Full Distillation technique where you find about various terminologies, its principle in which raolt's law and henry's law, assembly, classification. Distillation apparatus with their principle, advantages and disadvantages and detailed abour steam distillation and azeotropic distillation.
Full Distillation technique where you find about various terminologies, its principle in which raolt's law and henry's law, assembly, classification. Distillation apparatus with their principle, advantages and disadvantages and detailed abour steam distillation and azeotropic distillation.
Presentation on Azeotropic and Extractive Distillation. Introduction about distillation, azeotropic and extractive distillation and the difference between them.
in this ppt i descussed about evaporator.evaporation,Evaporation is the process by which an element or compound transitions from its liquid state to its gaseous state below the temperature at which it boils.
types of Evaporators
Open kettle or pan
Horizontal tube natural circulation evaporator
Vertical tube natural circulation evaporator
Long tube vertical evaporator
Falling film evaporator
Forced circulation evaporator
Open-pan solar evaporator
A multiple-effect evaporator, as defined in chemical engineering, is an equipment for efficiently using the heat from steam to evaporate water.
Steam is mostly used as heating medium in Multiple effect evaporator.
Multiple Effect Evaporation remains one of the popular method for the concentration of aqueous solutions.
Presentation on fractional distillation. Introduction to distillation, fractional distillation, its principle, working, applications, advantages and disadvantages.
Presentation on Azeotropic and Extractive Distillation. Introduction about distillation, azeotropic and extractive distillation and the difference between them.
in this ppt i descussed about evaporator.evaporation,Evaporation is the process by which an element or compound transitions from its liquid state to its gaseous state below the temperature at which it boils.
types of Evaporators
Open kettle or pan
Horizontal tube natural circulation evaporator
Vertical tube natural circulation evaporator
Long tube vertical evaporator
Falling film evaporator
Forced circulation evaporator
Open-pan solar evaporator
A multiple-effect evaporator, as defined in chemical engineering, is an equipment for efficiently using the heat from steam to evaporate water.
Steam is mostly used as heating medium in Multiple effect evaporator.
Multiple Effect Evaporation remains one of the popular method for the concentration of aqueous solutions.
Presentation on fractional distillation. Introduction to distillation, fractional distillation, its principle, working, applications, advantages and disadvantages.
Basic Principles and methodology of distillationAkankshaPatel55
What is distillation?
Distillation is a physical separation process that utilizes the differences in boiling points of various components within a liquid mixture. It involves selectively boiling and condensing these components to achieve greater purity or isolate specific desired fractions. Imagine separating salt from saltwater: distillation boils the water away, leaving behind concentrated salt.
How does it work?
Heating: The mixture is heated in a container called a still. As the temperature rises, components with lower boiling points start to vaporize first.
Vaporization: These vapors rise and travel through a condenser, a cooled tube or chamber.
Condensation: When the vapors encounter the cool surfaces, they lose heat and condense back into a liquid form.
Collection: This collected liquid, called the distillate, is usually richer in the more volatile component(s).
Fractional distillation: This technique involves multiple condensers at different temperatures, collecting separate fractions based on their boiling points. For example, distilling crude oil separates gasoline, kerosene, and other fractions.
Applications of distillation:
Purification: Distillation is widely used to purify water, removing impurities and producing drinkable water. It also purifies alcohol, removing water and other impurities to get higher-proof spirits.
Separation: Distillation is essential in separating various chemicals and compounds, like essential oils from plants, fragrances from flowers, and specific chemicals from crude oil.
Desalination: Distillation can be used for desalination, converting saltwater into freshwater, although other methods are more common now.
Types of distillation:
Simple distillation: Used for mixtures with significant boiling point differences. The distillate is less pure than other methods.
Fractional distillation: Used for complex mixtures with closer boiling points, collecting different fractions based on their volatility.
Vacuum distillation: Used for heat-sensitive materials that decompose at normal boiling points. It lowers the boiling point by reducing pressure.
Suspension may be defined as preparations containing finally divided drug particles (the suspenoid) distributed somewhat uniformly throughout a vehicle in which the drug exhibits a minimum degree of solubility.
