Benzene and its derivatives- According to PCI Syllabus Ganesh Mote
Benzene history, nomenclature, orbital structure, resonance structure, kekule structure,synthetic evidences, structural and analytical evidences, Directive effect of benzene, structure and uses of DDT, BHC, saccharine
Distribution Law
What is Distribution law?
Immiscible liquids
Explanation
APPLICATION OF DISTRIBUTION LAW
Limitations of Distribution Law
Contrast and Comparison between separation through Separating funnel and Fractional Distillation
Solubility of liquids in liquids, The term miscibility refers to the mutual solubility of the component of liquid - liquid system, Raoult’s Law, Raoult’s law may be mathematically expressed as: Ideal solution, Real solution
What is Gravimetric analysis, stepes invloved in gravimetry, Filteration medium in gravimetry, gravimetric factor, application, organic and inorganic prepecating agents
The objective is to understand the buffer equation, factors influencing the pH of buffer solutions, Buffer capacity, Buffer in pharmaceutical systems and biologic system, Influence of buffer capacity and pH on tissue, pH and solubility
Benzene and its derivatives- According to PCI Syllabus Ganesh Mote
Benzene history, nomenclature, orbital structure, resonance structure, kekule structure,synthetic evidences, structural and analytical evidences, Directive effect of benzene, structure and uses of DDT, BHC, saccharine
Distribution Law
What is Distribution law?
Immiscible liquids
Explanation
APPLICATION OF DISTRIBUTION LAW
Limitations of Distribution Law
Contrast and Comparison between separation through Separating funnel and Fractional Distillation
Solubility of liquids in liquids, The term miscibility refers to the mutual solubility of the component of liquid - liquid system, Raoult’s Law, Raoult’s law may be mathematically expressed as: Ideal solution, Real solution
What is Gravimetric analysis, stepes invloved in gravimetry, Filteration medium in gravimetry, gravimetric factor, application, organic and inorganic prepecating agents
The objective is to understand the buffer equation, factors influencing the pH of buffer solutions, Buffer capacity, Buffer in pharmaceutical systems and biologic system, Influence of buffer capacity and pH on tissue, pH and solubility
pH, buffers, and isotonic solutions are important concepts in chemistry, biology, and related scientific fields. They play significant roles in understanding and controlling the behavior of solutions, maintaining physiological balance, and conducting various experiments and processes.
It is an informative article about the pH and buffer system which is related to technology and science. It consist information about the pH and buffer solution which is widely used in the fields of pharmaceuticals as well as science and technology .
Maintenance of pH of body fluids and its disorders for undergraduate medical students and postgraduate students in medicine, paediatrics, respiratory medicine etc
Introduction
Definition
Features desired in pharmaceutical suspension
Advantage/Disadvantages of pharmaceutical suspension
Flocculated and deflocculated suspension
Interfacial properties of suspending particles
Settling in suspensions
Effect of Brownian movement,
Sedimentation of flocculated particles,
Sedimentation parameters
Formulation of suspensions
Wetting of Particles,
Controlled flocculation,
Flocculation in structured vehicle
surface & interfacial tension, surface free energy, Gibb’s equation, thermodynamic & kinetic stability of disperse systems
Definition, advantages and disadvantages, desirable features and pharmaceutical dispersions
Solubility of drugs: Solubility expressions, mechanisms of solute solvent interactions, ideal solubility parameters, solvation & association, quantitative approach to the factors
influencing solubility of drugs, diffusion principles in biological systems. Solubility
of gas in liquids, solubility of liquids in liquids, (Binary solutions, ideal solutions)
Raoult’s law, real solutions. Partially miscible liquids, Critical solution temperature . Distribution law, its limitations and applications
SURFACE TENSION, INTERFACIAL TENSION, SURFACE FREE ENERGY, Measurement of surface and interfacial tension-capillary rise method, drop number method, drop weight method, Du Nuoy tensiometer method, Spreading of liquids, spreading coefficient, surface active agents, hydrophilic-lipophilic balance, soluble monolayers, Adsorption on solid surface, Isotherms
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Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
2. BUFFER
❑Buffer are the mixture of compounds that, by their presence in
solution, resist change in pH upon addition of small quantities of
acid or base
❑Resistance to change in pH is known as buffer action
❑Buffer is the combination of weak acid and its conjugate base
3. APPLICATIONS OF BUFFER
❑Used in chemical analysis and calibration (standardization) of pH
measurement system
❑Used during the chemical manufacturing and biochemical processing
❑Used in the fermentation processes
❑Used for stability of a drug in an aqueous solution. For example, ester
drugs are very susceptible to hydrolytic reactions. Buffering formulations
at proper pH can reduce the rate of hydrolysis
4. APPLICATIONS OF BUFFER
❑Buffering a formulation to near neutral pH (7.4) can reduce tissue irritation
in ophthalmic products and parenteral products
❑In parenteral preparations (i.e. injections):In case of parenteral preparations, pH
should be considered carefully as large deviations of pH may lead to serious
consequences. The ideal pH of a parenteral product is 7.4, which is pH of blood; The
commonly used buffers in parenteral products (injections) are acetate, phosphate,
citrate and glutamate.
