Combinational Circuits
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Combinational logic circuits. How ALU & associated components are built using Half Adder, Full Adder, Ripple carry adder, Decoders, & Multiplexer
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An adder is a digital logic circuit in electronics that implements addition of numbers. In many computers and other types of processors, adders are used to calculate addresses, similar operations and table indices in the ALU and also in other parts of the processors. These can be built for many numerical representations like excess-3 or binary coded decimal.
Half adder & full adder
Group members for the project are Falah Hassan, Maidah Malik, and Maria Khan. The document discusses half adders and full adders. A half adder adds two binary digits and produces a sum and carry output. It is built from two logic gates. A full adder accepts two input bits and a carry input, and produces a sum and carry output. It is implemented using two half adders joined by an OR gate. The main difference between a half adder and full adder is that a full adder has three inputs and two outputs, allowing multiple adders to be chained to add more bits.
Combinational circuit
Combinational circuit, Half Adder,Full Adder, Half Subtractor, Full Subtractor, Multiplexers , Demultiplexer , Decoder , Encoder
Half Adder - Combinational Circuit
The document describes how to build and test a half adder circuit. A half adder adds two binary numbers and produces a sum and carry bit output. It has the limitation of only being able to add two input bits without considering a carry in. The procedure involves connecting the half adder circuit as shown, inputting bit streams into the two inputs, running the simulation, and verifying the output matches the truth table.
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Half Adder dan Full Adder
Adder Presentation
The document discusses different types of single-bit adders and multi-bit adders built from them. It describes half adders, full adders, ripple carry adders and their delay properties. It then discusses different advanced adder circuits like carry lookahead adders, carry skip adders, carry select adders and carry save adders to reduce the delay. Verilog code examples are provided for full adders, ripple carry adders, carry lookahead adders and carry skip adders.
Adder ppt
This document discusses different types of digital adders. It defines an adder as a digital circuit that performs addition of numbers. It describes half adders, full adders, ripple carry adders, and look ahead carry units. For half adders, it provides the logic equations for sum and carry outputs. For full adders, it gives the logic equations for sum and carry outputs and includes the truth table. It explains that ripple carry adders use multiple full adders in sequence to add N-bit numbers, with each carry bit "ripplying" to the next full adder.
Encoders and Decoders
An encoder converts information from one format to another, like compressing audio/video files to save space. A decoder undoes the encoding to obtain the original information. For their media project, Nic, Mia and Hamish will need to encode their film into different formats and sizes to show higher quality or upload it online, and may have to decode files if they misplace originals or make mistakes encoding.
Design half ,full Adder and Subtractor
This document describes the design and operation of half adders, full adders, half subtractors, and full subtractors. It defines each component, provides their truth tables, and shows how to design the logic circuits using K-maps. Half adders and subtractors perform addition and subtraction of two single bits, while full adders and subtractors handle three input bits, accounting for values carried in and out. The document also distinguishes between the components and their uses in digital logic systems.
Half adder and full adder
A half adder adds two single-bit binary values and produces a sum bit and carry out bit. It uses XOR logic gates. A full adder adds two single-bit values and a carry in bit to produce a sum and carry out. It uses XOR and OR gates. A half subtractor subtracts one single-bit value from another and produces a difference bit and borrow out bit using XOR gates.
Digital Basics
The document discusses digital logic design and covers the following topics:
- Basics of logic gates and digital circuits including transistors, integration levels, and logic functions.
- Combinational circuits such as multiplexers, demultiplexers, decoders, comparators, adders, and arithmetic logic units (ALUs). Specific circuit examples and implementations are provided.
- Sequential circuits are mentioned but not covered in detail.
High speed adder used in digital signal processing
The document discusses different types of adders used in digital signal processing. It describes half adders and full adders as basic building blocks. It then summarizes several high-speed adder circuits used to address speed limitations in ripple carry adders, including carry lookahead adders. The presentation evaluates adder designs based on their area requirements, maximum operational speeds, and power consumption to determine the best design for different applications.
