Centrifugation is a widely used technique for separating mixtures of substances based on density. It involves placing a mixture in a centrifuge that spins it at high speeds, applying centrifugal force to separate components. There are various types of centrifuges for different applications in fields like biochemistry, pharmaceuticals, and more. Centrifugation plays an important role in both industrial processes like oil extraction and biological areas like blood analysis.
Centrifugation is the separation technique commonly used in clinical and research laboratories.
It is based on the behavior of particles in an applied centrifugal field.
More dense components of the mixture move away from the axis of the centrifuge while less dense components of the mixture move towards the axis.
Centrifugation is the separation technique commonly used in clinical and research laboratories.
It is based on the behavior of particles in an applied centrifugal field.
More dense components of the mixture move away from the axis of the centrifuge while less dense components of the mixture move towards the axis.
Filtration is a physical, biological or chemical operation that separates solid matter and fluid from a mixture with a filter medium that has a complex structure through which only the fluid can pass
Centrifugation is a Unit operation employed for separating the constituents present in a dispersion with the aid of centrifugal force
Centrifuge is device for separating particles from a solution according to their size, shape, density, viscosity of the medium
Centrifugal force provides the driving force for the separation
It replaces gravitational forces operating during the sedimentation
The equipment used for the separation are known as centrifuges
A. on an industrial scale,
(1) Filtration centrifuge
Those using perforated baskets, which perform a filtration-type operation (work like a spin-dryer)
(2) Sedimentation centrifuge
Those with a solid walled vessel, where particles sediment towards the wall under the influence of the centrifugal
B. Classification (Based on scale of usage)
(1) Laboratory scale
Horizontal spinning type
Angle centrifuge 945 to 50 angels)
High speed centrifuge (10,000 rpm)
Ultra centrifuge (85,000 rpm)
Objectives, principle & applications of CENTRIFUGATIONAkankshaPatel55
Centrifugation is another important technique for separating components in a mixture, and it differs from filtration in some key ways. Here's a breakdown:
Centrifugation:
Principle: Utilizes centrifugal force, generated by spinning a sample at high speeds, to separate components based on their size, shape, density, and viscosity of the surrounding medium.
Process: Samples are placed in tubes and spun within a centrifuge rotor. Denser components migrate outwards, forming a pellet at the bottom, while lighter components remain closer to the center as supernatant.
Applications: Widely used in biology, chemistry, medicine, biotechnology, and other fields for separating blood cells, organelles, proteins, DNA, and more.
Types: Various types exist, like fixed-angle, swinging-bucket, gradient centrifugation, each with specific functionalities and applications.
actors influencing the process:
Centrifuge speed: Higher speeds generate greater centrifugal force, enabling separation of smaller and less dense particles.
Time: Longer centrifugation times allow for more complete separation, but may not be necessary for all mixtures.
Temperature: Certain separations require specific temperature control to maintain sample integrity or optimize separation efficiency.
Sample properties: Size, shape, and density of the components in the mixture significantly impact their separation behavior.
Rotor type: Different rotors have specific capacities, speeds, and applications. Choosing the right rotor is crucial for optimal results.
Filtration is a physical, biological or chemical operation that separates solid matter and fluid from a mixture with a filter medium that has a complex structure through which only the fluid can pass
Centrifugation is a Unit operation employed for separating the constituents present in a dispersion with the aid of centrifugal force
Centrifuge is device for separating particles from a solution according to their size, shape, density, viscosity of the medium
Centrifugal force provides the driving force for the separation
It replaces gravitational forces operating during the sedimentation
The equipment used for the separation are known as centrifuges
A. on an industrial scale,
(1) Filtration centrifuge
Those using perforated baskets, which perform a filtration-type operation (work like a spin-dryer)
(2) Sedimentation centrifuge
Those with a solid walled vessel, where particles sediment towards the wall under the influence of the centrifugal
B. Classification (Based on scale of usage)
(1) Laboratory scale
Horizontal spinning type
Angle centrifuge 945 to 50 angels)
High speed centrifuge (10,000 rpm)
Ultra centrifuge (85,000 rpm)
Objectives, principle & applications of CENTRIFUGATIONAkankshaPatel55
Centrifugation is another important technique for separating components in a mixture, and it differs from filtration in some key ways. Here's a breakdown:
Centrifugation:
Principle: Utilizes centrifugal force, generated by spinning a sample at high speeds, to separate components based on their size, shape, density, and viscosity of the surrounding medium.
