or multi-
cellular
Photosynthesis
or other
organisms
Protozoa,
algae, slime
mold
Fungi Eukaryote Dead & decaying
organisms
Plantae Eukaryote Ferns, moss,
trees, flowers
Animalia Multi-cellular Cow, fish,
wasp, bear

5. Metabolism
• METABOLISM: the chemical reactions organisms use
to get and use energy.
– Every organism needs energy to
fuel all the cell functions.
– How do organisms GET food?
– How do organisms turn that food into
ENERGY?

6. Metabolic Rates
• METABOLIC Rate = total energy used per day
– BMR: basal metabolic rate
• minimum energy required to survive each day
– activities beyond surviving require more energy
– Endothermic = "warm-blooded"
• internal control of body
temperature
• Higher BMR
– takes more energy/food to fuel
the mechanisms of homeostasis
– Ectothermic = "cold-blooded"
• no internal mechanism to maintain
a stable body temperature
– requires less food/energy

7. How Organisms GET Energy
• All living things need energy to live & grow.
– Producers
• Make own food (autotrophs)
– Consumers
• Get food from other living
things (heterotrophs)
– Decomposers
• Get food from dead organisms
& break it down

8. Producers
• Autotroph =
“self-nourishment”
• In cells with chloroplasts
– organelles where
photosynthesis occurs
• Sun's energy powers the
chemical reaction:
– CO2 & H2O IN
– Sugar molecules OUT
• Producers get their energy by
producing (making) their own food.
– Plants, Algae, some Bacteria
Chloroplast
- Oxygen waste out

9. Consumers
• Consumers get their energy from
consuming (eating) other living things.
– Animals, Protozoa
• Heterotroph =
"other-nourishment"
• Food must be broken down
into tiny molecules
– Digestion
• Once inside a cell, food
molecules are “burned”
for energy

10. Types of Consumers
• Herbivores (plant eaters)
• sheep, horses, caterpillars eat ONLY plants
• Carnivores (animal eaters)
• fish eat insects, lions eat giraffe, hawks eat owls
– Scavengers (eat dead animals)
• wolves, hyenas & vultures eat dead animals
• Omnivores (eat both animals and plants)
• bears eat fish and berries, people eat steak & salad

11. Decomposers
• Decomposers get their energy
from breaking down dead
organisms.
– Fungi, most Bacteria, &
some insects
• worms, pill bugs, centipedes, flies, etc.
– Break down dead matter by
releasing enzymes
• Absorb molecules as “food”
• recycle nutrients back into soil

12. Experiments 12.1 & 12.2
Combustion
Reactions

13. Cellular Respiration
Your Cell’s Combustion Reaction
Sugar Oxygen
Carbon
dioxide Water

14. How Organisms USE Energy
• Once “food” (a sugar molecule) is obtained,
it must be “burned” to release the energy.
• This is a type of
combustion
– Sugar (glucose) & Oxygen
(O2) IN
– ATP Energy OUT
• Water & Carbon
Dioxide waste out
• Takes place mostly in
cell mitochondria
Mitochondria
Glucose
O2
CO2
H2O
ATP

15. Ecosystem Roles
Role How it gets
Energy
Energy
Source
Kingdoms Examples
Producer Autotroph –
makes own
food
The sun –
photosyn
thesis
Plantae,
Protista,
Monera
Trees, flowers,
algae, euglena,
seaweed, &
some bacteria
Consumers
- Herbivores
- Carnivores
- Omnivores
Heterotroph –
has to eat
Other
living
organism
s
Animalia,
Protista
Cow, squirrel,
humans, birds,
protozoa
(amoeba)
Decomposer Heterotroph –
has to eat
Dead &
decaying
organism
s
Fungi,
Monera,
Animalia
Mold, yeast,
mushrooms,
most bacteria,
worms, flies

16. Macronutrients
Nutrients your body needs
in large amounts:
•Carbohydrates
– Quick fuel for cell functions
•Lipids
– Stored energy, insulation &
cushioning, vitamin storage,
and cell membrane structure
•Proteins
– many cell functions (reactions
& building cell structures)

17. Carbohydrates
• Fast fuel for cell functions
• Building block = saccharides
(sugars)
• All carbs are
NOT equal!
– some are better
for you than others
C6H12O6

18. Monosaccharides
• Immediately absorbed into blood
• Taste very sweet
–Glucose
–Fructose
–Dextrose
MonoMonosaccharides aresaccharides are singlesingle saccharides.saccharides.

19. Disaccharides
DiDisaccharides aresaccharides are twotwo linked monosaccharides.linked monosaccharides.
•Very quickly absorbed into blood
•Less sweet than monosaccharides
–Sucrose (table sugar)
–Lactose (in milk)
–Maltose (from starch)
Table Sugar

20. Polysaccharides
Amylose often
has 300 – 600
linked glucose
molecules.
PolyPolysaccharides aresaccharides are manymany linked saccharides.linked saccharides.
•Must be broken down before being absorbed into blood
•Stringy and only slightly sweet
–Amylose (starch)
–Cellulose
• the stringy/tough fibers in plant roots, stems & fruit/vegetable skins
• provides dietary fiber
–Glycogen
• in animals (in the liver)

21. Fats
• Slow/stored fuel for cell functions
– also for insulation, cell structure,
hormone production & vitamin storage
• Building block = fatty acids
• NOT all fats are equal!
– some are better
for you than others
– our bodies can make some kinds of fats
– others, we can only get through food
C12H25COOH

22. Fatty Acids
• SATURATED FATS: every carbon atom is joined to another carbon atom by
a single bond (and 2 hydrogen atoms).
• found in animals
• "bad" fat
• UNSATURATED FATS: carbon atoms are joined by double bonds (w/o
H's).
• found in vegetables and fish
• "good" fat

23. Proteins
• Not used for energy
– building cell structures
(membrane receptors,
collagen in hair/nails),
– O2 transport (hemoglobin)
– immune defense (antibodies)
– enzymes speed chemical
reactions
• Building blocks = amino acids

24. Proteins
• Proteins have many different jobsProteins have many different jobs
• function is often dictated by shapefunction is often dictated by shape
• shape is determined by the aminoshape is determined by the amino
acid sequence that affects foldingacid sequence that affects folding
• Examples: hemoglobin, flagella,Examples: hemoglobin, flagella,
membrane receptors, hair, antibodiesmembrane receptors, hair, antibodies

25. Macronutrients
Nutrient Function Building Block Examples
Carbohydrate
Fast (easy-access)
energy
Saccharides
(sugars)
Glucose, Sucrose,
Dextrose, Maltose,
Lactose, Fructose,
Cellulose, Amylose
Fat Stored energy,
insulation, vitamin
storage, hormone-
building, cell
membranes
Fatty Acids
Saturated &
Unsaturated fats
Protein Building cell
structures, oxygen
transport, immune
defenses, &
chemical reactions
Amino Acids
Membrane
receptors,
hemoglobin,
antibodies,
enzymes

26. Metabolism Lab
Calculating your BMR &
Total Calorie Need
Diabetes Website