Lec 2 digital basics
The document discusses digital logic design and covers the following topics in 3 sentences:
It introduces basic concepts in digital logic like logic gates, truth tables, and complete gate sets. It then discusses combinational logic circuits like multiplexers, demultiplexers, decoders, comparators, and adders. Finally, it discusses sequential circuits and arithmetic logic units that can perform arithmetic and logical operations on binary numbers.
Combinational circuits
This document discusses combinational logic circuits. It begins with an outline of topics including Boolean algebra, decoders, encoders, and multiplexers. It then provides details on each of these topics. For decoders, it explains their function to decode an input value and provide an output. It provides truth tables for 2-to-4 and 3-to-8 decoders and shows how they can be constructed from logic gates. For encoders, it describes their inverse function of encoding inputs. Priority encoders and their truth tables are also covered. Finally, multiplexers are defined as using address bits to select a single input data line to output. Methods for constructing larger multiplexers from smaller ones are presented.
Combinational circuit
Combinational logic circuits include half adders and full adders. A half adder is a basic logic circuit that performs addition on two binary digits and outputs the sum and carry. A full adder is a more complex logic circuit that performs addition on three binary digits, the two inputs and a carry input, and outputs the sum and carry out.
Digital 1
Digital logic circuits represent information using two voltage levels (1 and 0) and binary logic gates. The basic gates are AND, OR, and NOT. NAND and NOR gates are also commonly used as they can be combined to implement all other logic functions. Logic gates compute elementary binary logic functions on their inputs and produce outputs accordingly. For example, an AND gate output is 1 only when all its inputs are 1. Larger gates with more than two inputs, such as 3-input AND gates, generalize this behavior.
Digital logic circuit
This document discusses types of adders and provides details on half adders and full adders. It begins by identifying half adders and full adders as types of adders. It explains that digital computers perform arithmetic operations like addition and the basic operation is adding two binary digits. When adding more than two bits, the operation is called a full adder. Truth tables are provided for half adders and full adders. The document then shows the simplified sum of products form for a full adder using K-maps and provides the logic diagram. It concludes with assigning short notes on topics like manufacturing testing, functional testing, files and text I/O, and differentiating CPLD and FPGA architectures.
Combinational and sequential logic
Combinational circuits - Half adder, Full Adder, Parallel binary adder, Subtracter, Magnitude
Comparator, Decoders, Encoders, Multiplexers, Demultiplexers, Parity bit generator, PLA.
Sequential circuits - Flip Flops – RS, JK, T and D Flip Flops, Edge triggered Flip Flops,
Master slave Flip Flops.
Combinational circuits
A combinational circuit is a logic circuit whose output is solely determined by the present input. It has no internal memory and its output depends only on the current inputs. A half adder is a basic combinational circuit that adds two single bits and produces a sum and carry output. A full adder adds three bits and produces a sum and carry like the half adder. Other combinational circuits discussed include half and full subtractors, decoders, encoders, and priority encoders.
