This document discusses distillation, including definitions, applications, Raoult's law, and different types of distillation processes. It describes steam distillation and its setup for separating immiscible liquids like water and essential oils. Azeotropic distillation is explained where an entrainer is added to break or form an azeotrope allowing better separation. Various industrial and medical applications are presented along with diagrams of distillation equipment.

1. DISTILLATION
PRESENTED BY:
Ajay Kumar
M. Pharma (Chemistry)
Guide Name: Ms. Chandana Majee

2. LIST OF CONTENT…..
• DEFINATION OF DISTILLATION
• APPLICATIONS
• RAOULT’S LAW
• TYPES OF DISTILLATION PROCESS
• STEAM DISTILLATION
• STEAM DISTILLATION SET-UP
• AZEOTROPIC DISTILLATION
• AZEOTROPIC DISTILLATION
• REFRENCE

3. DEFINITION
• “Distillation is an unit operation which involves in
separation of a vaporizable component from a
multicomponent system and subsequent condensation
of vapours.”
• “Distillation is defined as the separation of the
components of a liquid mixture by a process
involving vaporization and subsequent condensation
at another place.”

4. DISTILLATION
ASSEMBLY

5. APPLICATIONS
• Separation of volatile oils- cloves(Eugenol comprises 72-90%,
Vanilin, acetyl eugenol).
• Separation of drugs obtained from plant and animal sources-
Vit. A from fish liver oil.
• Purification of organic solvents-absolute alcohol (100%).
• Purification of drugs obtained from chemical process.
• Manufacture of official preparations -sprit of nitrous ether,
sprit of ammonia, D.water and water for inj.
• Quality control methods- Alcohol content in elixir(4-40%).
• Refining of petroleum products- Petroleum ether 60,80.
• Recovery of solvents- synthesis

6. RAOULT’S
LAW
• It express a quantitative relationship between the concentration
and vapour pressure
• It states that partial vapour pressure of each volatile
constituent is equal to vapour pressure of the pure constituent
multiplied by its mole fraction in the solution at a given
temperature.

7. RAOULT’S
LAW……..
• Suppose Homogeneous mixture of liquid A and B
Partial vapour pressure of component A in Mixture
= PA = P°A*XA
Mole fraction of A in solution = XA
Vapour pressure of A in pure state = P°A
Partial vapour pressure of component B in Mixture
PB = P°B *XB
Mole fraction of B in solution = XB
Vapour pressure of A in pure state = P°B
• Total Vapour pressure of Mixture
PT = PA + PB
PT= P°A*XA + P°B*XB

8. TYPES OF DISTILLATION
PROCESS
• FLASH DISTILLATION
• SIMPLE DISTILLATION
• FACTIONAL DISTILLATION
• AZETROPIC AND EXTRACTIVE DISTILLATION
• STEAM DISTILLATION
• DISTILLATION UNDER REDUCED PRESSURE
• MOLECULAR DISTILLATION

9. STEAM DISTILLATION
• Steam distillation is method of distillation carried out with aid
of steam.
• It is used to separate
- High boiling substances from non-volatile impurities –
Separate immiscible liquids
• PRINCIPLE:
• A mixture of immiscible liquids begins to boil when sum of
their vapour pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure.
• In case of mixture of water and turpentine, mixture boils below
the boiling point of pure water, though the turpentine boils at a
much higher temperature than that of water.

10. STEAM DISTILLATION
SET-UP

11. WORKING:
• Metallic steam can fitted with cork having two holes.
• Safety tube inserted up to bottom through one hole to maintain
pressure in side stem can, more over when steam comes out
from safety tube indicates that can is empty.
• Through other hole band tube is passed and other end of this
tube is connected to flask containing nonaqueous liquid in
which tube is dipped.
• Flask and condenser is connected with delivery tube.
• Condenser is connected to receiver with help of adopter.

12. APPLICATION
• Used to separate immiscible liquids
Eg- Water + Toluene
• Extraction at much lower temperature to protect from decomposition
without loss of aroma
• To extract volatile oils like clove, anise and eucalyptus oils.
• Purification of essential oils like almond oil.
• Camphor is distilled by this method.
• Aromatic water are prepared.
• Limitation:
• Not suitable when two immiscible liquids reacts with each other.

13. AZEOTROPIC
DISTILLATION
• Azeotropic distillation refers to processes whereby a new component
(called the entrainer) is added to the original feed mixture to form (or
nearly form) an azeotrope with one (or more) of the feed components.
• The azeotrope is then removed as either the distillate or the bottoms.
• Usually refers to the specific technique of adding another component to
generate a new, lower-boiling azeotrope that is heterogeneous (e.g.
producing two, immiscible liquid phases), such as the example below with
the addition of benzene to water and ethanol.
• Azeotropic distillation also refers to those processes in which a new
component is added to an original feed mixture to break an azeotrope that
otherwise would be formed by the feed components.

14. AZEOTROPIC
DISTILLATION
• The entrainer E is a medium boiler
(i.e. its boiling point in intermediate
between components A and B),or is a
low boiler that can form an intermediate
boiling maximum azeotrope with A.
• The feed (A and B) is mixed with the
entrainer E before entering column C1
Component B (which is essentially free
of the azeotrope A-E) is removed from
the bottom of column C1, while the over
head vapour from C1 is fed to column
C2.

15. APPLICATION
• Azeotropic distillation is provided by us to many of our customers is to
break an azeotrope in distillation.
• It is usually denotes the specific technique of adding new constituent to
produce a novel, lower-boiling azeotrope that is heterogeneous.
• We construct the unit with the specification provided by the customers.

16. AZEOTROPIC
DISTILLATION UNIT

17. REFRENCE
• Text book of Pharmaceutical Engineering By
C.V.S Subrahmanyam, J.Thimma Setty ,5th
edition ,Page No293-336.
• Slideshare.