Some suspension are available in ready to use form i.e. already distributed through a liquid vehicle with or without stablizen and other additives.
Prepared suspension not requiring reconstitution at the time of dispensing are simply designated as “Oral Suspension”
Pharmacy College, Azamgarh
Introduction
Definition
Features desired in pharmaceutical suspension
Advantage/Disadvantages of pharmaceutical suspension
Flocculated and deflocculated suspension
Interfacial properties of suspending particles
Settling in suspensions
Effect of Brownian movement,
Sedimentation of flocculated particles,
Sedimentation parameters
Formulation of suspensions
Wetting of Particles,
Controlled flocculation,
Flocculation in structured vehicle
surface & interfacial tension, surface free energy, Gibb’s equation, thermodynamic & kinetic stability of disperse systems
Definition, advantages and disadvantages, desirable features and pharmaceutical dispersions
Solubility of drugs: Solubility expressions, mechanisms of solute solvent interactions, ideal solubility parameters, solvation & association, quantitative approach to the factors
influencing solubility of drugs, diffusion principles in biological systems. Solubility
of gas in liquids, solubility of liquids in liquids, (Binary solutions, ideal solutions)
Raoult’s law, real solutions. Partially miscible liquids, Critical solution temperature . Distribution law, its limitations and applications
SURFACE TENSION, INTERFACIAL TENSION, SURFACE FREE ENERGY, Measurement of surface and interfacial tension-capillary rise method, drop number method, drop weight method, Du Nuoy tensiometer method, Spreading of liquids, spreading coefficient, surface active agents, hydrophilic-lipophilic balance, soluble monolayers, Adsorption on solid surface, Isotherms
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The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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1. Distillation
(part 2)
(Dr.) Mirza Salman Baig
Assistant Professor (Pharmaceutics)
AIKTC, School of Pharmacy,New Panvel
Affiliated to University of Mumbai (INDIA)
4. Azeotropic Distillation
• Principle:- Addition of new
substance to the liquid mixture in
order to increase relative volitility
of one of two components and make
seperation easier.
• Ex- Benzene is added to mixture of
water and EtOH
5. Azeotropic Distillation
Ø This occurs because, when an azeotrope is
boiled, the resulting vapor has the same
ratio of constituents as the original mixture.
Ø Because their composition is unchanged by
distillation, azeotropes are also called
constant boiling mixtures.
Ø Positive azeotrope is 95.63% ethanol and
4.37% water (by weight).
Ø Ethanol boils at 78.4°C, water boils at 100°C,
but the azeotrope boils at 78.2°C.
Ø Negative azeotrope is hydrochloric acid at a
concentration of 20.2% and 79.8% water (by
weight). Hydrogen chloride boils at −84°C
and water at 100°C, but the azeotrope boils
at 110°C.
6. Azeotropic distillation
Ø Azeotropic distillation usually refers to the
specific technique of adding another
component to generate a new, lower-boiling
azeotrope that is heterogeneous (e.g.
producing two, immiscible liquid phases),
such as the example below with the addition
of benzene to water and ethanol.
Ø This practice of adding an entrainer which
forms a separate phase is a specific sub-set
of (industrial) azeotropic distillation methods,
or combination thereof.
7. Contd...
• Example - distillation of ethanol/water, using
normal distillation techniques, ethanol can
only be purified to approximately 96% .
• Some uses require a higher percentage of
alcohol, eg. when used as a gasoline
additive.
• Material separation agent- The addition of a
Material Separation Agent, such as benzene.
• Molecular sieves- For the distillation of
ethanol for gasoline addition, the most
common means of breaking the azeotrope is
the use of molecular sieves.
9. Extractive distillation
• Extractive distillation is defined as
distillation in the presence of a
miscible, high boiling, relatively non-
volatile component, the solvent, that
forms no azeotrope with the other
components in the mixture.
• When third substance added to
azeotropic mixture is non volatile.
• Ex- Glycerien addion reduce
vapour pressure of water.
10. Extractive Distillation
(Contd...)
Ø The method of extractive distillation uses a
separation solvent, which is generally
nonvolatile, has a high boiling point and is
miscible with the mixture, but doesn't form an
azeotropic mixture.