Process: Samples are placed in tubes and spun within a centrifuge rotor. Denser components migrate outwards, forming a pellet at the bottom, while lighter components remain closer to the center as supernatant.
Applications: Widely used in biology, chemistry, medicine, biotechnology, and other fields for separating blood cells, organelles, proteins, DNA, and more.
Types: Various types exist, like fixed-angle, swinging-bucket, gradient centrifugation, each with specific functionalities and applications.
actors influencing the process:
Centrifuge speed: Higher speeds generate greater centrifugal force, enabling separation of smaller and less dense particles.
Time: Longer centrifugation times allow for more complete separation, but may not be necessary for all mixtures.
Temperature: Certain separations require specific temperature control to maintain sample integrity or optimize separation efficiency.
Sample properties: Size, shape, and density of the components in the mixture significantly impact their separation behavior.
Rotor type: Different rotors have specific capacities, speeds, and applications. Choosing the right rotor is crucial for optimal results.
Sedimentation, Basic principle of sedimentation,Nomograph, Centrifugal force, Angular velocity, Type of rotars, Geometry of rotars,Types of centrifuge, calculation of centrifugal field, Safety measures for centrifuges.
A centrifuge operates by using the sedimentation principle- Here the substances are separated based on their density under the influence of gravitational force. When spun rapidly, lighter particles stay at the top and heavier particles go to the bottom during centrifugation.The components of heterogeneous mixtures are detached by centrifugation. That comprises liquids in liquids, solids in fluids, and gases in solids and liquids. In order to transfer bulky sections to the outside of the pipe, centrifugation uses centrifugal energy. It allows the solid to settle more easily and completely.The components of heterogeneous mixtures are detached by centrifugation. That comprises liquids in liquids, solids in fluids, and gases in solids and liquids. In order to transfer bulky sections to the outside of the pipe, centrifugation uses centrifugal energy. It allows the solid to settle more easily and completely.
What is the centrifuge used for?
Centrifuges work by separating out two materials with different densities. Centrifuges are used in various laboratories to separate fluids, gases or liquids based on density like the separation of different constituents of blood, immiscible liquids, wastewater sludge etc.
introduction of Pipettes , centrifugation , centifuge.
principle of centrifuge and pipettes. different types of centrifugation, centrifuge and pipettes. handling of pipettes and centrifuge, calibration of pipettes and centrifuge.
Centrifugation basic principle & theoryMayank Sagar
Centrifugation is a process used to separate or concentrate materials suspended in a liquid medium. It is a method to separate molecules based on their sedimentation rate under the centrifugal field. It involves the use of centrifugal force for the sedimentation of molecules.
Centrifugation is a technique used for the separation of particles from a solution according to their size, shape, density, viscosity of the medium and rotor speed. The particles are suspended in a liquid medium and placed in a centrifuge tube. The tube is then placed in a rotor and spun at a define speed.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Let's dive deeper into the world of ODC! Ricardo Alves (OutSystems) will join us to tell all about the new Data Fabric. After that, Sezen de Bruijn (OutSystems) will get into the details on how to best design a sturdy architecture within ODC.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
2. CONTENTS
Definition of centrifugation
History
Principle of centrifugation
Classification
Operation
Construction
Application in Pharmaceutical industry
Advantages & disadvantages
Safety measures
importance
Summary
3. WHAT IS CENTRIFUGATION?
Centrifugation is one of the most important and widely applied research
cellular techniques in bio-chemistry and molecular biology, pharmacy and in
medicine.
