Buffer solutions resist changes in pH upon the addition of small amounts of acid or base through buffer action. A buffer is a combination of a weak acid and its conjugate base. The pH of a buffer solution depends on the ratio of the concentration of the salt to the acid. Factors like the addition of neutral salts, dilution, and temperature can impact the pH of a buffer solution. Buffers have various applications in pharmaceutical formulations to adjust pH for stability and therapeutic effects.
Distribution Law
What is Distribution law?
Immiscible liquids
Explanation
APPLICATION OF DISTRIBUTION LAW
Limitations of Distribution Law
Contrast and Comparison between separation through Separating funnel and Fractional Distillation
Here's one of the topic presentation of Subject - Physical Pharmaceutics-1, UNIT - pH, buffers and Isotonic solutions (as per the syllabus of third semester according to Gujarat Technological university) pH, buffers and Isotonic solutions unit of this subject (as per the syllabus of third semester according to Gujarat Technological university).
This topic consists two methods i.e. electrometric and calorimetric methods, so this presentation includes only electrometric method.
Thanks for viewing.
Distribution Law
What is Distribution law?
Immiscible liquids
Explanation
APPLICATION OF DISTRIBUTION LAW
Limitations of Distribution Law
Contrast and Comparison between separation through Separating funnel and Fractional Distillation
Here's one of the topic presentation of Subject - Physical Pharmaceutics-1, UNIT - pH, buffers and Isotonic solutions (as per the syllabus of third semester according to Gujarat Technological university) pH, buffers and Isotonic solutions unit of this subject (as per the syllabus of third semester according to Gujarat Technological university).
This topic consists two methods i.e. electrometric and calorimetric methods, so this presentation includes only electrometric method.
Thanks for viewing.
The objective is to understand the buffer equation, factors influencing the pH of buffer solutions, Buffer capacity, Buffer in pharmaceutical systems and biologic system, Influence of buffer capacity and pH on tissue, pH and solubility
preparation of buffers, buffers and isotonic systems. Methods for adjustment of tonicity of solutions. Buffers in pharmaceutical and biological systems.
preparation of buffers, buffers and isotonic systems. Methods for
adjustment of tonicity of solutions. Buffers in pharmaceutical and biological systems.
It is an informative article about the pH and buffer system which is related to technology and science. It consist information about the pH and buffer solution which is widely used in the fields of pharmaceuticals as well as science and technology .
pH, buffers, and isotonic solutions are important concepts in chemistry, biology, and related scientific fields. They play significant roles in understanding and controlling the behavior of solutions, maintaining physiological balance, and conducting various experiments and processes.
Pka value of weak acid experiment by titrations method PdfSaver
Pka value of weak acid and strong bases by titrations method contains following content
☆aim
☆objective
☆defination of buffers
☆buffer capacity
☆necessity of buffers
☆determination of ph
☆POTENTIOMETRY
☆application of buffer
☆Henderson hasselbalch equation
☆requirement, procedure, formula, calculation, observation table , graph and results
珞Thanku......
Introduction
Definition
Features desired in pharmaceutical suspension
Advantage/Disadvantages of pharmaceutical suspension
Flocculated and deflocculated suspension
Interfacial properties of suspending particles
Settling in suspensions
Effect of Brownian movement,
Sedimentation of flocculated particles,
Sedimentation parameters
Formulation of suspensions
Wetting of Particles,
Controlled flocculation,
Flocculation in structured vehicle
surface & interfacial tension, surface free energy, Gibb’s equation, thermodynamic & kinetic stability of disperse systems
Definition, advantages and disadvantages, desirable features and pharmaceutical dispersions
Solubility of drugs: Solubility expressions, mechanisms of solute solvent interactions, ideal solubility parameters, solvation & association, quantitative approach to the factors
influencing solubility of drugs, diffusion principles in biological systems. Solubility
of gas in liquids, solubility of liquids in liquids, (Binary solutions, ideal solutions)
Raoult’s law, real solutions. Partially miscible liquids, Critical solution temperature . Distribution law, its limitations and applications
SURFACE TENSION, INTERFACIAL TENSION, SURFACE FREE ENERGY, Measurement of surface and interfacial tension-capillary rise method, drop number method, drop weight method, Du Nuoy tensiometer method, Spreading of liquids, spreading coefficient, surface active agents, hydrophilic-lipophilic balance, soluble monolayers, Adsorption on solid surface, Isotherms
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
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on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
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The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
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Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
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2. BUFFER
Buffer are the mixture of compounds that, by their presence in solution, resist change
in pH upon addition of small quantities of acid or base
Resistance to change in pH is known as buffer action
Buffer is the combination of weak acid and its conjugate base
3. BUFFER EQUATION (HENDERSON-HESSELBALCH EQUATION)
When salt and weak acid have common ion
E.g. Sodium acetate + Acetic acid
For acid
pH = pKa + Log [Salt]/[Acid]
For base
pH = pKw - pKb + Log [Salt]/[Acid]
4. FACTORS AFFECTING BUFFER SOLUTION
Addition of neutral salts…. changes pH by altering ionic strength
Dilution … as it changes ionic strength
Temperature… pH increases with increase in pH for acetate buffers
5. PROBLEM 1
What is the pH of 0.1 M acetic acid solution, pKa =4.76? What is the pH after
enough sodium acetate has been added to make the solution 0.1 M with respect to
this salt.
6. PROBLEM
What is the pH of a solution containing 0.10 mole of ephedrine and 0.01 mole of
ephedrine hydrochloride per liter of solution? The pKb of ephedrine is 4.64.
7. PROBLEM
What is the pH of a solution containing 0.10 mole of ephedrine and 0.01 mole of
ephedrine hydrochloride per liter of solution? The pKb of ephedrine is 4.64.
8. BUFFER CAPACITY (Β)
The buffer capacity of a buffer solution is “a measure of its magnitude of its resistance to
change in the pH on an addition of an acid or a base.”
Buffer capacity is also referred as buffer index, buffer value, buffer efficiency or buffer
coefficient.
The buffer capacity represented by ‘β’ may also be defined as:
“The ratio of the increment (amount added) of strong acid or base to the change in pH
(ΔpH) occured”.
β = ΔA or ΔB / ΔpH
Where, ΔA or ΔB represents the small increment (in gram equivalents / litre of strong acid or
base added)and ΔpH is the (small) pH change of ΔpH.
9. PHARMACEUTICAL (APPLICATIONS OF) BUFFER
Buffers are widely used in the field of pharmacy as ingredients in most of the pharmaceutical
formulations in order to adjust the pH of the product to that required for maximum stability.
In parenteral preparations (i.e. injections):In case of parenteral preparations, pH should be
considered carefully as large deviations of pH may lead to serious consequences. The ideal pH of a
parenteral product is 7.4, which is pH of blood; The most commonly used buffers in parenteral
products (injections) are acetate, phosphate, citrate and glutamate.
Prevent tissue irritation (ophthalmic formulations); The lacrimal fluid has a pH in rang 7 – 8. The
buffering agents most commonly used in ophthalmic preparations include borate, carbonate and
phosphates
For stability of formulations
To enhance solubility of drug
For optimum therapeutic effect