Ø The solvent interacts differently with the
components of the mixture thereby causing
their relative volatilities to change.
11. Extractive Distillation
(Contd...)
• The solvent must alter the relative
volatility by a wide enough margin for a
successful result. The quantity, cost and
availability of the solvent should be
considered.
• The solvent should be easily separable
from the bottom product, and should not
react chemically with the components or
the mixture, or cause corrosion in the
equipment.
• A classic example is of aniline as suitable
solvent.
13. Distillation under reduced pressure
(vacuum distillation)
• Liquid distillation at lower pressure than
normal boiling point by applying vacuum.
• Mass of vapour formed =
Vapour pressure of evaporating liquid /
External pressure
• Application-
– Preventing degradation of active components
– Changing physical form (to produce light porous
mass of Cascara sagrada extract.
14. Vacuum Distillation
Ø Vacuum distillation is a method of
distillation whereby the pressure above
the liquid mixture to be distilled is reduced
to less than its vapor pressure (usually
less than atmospheric pressure) causing
evaporation of the most volatile liquid(s)
(those with the lowest boiling points).
Ø This distillation method works on the
principle that boiling occurs when the
vapor pressure of a liquid exceeds the
ambient (sorrounding) pressure.
15. Vacuum distillation (Contd...)
• Vacuum distillation is used with or without
heating the solution.
• Temperature sensitive materials (such as
beta carotene) require vacuum distillation
to remove solvents from the mixture
without damaging the product.
• Vacuum distillation is sometimes referred
to as low temperature distillation.
• This type of distillation is in use in the oil
industry.
16. Advantages of Vacuum Distillation
Ø Industrial-scale vacuum distillation has
several advantages.
• One tool to reduce the number of stages
needed is to utilize vacuum distillation.
Vacuum distillation columns typically used in
oil refineries have diameters ranging up to
about 14 meters (46 feet), heights ranging up
to about 50 meters (164 feet), and feed rates
ranging up to about 25,400 cubic meters per
day (160,000 barrels per day).
• Vacuum distillation increases the relative
volatility of the key components in many
applications. Lower pressures increase
relative volatilities in most systems.
17. Advantages of Vacuum Distillation
• A second advantage of vacuum distillation is
the reduced temperature requirement at lower
pressures. For many systems, the products
degrade at high temperatures.
• Vacuum distillation can improve a separation
by:
• Prevention of product degradation or polymer
formation because of reduced pressure
leading to lower tower bottoms temperatures.
• Increasing capacity, yield, and purity.
• Another advantage of vacuum distillation is
the reduced capital cost, at the expense of
slightly more operating cost. Utilizing vacuum
distillation can reduce the height and diameter,
and thus the capital cost of a distillation
column.
21. Steam distillation
• Principle - Mixture of immiscible
liquids bigin to boil when the sum of
there vapour pressure is equal to
atmospheric pressure.
• Application Separation of high boiling
point liquid from non volatile impurity.
• Ex- to separate toulene / water.
24. Molecular Distillation
Ø A special application of the simple
distillation is molecular distillation,
known also as evaporative distillation or
short path distillation.
Ø Theory of molecular distillation:-
The mean free path of a molecule is
defined as the average distance through
which a molecule can move without
coming into collision with another.
Ø For material that are regarded as non
volatile under ordinary conditions of
temperature and pressure are generally
removed by increasing the mean free path.
25. Mean free path
• Average distance through a molecule can move
without collision with other molecules.
26. Molecular Distillation
• It is the distillation processes where
each molecule in vapour phase
travels mean free path and get
condense on condenser surface
without intercollision.
• Distance between evaporating
surface and condensor surface is
approx. equal to mean free path.
• Short path distillation
27. Molecular Distillation (cont.)
Characteristics of the molecular
distillation process:-
• Very high vacuum
• Evaporating surface must be close to
the condensing surface
• The liquid area is large to avoid
boiling and evolution of the vapors is
from surface only.
29. Wiped film molecular still
• Evaporative
distill insted
of boiling
• High vacuum
• short path
30. Centrifugal molecular still
• Feed introduced
in center
• Rotation of bucket
form the film
which is heated
by radiation.
• Vapouts condense
at condensor
surface.