Centrifugation is a process which involves the use of the
centrifugal force for the sedimentation of heterogeneous mixtures
with a centrifuge.
A centrifuge is a device which consists of a container in which a
mixture of solid and liquid or two liquids is placed and rotated at
high speeds.
Centrifugal force is an apparent force that acts outward on a body
moving around a center, arising from the body's inertia.
4. APPLICATIONS
PRODUCTION OF BULK DRUGS: Separation of crystalline drugs such as
aspirin from mother liquor.
PRODUCTION OF BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTS: Proteinaceous drugs and
macromolecules – colloidal dispersions in water – Insulin from other
fractions of proteins; blood cells from blood.
Biopharmaceutical analysis of drugs: Drugs in Blood, tissue fluids and urine
– PK and BE studies.
Evaluation of Suspensions and emulsions: Creaming – Stable emulsion – no
separation – Centrifuging at 2000 – 3000 rpm at RT.
Determination of molecular weight: Polymer – serum albumin, insulin, MC
– ultracentrifuge.
5. THEORY OF CENTRIFUGATION
Particles having above 5 µm sediment due to gravitation force. Lessthan
5 µm particle undergo Brownian motion, they do not sediment under
gravity. Hence a stronger force (Centrifugal force) is applied to separate.
Consider a body of mass m kg rotating in a circular path or radius r mtrs at
a velocity v mtrs per minute. The force acting on the body in a radial
direction is given by :
F= mv2
/ r
Where,
F= Centrifugal force N m= effective mass of the sedimenting particle
v= angular velocity of rotation r= distance of the migrating particles from
the central axis of rotation
The same body is experiencing gravitational force, Gravitational Force G = mg
g = acceleration due to gravity
6. Centrifugal Effect = F / G = mv2
/ mgr = v2
/ gr
But v = 2 пrn; n = speed of rotation substituting
C = (2 пrn )2
/ gr = 4 п2
r2
n2
/ gr = 4 п2
r n2
Since 2r = d (dia of rotation)
C = 2 п2
d n2
/g
The gravitational constant has a value of 9.807 m/s2
Equation can be written as Centrifugal Effect = 2.013 n2
d
Centrifugal effect α diameter
Centrifugal effect α (speed of rotation) 2
8. CLASSIFICATION OF CENTRIFUGATION
BASED ON MECHANISM OF SEPARATION
SEDIMENTATION CENTRIFUGE
ULTRACENTRIFUGE
FILTRATION CENTRIFUGE
BASED ON SCALE OF USAGE
Laboratory scale : Horizontal spinning arm type
Angle Centrifuge (45 to 50 angle)
High speed centrifuge (10,000 rpm)
Ultracentrifuge (85,000 rpm) Commercial Scale
Batch Type: Perforated Basket Type
Semi-continuous Scale : Short-cycle batch centrifuge
Continuous Centrifuge : Supercentrifuge
9. SEDIMENTATION
CENTRIFUGEUtilizes density difference between the particles and the medium in which
these are dispersed and efficiency depends on velocity of rotation.
Ex :- Horizontal continuous centrifuge, super centrifuge, conical disc
centrifuge.
ULTRA-CENTRIFUGE
In colloidal research, very extremely fine solid material is to be separated.
In this a relatively small motor with speeds exceeding 1,00,000 rpm and
force 1 million times gravity.
Uses: To remove
•Dirt and water from olive & fish liver oils
•Bacteria in the preparation of bacterial enzymes
•Precipitated proteins in manufacture of insulin
Separation of
•Blood plasma from whole blood
•Antibiotics preparation
•Suspensions containing low conc. of solids
•Lanolin from wool
10. ULTRA-CENTRIFUGE
Advantages and Disadvantages:
•Compact , occupy small space
•Efficiency is very high
•Two immiscible liquids easily separated by continuous process
•By speed control, separated coarser, leaving finer in the suspension.
•Complicated construction
•Limited capacity
FILTRATIONCENTRIFUGE
Solid pass through porous membrane based on density differences. Filter
medium used are canvas or metal cloth. Ex: Perforated basket and semi
continuous centrifuge.