❑Prevent tissue irritation (ophthalmic formulations); The lacrimal fluid has a pH in rang 7
– 8. The buffering agents commonly used in ophthalmic preparations include borate,
carbonate and phosphates
5. BUFFER EQUATION
❑The pH of a buffer solution and the change in pH upon the
addition of an acid or base can be calculated by use of the buffer
equation.
❑This expression is developed by considering the effect of a salt on
the ionization of a weak acid when the salt and the acid have an
ion in common
6. BUFFER EQUATION (HENDERSON-HESSELBALCH EQUATION)
E.g. Sodium acetate + Acetic acid
When salt (Sodium acetate) and weak acid (Acetic acid) have common
ion (acetate), it can form buffer solution
Equation for w. acid
pH = pKa + Log [Salt]/[Acid]
Equation for w. base
pH = pKw - pKb + Log [Base]/[Salt]
7. FACTORS AFFECTING BUFFER SOLUTION
❑Addition of neutral salts…. changes pH by altering ionic strength
❑Dilution … as it changes ionic strength
❑Temperature… pH increases with increase in pH for acetate buffers
8. BUFFERS IN PHARMACEUTICAL AND BIOLOGIC SYSTEMS
Blood is maintained at a pH of about 7.4 by the so-called primary buffers
in the plasma and the secondary buffers in the erythrocytes
The plasma contains carbonic acid/bicarbonate as buffers. Plasma proteins,
which behave as acids in blood, can combine with bases and so act as
buffers.
In the erythrocytes, the two buffer systems consist of
hemoglobin/oxyhemoglobin
The dissociation exponent pK1= 6.1 for ionization of carbonic acid in the
plasma at body temperature
The buffer equation for the carbonic acid/bicarbonate buffer of the blood
is
pH = 6.1 + log
[HCO3−]
[H2CO3]
9. BUFFERS IN PHARMACEUTICAL AND BIOLOGIC SYSTEMS
Lacrimal fluid or tears have a great degree of buffer capacity, allowing
dilution of 1:15 with neutral distilled water before an alteration of pH is
noticed. This is called as dilution value instead of buffer capacity. The pH
of tears is about 7.4 with a range of 7 to 8 or slightly higher. Discomfort
to the eyes and flow of tears will occur below pH 6.6 and above pH 9.0.
Pure conjunctival fluid is more acidic than the tear fluid.
Urine : The urine of a normal adult has a pH of about 6.0 with the range
of 4.5 to 7.8. When the pH of the urine is below normal values, hydrogen
ions are excreted by the kidneys.
10. BUFFERS IN PHARMACEUTICAL AND BIOLOGIC SYSTEMS
Pharmaceutical buffers : Buffer solutions are frequently used in pharmaceutical
practice for formulation of ophthalmic solution. Many buffer systems were
suggested by different scientists, having different range of pH
Gifford suggested that the two stock solutions, one containing boric acid and the
other containing monohydrated sodium carbonate which, when mixed in various
proportions, yield buffer solutions with pH value 5 to 9.
Sorensen suggested a mixture of salts of sodium phosphate for buffer solutions of
pH 6 to 8. Sodium chloride is added to each buffer mixture to make it isotonic
with body fluids.
Hind and Goyan suggested a buffer system containing boric acid, sodium borate
and sufficient sodium chloride to make the mixtures isotonic
Clark-Lub postulated the following buffer mixtures : (i) HCl and KCl, pH 1.2 to 2.2
(ii) HCl and potassium hydrogen phthalate, pH 2.2 to 4.0 (iii) NaOH and
potassium hydrogen phthalate, pH 4.2 to 5.8
11. PROBLEM 1
What is the pH of 0.1 M acetic acid solution, pKa =4.76? What is
the pH after enough sodium acetate has been added to make the
solution 0.1 M with respect to this salt.
12. PROBLEM 1
What is the pH of 0.1 M acetic acid solution, pKa =4.76? What is
the pH after enough sodium acetate has been added to make the
solution 0.1 M with respect to this salt.
13. PROBLEM
What is the pH of a solution containing 0.10 mole of ephedrine
and 0.01 mole of ephedrine hydrochloride per liter of solution?
The pKb of ephedrine is 4.64.
14. PROBLEM
What is the pH of a solution containing 0.10 mole of ephedrine
and 0.01 mole of ephedrine hydrochloride per liter of solution?
The pKb of ephedrine is 4.64.
15. BUFFER CAPACITY
❑The buffer capacity of a buffer solution is “a measure of its
magnitude of its resistance to change in the pH on an addition of
an acid or a base.”
❑Buffer capacity is also referred as buffer index, buffer value,
buffer efficiency or buffer coefficient.
16. BUFFER CAPACITY
The buffer capacity represented by ‘β’ may also be defined as:
❑“The ratio of the increment (amount added) of strong acid or
base to the change in pH (ΔpH) occured”.
❑β = ΔA or ΔB / ΔpH
Where, ΔA or ΔB represents the small increment (in gram
equivalents / litre of strong acid or base added)and ΔpH is the (small) pH
change of ΔpH.