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Proteoglycans
Glycoproteins
Lipoproteins
Proteolipid
Nucleoprotein
Lipopolysaccharides
(Dr.) Mirza Salman Baig
Assistant Professor (Pharmaceutics)
AIKTC, School of Pharmacy,New Panvel
Affiliated to University of Mumbai (INDIA)
Proteoglycans
• Proteoglycans are macromolecules of
the cell surface or extracellular matrix
in which one or more
glycosaminoglycan (heparin
produced by mast cells) chains are
joined covalently to a membrane
protein or a secreted protein.
• The glycosaminoglycan moiety
commonly forms the greater
fraction (bymass) of the proteoglycan
molecule
• Proteoglycans are major components of
connective tissue such as cartilage
Proteoglycans
• They form extracellular matrix,
between cells in an organism.
• They form connective tissue such as
collagen and aggrecan .
• They are also involved in binding
cations (such as sodium, potassium
and calcium) and water, and also
regulating the movement of molecules
through the matrix.
• They serve as joint lubricants in
biological system.
Glycoproteins
• Glycoproteins have one or several
oligosaccharides joined covalently to a
protein by N-glycosidic linkage/ O-glycosidic
linkage via Aspargine /Serin/Threonine.
• They are found on the outer face of the
plasma membrane, in the extracellular
matrix, and in the blood.
• Inside cells they are found in specific
organelles such as Golgi complexes,
secretory granules, and lysosomes.
• The oligosaccharide portions of
glycoproteins are less monotonous (more
complex) than proteoglycans
• Sugar component in minor
Glycoproteins
• Glycoproteins contain covalently linked
oligosaccharides that are smaller but
more structurally complex, and
therefore more information-rich,
than glycosaminoglycans.
• They form highly specific sites for
recognition and high-affinity binding by
other proteins.
Lipopolysaccharides
• Lipopolysaccharides are the dominant
surface feature of the outer
membrane of gram-negative bacteria
such as Escherichia coli and
Salmonella typhi.
• These molecules are prime targets
of the antibodies produced by the
vertebrate immune system in
response to bacterial infection.
• Therefore important determinants of
the serotype of bacterial strains
(serotypes are strains that are
distinguished on the basis of antigenic
properties).
Lipopolysaccharides
• The lipopolysaccharides of some
bacteria are toxic to humans and
other animals
• They are responsible for the
dangerously lowering blood
pressure that occurs in toxic shock
syndrome resulting from gram
negative bacterial infections
Lipoproteins
• Molecular complexes of lipid with
protein
• they are transport vehicles for lipids
• Types
1.Chylomicrons
2.Very Low density lipoprotein (VLDL)
3.Low density lipoprotein (LDL)
4.High density lipoprotein (HDL)
5.Free fatty acid albumin complexes
Structure of lipoprotein
• Neutral lipid (triglycerides) core
sorrounded by phosphoipid shell
• Polar portion of phospholipid and
cholestrol are exposed on surface
• Hence, Lipoprotein is soluble in
aqueous medium
Apolipoprotein (Apoprotein)
• It is protein component of lipoprotein
• Functions
– Act as structural component of
lipoprotein
– Recognise cell membrane surface
receptors
– Activate enzymes involved in lipoprotein
metabolism
HDL
• Synthesized in liver
• It contain Cholesterol, Phospholipid
(lecithin), Aprotein.
• HDL is good cholesterol as it play
cardioprotective role
• It act as antioxidant (due to
presence of enzyme paroxanase) for
LDL
• Chance of heart attack is reduced
Proteolipids
• Proteolipids can be defined as all
proteins containing covalently bound
lipid moieties, including fatty acids,
isoprenoids, cholesterol and
glycosylphosphatidylinositol.