Uses:
•Solid recovery and To remove unwanted solids from liquids ex: insulin
Advantges and Disadvantages: Slurries with high proportions, even paste
•Final product – low moisture content
•Dissolved solids separation from the cake
•Entire cycle complicated – Labour cost is high
•Batch or semi continuous process
•Hard cake formation – removal of cake is difficult
12. Basket – copper, monel or other suitable metal and covered
with vulcanite or lead, greatest resistance to corrosion.
Dia – 0.9m ; capacity – 0.085 m3.
Power – 5 kw for starting and 2 kw for running
Rpm – basket rotates at 1000rpm
13. Wear and tear, on prolonged operation – hard cake
formation
Cycle is complicated
14. NON-PERFORATED BASKET
-CENTRIFUGE(SEDIMENTATION CENTRIFUGE)
CONSTRUCTION:
•Basket – steel other suitable metal
•Suspended on vertical shaft
WORKING:
•Solid phase is retained on the sides, liquid remains on the top
•Liquid is removed by weir or skimming tube
•Solids are scraped off by hand or using a scraper blade.
USES:
•When deposited solids offer high resistance to the flow of liquid.
15. SHORT CYCLE AUTOMATIC BATCH
CENTRIFUGEPRINCIPLE: FILTRATION CENTRIFUGE
WORKING:
•Basket is allowed to rotate and slurry is introduced from the side pipe.
•During centrifugation, slurry passes through the perforated wall.
•Solids retained on the wall, liq collected at outlet.
•Cake is washed with water – washings escape through the filtrate outlet.
•Desired thickness(50-70mm), the feeler cuts off the air supply to a diaphragm
valve that shuts the feed entry.
•Hydraulic cylinder is actuated, lifts the knife along with discharge chute.
•Knife does not cuts the cake completely, leaves a layer to acts as filter medium
for further separation in next cycle.
•The discharge crystals contain 2 to 4 % moisture.
Advantages and Disadvantages:
•Solids drained fast from the bowl.
•Discharge, breakage of crystals
•More Moving parts – complicated construction
16. CONSTRUCTION:
•Vertical perforated basket supported by horizontal drive
•Provision for feed, wash pipe at center
•Feeler rides over the feed to control the thickness of the cake
•Hydraulic cylinder attachment for entry of discharge chute from the
sides of basket, when discharge of crystals required.
19. CONTINUOUS HORIZONTAL CENTRIFUGE
PRINCIPLE: SEDIMENTATION CENTRIFUGE
CONSTRUCTION:
•Cylindrical or conical bowl mounted horizontally with dia 0.5m
•Within a bowl screw conveyor is attached – rotates same direction as bowl
but slightly slower speed
WORKING:
•Bowl and screw conveyor are allowed to rotate and slurry is introduced
through the shaft.
•During centrifugation, liq moves to wider portion and sedimentation of
particles takes place.
•Solids are lifted by the screw conveyor, while liq is continuously drained.
•Solids are conveyed to a dry beach where they get dried.
USES: High proportion of solids.
Advantages and Disadvantages:
•Flexible in operation.
•Capable of handling solids larger (10-15mm) or smaller (few microns)
•0.5 to 50% concentrate slurries -use
21. SUPER CENTRIFUGE
PRINCIPLE: SEDIMENTATION CENTRIFUGE
CONSTRUCTION:
•Long hollow cylindrical bowl – small diameter
•Suspended from a flexible spindle at the top and guided by loose
fit bushing at bottom.
•Feed inlet using pressure – bottom
•Liquid outlets 2 at different heights – top
•Modified wiers are attached.
WORKING:
•Allowed to rotate on its longitudinal axis at higher speed
(2000rpm) with help of drive assembly.
•Feed is introduced at the bottom with pressure
•During centrifugation the heavier liq thrown outward (against
wall), lighter liq forms an inner layer. Both liq rise to top
•The liq –liq interface is maintained by an hydraulic balance.
