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Ecology notes
- 1. EcologyEcology – the studyof how living things interact with each other and with their environment
- 2. Biotic Factors - anythingthat is living in the environment Abiotic Factors -nonliving things within the environment What types of things are nonliving? Rock formations, Soil, Sun, Climate etc. Are abiotic factors important?
- 3. Decomposers – nature’srecyclers (recycle nutrients) - break down wastes and dead organisms Producer/Autotrop h – makes own food Plants, and some single celled organisms Consumer/Heterotroph – have to eat or absorb food Fungi, Animals (including humans!)
- 4. Secondary Consumer - somethingthat eats meat (carnivore) Primary consumer - something that eats plants (herbivore) Primary & Secondary Consumer - if they eat both plants and animals (omnivore)
- 5. Food chains- First organismin the food chain is a producer
- 6. Producers (autotrophs) Primary Consumers (heterotrophs) Thegreatest amount of energy present in this pyramid is found at which level? What organism is most likely to be located at the base of trophic pyramids? Trophic Pyramid Secondary Consumers (heterotrophs) Tertiary Consumers (heterotrophs)
- 7. Food energy availableto the human population at different trophic levels. Food energy available to the human population at different trophic levels.
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- 9. CommensalismCommensalism – a relationshipbetween two organisms in which one benefits and the other is not harmed nor does it benefit
- 10. MutualismMutualism – a relationshipbetween two organisms in which they both benefit Acacia ants live in the thorns of, defend, and are fed by the acacia tree in which they live Butterfly-weed provides food for and is pollinated by butterflies like Pipevine Swallowtails.
- 11. ParasitismParasitism – a relationshipbetween two organisms in which one benefits and the other is harmed
- 12. PredationPredation -When one animalkills another animal -What is the difference between predation & parasitism?
- 13. NicheNiche – an organism’sjob in a community (shelter, food, active time of day, anything that the organism can control)
- 14. CompetitiveCompetitive ExclusionExclusion - When onepopulation takes over another population’s niche forcing the population to leave the area. Human population has caused cities to expand into forest areas forcing wildlife to leave in search of shelter.
- 15. Populations -the amount ofone species in an area cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere Community -All of the organisms in an area
- 16. EcosystemEcosystem – acommunity plus all the– a community plus all the abiotic factors in an environmentabiotic factors in an environment BiomesBiomes Tundra - Cold, dry, caribou, small bushes, grasses, polar bears
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- 19. Taiga – Pine trees,weasels, mink, mountain lions, and moose
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- 23. Grassland – hot summers,cold winters, prairie, grass, gophers, rabbits, prairie dogs, buffalo (the biome we live in)
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- 26. Temperate Forest – deer,squirrels, trees with leaves that fall off during autumn, black bears, insects
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- 29. Desert – hot, dry,snakes, lizards, scorpions, mice, cactus
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- 32. Rainforest – hot, wet,vines, ferns, orchids, tree frogs, insects, monkeys, palm trees, located along the equator, biome with the most diversity (contains more different types of organisms than any other place)
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- 35. Savanna - like agrassland, zebras, lions, grasses, located near the equator
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- 38. Biosphere – All ofthe ecosystems put together Example: Earth! Nutrient Cycles – the path of nutrients being used & reused by various organisms Examples: Water Cycle, Carbon Cycle, Nitrogen Cycle
- 40. Decomposers Release Carbon Dioxide& Decompose the waste & Dead organisms into fossil fuels Waste & dead organisms Exhale Carbon Dioxide Plants absorb CO2 to make sugar Animals eat plants & take in sugar which contains carbon
- 42. Nitrogen Fixation -The conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria are located on the roots of plants Nitrogen fixing bacteria (waste and dead decayed material)
- 43. Carrying Capacity - themaximum amount of one population that an environment can hold Limiting Factors -Anything that can cause a population to not grow any larger Examples: Shelter, Food, Disease Sometimes humans create limiting factors if a population is getting out of control in an area. What could humans do to help control a population in an area? Issue more or less hunting licenses, Introduce a predator, Take away a food source
- 44. Positive and Negativeimpacts humansPositive and Negative impacts humans have on the environmenthave on the environment Illegal hunting/Legal hunting
- 46. Global Warming –The rising average temperature of the earth’s atmosphere & oceans Temp. Changing over the years
- 47. Greenhouse Effect –Trapped heat may be causing the earth’s temperature to rise CO2 Changing over the years Temp. Changing over the years Present
- 48. Burning ofBurning of fossilfuels mayfossil fuels may contribute tocontribute to the greenhousethe greenhouse effecteffect
- 49. Ozone absorbs harmfulradiation from the sun. Depletion of ozone in the atmosphere has been implicated in the cause of skin cancer.
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Editor's Notes
- #7 Ecosystem trophic structure model: Spatial pattern set by autotrophs Decomposers blur the pattern Predators link components, stabilize system
- #8 C54.14 Eating meat is inefficient way of tapping PS productivity. Humans obtain far more calories by eating grains directly as a primary consumer than by prcessing that same amount of grain through another trophic level. We could feed many more people if we all consumed only plant material, feeding more efficiently as primary consumers 224 billion tons of plant production/year 59% = terrestrial 35-40% used by humans directly (as plants) or indirectly (by feed animals first) Food supplies can be increased and more people can be supported by eating lower on food chain