Proteolipid
• In year 1951, proteins that were
soluble in organic solvents such as
chloroform-methanol were found in
rat brain myelin by Folch and Lees
who coined the term ‘proteolipid’
• It is found in plasma
Proteolipids
Types
• Saturated fatty acid components with
only myristoyl moieties
• Saturated fatty acid components with
predominantly palmitoyl moieties
• Cholesterol covalently linked to
specific proteins, known as the
“hedgehog” signalling family [Ex:
sonic hedgehog (Shh) group]
Nucleoprotein
• Nucleoproteins are conjugated
proteins,
• Prosthetic group nucleoproteins are
nucleic acids
• Protein part of the nucleoproteins are
simple proteins, albumins, histones
and protamins
Importance of Nucleoproteins
• Closely associated with the
chromosomes of the cells
• Act as co-factors to the enzymes –
catalytic activities
• Play a role in the energy transfer in
living organisms
Properties of Nucleoproteins
• Soluble in alkalis and hot water
forming salts
• Insoluble in alcohol
• Slightly soluble in cold water
• Precipitated by acetic acid
• Found cells with big nuclei like thymus,
liver, spleen, kidney, and pancreas
also found in bacteria, bacteriophages
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Proteoglycans sb

  • 1. Proteoglycans Glycoproteins Lipoproteins Proteolipid Nucleoprotein Lipopolysaccharides (Dr.) Mirza Salman Baig Assistant Professor (Pharmaceutics) AIKTC, School of Pharmacy,New Panvel Affiliated to University of Mumbai (INDIA)
  • 2. Proteoglycans • Proteoglycans are macromolecules of the cell surface or extracellular matrix in which one or more glycosaminoglycan (heparin produced by mast cells) chains are joined covalently to a membrane protein or a secreted protein. • The glycosaminoglycan moiety commonly forms the greater fraction (bymass) of the proteoglycan molecule • Proteoglycans are major components of connective tissue such as cartilage
  • 3. Proteoglycans • They form extracellular matrix, between cells in an organism. • They form connective tissue such as collagen and aggrecan . • They are also involved in binding cations (such as sodium, potassium and calcium) and water, and also regulating the movement of molecules through the matrix. • They serve as joint lubricants in biological system.
  • 4. Glycoproteins • Glycoproteins have one or several oligosaccharides joined covalently to a protein by N-glycosidic linkage/ O-glycosidic linkage via Aspargine /Serin/Threonine. • They are found on the outer face of the plasma membrane, in the extracellular matrix, and in the blood. • Inside cells they are found in specific organelles such as Golgi complexes, secretory granules, and lysosomes. • The oligosaccharide portions of glycoproteins are less monotonous (more complex) than proteoglycans • Sugar component in minor
  • 5. Glycoproteins • Glycoproteins contain covalently linked oligosaccharides that are smaller but more structurally complex, and therefore more information-rich, than glycosaminoglycans. • They form highly specific sites for recognition and high-affinity binding by other proteins.
  • 6. Lipopolysaccharides • Lipopolysaccharides are the dominant surface feature of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi. • These molecules are prime targets of the antibodies produced by the vertebrate immune system in response to bacterial infection. • Therefore important determinants of the serotype of bacterial strains (serotypes are strains that are distinguished on the basis of antigenic properties).
  • 7. Lipopolysaccharides • The lipopolysaccharides of some bacteria are toxic to humans and other animals • They are responsible for the dangerously lowering blood pressure that occurs in toxic shock syndrome resulting from gram negative bacterial infections
  • 8. Lipoproteins • Molecular complexes of lipid with protein • they are transport vehicles for lipids • Types 1.Chylomicrons 2.Very Low density lipoprotein (VLDL) 3.Low density lipoprotein (LDL) 4.High density lipoprotein (HDL) 5.Free fatty acid albumin complexes
  • 9. Structure of lipoprotein • Neutral lipid (triglycerides) core sorrounded by phosphoipid shell • Polar portion of phospholipid and cholestrol are exposed on surface • Hence, Lipoprotein is soluble in aqueous medium
  • 10. Apolipoprotein (Apoprotein) • It is protein component of lipoprotein • Functions – Act as structural component of lipoprotein – Recognise cell membrane surface receptors – Activate enzymes involved in lipoprotein metabolism
  • 11. HDL • Synthesized in liver • It contain Cholesterol, Phospholipid (lecithin), Aprotein. • HDL is good cholesterol as it play cardioprotective role • It act as antioxidant (due to presence of enzyme paroxanase) for LDL • Chance of heart attack is reduced
  • 12. Proteolipids • Proteolipids can be defined as all proteins containing covalently bound lipid moieties, including fatty acids, isoprenoids, cholesterol and glycosylphosphatidylinositol.
  • 13. Proteolipid • In year 1951, proteins that were soluble in organic solvents such as chloroform-methanol were found in rat brain myelin by Folch and Lees who coined the term ‘proteolipid’ • It is found in plasma
  • 14. Proteolipids Types • Saturated fatty acid components with only myristoyl moieties • Saturated fatty acid components with predominantly palmitoyl moieties • Cholesterol covalently linked to specific proteins, known as the “hedgehog” signalling family [Ex: sonic hedgehog (Shh) group]
  • 15. Nucleoprotein • Nucleoproteins are conjugated proteins, • Prosthetic group nucleoproteins are nucleic acids • Protein part of the nucleoproteins are simple proteins, albumins, histones and protamins
  • 16. Importance of Nucleoproteins • Closely associated with the chromosomes of the cells • Act as co-factors to the enzymes – catalytic activities • Play a role in the energy transfer in living organisms
  • 17. Properties of Nucleoproteins • Soluble in alkalis and hot water forming salts • Insoluble in alcohol • Slightly soluble in cold water • Precipitated by acetic acid • Found cells with big nuclei like thymus, liver, spleen, kidney, and pancreas also found in bacteria, bacteriophages