•Thus, 2 layers are separated continuously by modified wiers
USE : Emulsions
Variant:
•Tubular bowl centrifuge – separation of solids and liquids
24. CONICAL DISC CENTRIFUGE or DE LAVAL CLARIFIER
(Sedimentation Centrifugation)
Clarifier, solids or immiscible liquids are present in low conc. A no. of cone
shaped plates are attached to a central shaft (Feed provisions). Dense solids
are thrown outwards – underside of the cone shaped casing, lighter
clarified liq passes over the bowl and recovered from the top of the cone
CONSTRUCTION:
•shallow bowl – series of conical discs – to
centre shaft at diff elevations
•Disc – thin sheet of metal or plastic separated
by narrow spaces.
WORKING:
•Allowed to rotate on its longitudinal axis at
low speed and short time
•During centrifugation the heavier liq thrown
outward (against wall), lighter liq forms an
inner layer. Both liq rise to top
•Substances moves along the surface of the
disc to the limit of inner and outer layers.
•Solids deposit at bottom of cone, removed
intermittently
• Matching holes in disc – channels to
pass the liq.
• A concentric tube is placed
surrounding the central drive shaft.
(Feed entry)
25. USES:
•Immiscible liq separation – Mfr of antibiotics
•Suspensions containing low solids
•Solids – gelatinous or slimy – separated
•Collection od starch
•Insulin
•Concentration of one fluid phase – separation of cream from milk
ADVANTAGES:
•Small space occupying
•Separation efficiency – high, particles are sediment very rapidly
•Suitable – fluid is deposit or sludge
•By controlling speed of rotation and rate of flow – particles are separated into two size
fractions.
DISADVANTAGES: Complicated construction , Limited capacity
•Not suitable for hard cake forming solids
28. Some Other Commercial
applications
in water and wastewater treatment to dry sludge.
from the mother liquor .
In soil mechanics.
Large industrial centrifuges are commonly used
In sugar industry to separate the sugar crystals
Standalone centrifuges for drying (hand-washed)
clothes – usually with a water outlet.
Large industrial centrifuges are also used in the
oil industry to remove solids from the drilling
fluid.
Centrifuges are used in the attraction Mission
29. ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES:
Advantages:
Centrifuges have a clean appearance and have little to no odor
problems.
Not only is the device easy to install and fast at starting up
and shutting down, but also only requires a small area for
operation.
They can be selected for different applications. .
The device is simple to operate .
Centrifuge has more process flexibility and higher levels of
performance.
30. DISADVANTAGES:
The machine can be very noisy and can
cause vibration.
The device has a high-energy consumption
due to high G-forces.
High initial capital costs
31. SAFETY MEASURES
A centrifuge user should strictly observe the following
precautions :
Manufacturer’s manual should be strictly followed.
Rotor should be stored in proper containers.
Attention should be given to imbalance detectors.
Rotor speed should not exceed the assigned speed.
Lid of the rotor chamber should remain locked during
operation.
To avoid the rotor failure, manufactures instructions
regarding rotor care and use should always be
followed.
32. SUMMARY
The centrifugation is a modern & easy
technique of separation and sedimentation on
the basis of shape, size and density of
macromolecules and other particles.
In the centrifugation there are different types
of forces are applied like as centrifugal force,
gravitational force and centripetal force etc.
and also different types of rotors are to be
used that is; Swinging Bucket Rotor and fixed
angle rotors at different RPM/RCF.
33. IMPORTANCE
Centrifugation play an important
role in both biological sectors as
well as industrial sectors.
In biological sector:
Medical laboratories use
centrifuges to separate plasma
from heavier blood cells.
Modern centrifuges can even
separate mixtures of different
sized molecules or microscopic
particles such as parts of cells.
34. Continued…..
In Industrial Sector:
Cream separation from milk.
Separating textiles
Separating particles from an air flow using
cyclonic separation
Clarification and stabilization of wine
Centrifugation is the most common method
used for uranium enrichment.