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geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
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Combinational Circuits
- 1. Combinational Circuits CS2052 Computer Architecture Computer Science & Engineering University of Moratuwa Dilum Bandara Dilum.Bandara@uom.lk
- 2. Blocks of a Microprocessor 2 Literal Address Operation Program Memory Instruction Register STACK Program Counter Instruction Decoder Timing, Control and Register selection Accumulator RAM & Data Registers ALU IO IO FLAG & Special Function Registers Clock Reset Interrupts Program Execution Section Register Processing Section Set up Set up Modify Address Internal data bus Source: Makis Malliris & Sabir Ghauri, UWE
- 3. Combinational Circuits Binary values of outputs are a function of binary combination of inputs Outputs at any given time are entirely dependent on inputs that are present at that time 3 Combinational Circuits n inputs m outputs
- 4. Adding 2 Numbers Write the truth table for addition of 2 bits A & B Write Boolean representation for Sum & Carry S = A/B + AB/ = A B C = AB 4 A B Sum (S) Carry (C) 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
- 5. Adding 2 Numbers (Cont.) Draw logic circuit This is called a half adder 5 Source: Wikipedia.org
- 6. Adding 2 Numbers & a Carry Write the truth table for addition of 2 bits A & B as well as a carry from previous low-order bit 6 A B Cin S Cout 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
- 7. Adding 2 Numbers & a Carry (Cont.) Write Boolean representation for Sum & Carry Hint – use k-maps S = (A B) Cin Cout = AB + (A B)Cin 7 ab c 00 01 11 10 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 ab c 00 01 11 10 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 S = Cout =
- 8. Adding 2 Numbers & a Carry (Cont.) Draw logic circuit This is called a full adder 8 Source: www.setupsolution.com/how-to-design-a-half-adder-and-full-adder-in-verilog-at-gate-level-modeling/
- 9. Schematic Representation of Full Adder 9 Source: http://en.wikibooks.org (A B) AB
- 10. n-bit Adder (Ripple Carry Adder) 10
- 11. Decoders Suppose a simple microprocessor supports following 2 instructions ADD LOAD When these instructions execute they’ll need to activate different circuits Which circuit is determined by 2 most significant bits 11
- 12. Decoders Converts binary data from n coded inputs to a maximum of 2n unique outputs Called n-to-2n decoder 12 Decoder b0 b1 Adder Loader d0 d1 d2 d3
- 13. Decoders Truth table for a 2-to-4 decoder 13 b0 b1 d0 d1 d2 d3 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1
- 14. Decoders Draw logic circuit of a 2-to-4 decoder 14 b0 b1 d0 d1 d2 d3 Source: www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_4/chpt_9/4.html
- 16. Decoder Expansion Build a 3-to-8 decoder using 2-to-4 decoders 16 Source: http://dc167.4shared.com/doc/ or00nekd/preview.html Source: www.teachurselfece.com/2012/ 02/decoders.html
- 17. Decoders (Cont.) ADD LOAD Also helps us select which registers to use 17
- 18. 18 Use of Decoders Inside CPU A E D C B ALU AddressBus Control Unit IR FLAG ALU PC +1 DataBusCTRLBus
- 19. Encoders Reverse process of a decoder 4-to-2 encoder 3-to-8 encoder 19 Source: www.electronics-tutorials.ws/combination/comb_4.html
- 20. Encoders Draw logic circuit of a 4-to-2 encoder 20 D0 D3 D1 D2 Q0 Q1
- 23. Internal Structure (Cont.) 23 Source: www.transtutors.com/homework-help/computer- science/computer-architecture/cpu/general-register-organization/
- 24. Multiplexer Receives binary data from 2n lines & connect them to a single output line based on a selection By applying a control signals we can steer any input to the output 24 Multipl- exer d0 d1 s0 s1 q d2 d3
- 25. Multiplexer (Cont.) Truth table 25 s0 s1 q 0 0 d0 0 1 d1 1 0 d2 1 1 d3
- 26. Multiplexer (Cont.) Logic circuit 26 d0 d1 d2 d3 q Source: www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Projects/CAL/digital-logic/multiplexer/index.html
- 27. 8-to-1 Multiplexer 27 Source: http://users.cis.fiu.edu/~prabakar/cda4101/Common/notes/lecture08.html
- 28. 8-to-1 Multiplexer using 4-to-1 & 2-to-1 Multiplexers 28 Source: www.exploreroots.com/dc28.html
- 29. Demultiplexer Reverse process of a multiplexer By applying a control signals we can steer the input signal to one of the output lines 29 Demult- iplexer q0 q1 s0 s1 d q2 q3
- 30. Demultiplexer (Cont.) Truth table Logic circuit 30 s0 s1 q0 q1 q2 q3 0 0 d 0 1 d 1 0 d 1 1 d d q0 q1 q2 q3 s0 s1Source: http://do-area.blogspot.com/p/multiplexer-demultiplexer.html
- 31. Demultiplexer Using Decoder 31 Source: http://en.wikipedia.org
- 32. Multiplexer/Demultiplexer - Application in Telecommunication 32Source: http://digilogwiki.com/index.php?title=Multiplexers/Demultiplexers