This document describes the design, construction, and operation of a 4-bit binary counting circuit. The circuit uses a PIC microcontroller as the central processing unit and includes four LEDs to display the binary output and a 7-segment display to show the decimal equivalent. The microcontroller processes the binary count from 0000 to 1111 and drives the LEDs and display. The circuit was constructed using common electronic components on a printed circuit board and its functionality was tested through simulation software and operation. The counting circuit can be used for applications requiring binary to decimal conversion like computers, frequency dividers, and timers.
FPGA based synchronous multi-channel PWM generator for humanoid robot IJECEIAES
In this paper, synchronous multi-channel pulse width modulation (PWM) generator for driving servo motors of humanoid robot was proposed. In an application, the humanoid robot requires smooth and beautiful movement, therefore the PWM signal for each servo motor must be synchronized. Since microcontroller (slave) has no enough channels to generate synchronous PWMs for 32 servo motors, field programmable gate array (FPGA) was used as slave for the humanoid robot. The FPGA was controlled by microcontroller (master) using serial communication. Simulation results show the system can perform serial communication, synchronize, and convert data well. The system can also generate PWM simultaneously with accurate duty cycle and fix period of 20ms.
Network Based Data Acquisition and Logging System using PIC MicrocontrollerCSCJournals
This paper presents the design and implementation of a multi-channel data acquisition and logging system which can be used in a variety of applications. The designed data acquisition and logging system uses analog multiplexer, a bipolar analog to digital converter, a voltage reference and an SD card. The device is developed around PIC Microcontroller. The most important feature of the device which makes it different from other data acquisition devices is the presence of the Ethernet port. This feature enables it to work in networked environment. The performance of the device is tested and crosschecked. The present data acquisition and logging system is expected to be very useful to varieties of our own developmental projects, given its ability to locally store data and availability of general purpose digital I/O.
Application of Microcontroller in Transmitter Section of Wireless Systemijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
FPGA based synchronous multi-channel PWM generator for humanoid robot IJECEIAES
In this paper, synchronous multi-channel pulse width modulation (PWM) generator for driving servo motors of humanoid robot was proposed. In an application, the humanoid robot requires smooth and beautiful movement, therefore the PWM signal for each servo motor must be synchronized. Since microcontroller (slave) has no enough channels to generate synchronous PWMs for 32 servo motors, field programmable gate array (FPGA) was used as slave for the humanoid robot. The FPGA was controlled by microcontroller (master) using serial communication. Simulation results show the system can perform serial communication, synchronize, and convert data well. The system can also generate PWM simultaneously with accurate duty cycle and fix period of 20ms.
Network Based Data Acquisition and Logging System using PIC MicrocontrollerCSCJournals
This paper presents the design and implementation of a multi-channel data acquisition and logging system which can be used in a variety of applications. The designed data acquisition and logging system uses analog multiplexer, a bipolar analog to digital converter, a voltage reference and an SD card. The device is developed around PIC Microcontroller. The most important feature of the device which makes it different from other data acquisition devices is the presence of the Ethernet port. This feature enables it to work in networked environment. The performance of the device is tested and crosschecked. The present data acquisition and logging system is expected to be very useful to varieties of our own developmental projects, given its ability to locally store data and availability of general purpose digital I/O.
Application of Microcontroller in Transmitter Section of Wireless Systemijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Development of Distributed Mains Monitoring and Switching System for Indus Co...iosrjce
Indus Complex at Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology (RRCAT) has two synchrotron
radiation sources, Indus-1 and Indus-2. Microtron is injector to both the machines which sends electron pulses
to the Booster. A new, microcontroller based, distributed mains monitoring and switching system is developed
for Indus complex. It facilitates remote monitoring and switching of AC power switches to various subsystems. It
includes interfacing with power switches/Miniature Circuit Breakers (MCBs) of Indus machine subsystems. This
work involves development of hardware, firmware for microcontroller, implementation of communication
protocol; LabVIEW based server and client application. The developed system allows remote monitoring and
switching of MCBs from main control room.
Interfacing Of PIC 18F252 Microcontroller with Real Time Clock via I2C ProtocolIJERA Editor
This paper describes a microcontroller based digital clock which can be used in real time systems. The system is constructed using PIC18F252 (microcontroller), DS1307 (real time clock IC) and its software program is written with C programming language. A 3v battery backup is provided to real time clock IC. Communication between PIC microcontroller and DS1307 takes place through I²C Bus protocol
The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
Development and Application of a Failure Monitoring System by Using the Vibra...inventy
In this project, a failure monitoring system is developed by using the vibration and location information of balises in railway signaling. A lot of field equipment in railway are loosening and broken in time period so that they need maintenance due to the vibrations that occur due to high speed trains traffic and railway vehicles impact. Among the field equipment, balises have very important role of communication in terms of transmitting information to trains. In this scope, it is aimed to make maintenance works more efficient, have no delayed trains, detect previously failure location and intervene in failure timely, by detecting and controlling balise cases such as loosening, out of place and the data consistency error that happens because of balise physical state. In this project, the communication is provided with I2C, Modbus RTU (Remote Terminal Unit) and RS485 standards by using Arduino Uno cards and MPU6050 IMU (Inertial Measurement Unit) sensors in laboratory. Each used sensors are in slave mode and computer interface designed with C# is in master mode. Fault situations in the system are checked instant by the interface. (it is assumed to mount the IMU sensor and the Arduino circuit on the balise) it is seen that the interface responds to the sensor movements instant and the system works well in the end of test processes.
Internet enebled data acquisition and device controleSAT Journals
Abstract This paper presents very simple and economical way to monitor and control boilers process used in chemical, pharmaceutical companies remotely with the help of internet. Microcontroller ATmega128 is used to which all sensors and devices are interfaced at its I/O pins. A Stand-Alone Ethernet Controller IC which handles most of the network protocol requirements ENC28J60 is interfaced to the microcontroller using SPI interface and acts as a communication media between microcontroller ATmega128 and remote user. The TCP/IP stack, application source code, and dynamic web page is stored in microcontroller ATmega128. Dynamic webpage is the key element which eliminates physical presence of user in the field and thus saves the labour time and money. Keywords: ATmega128, ENC28J60, TCP/IP, SPI interface, Dynamic webpage.
FAULT SECURE ENCODER AND DECODER WITH CLOCK GATINGVLSICS Design
This paper presents circuit design for a low power fault secure encoder and decoder system. Memory cells in logic circuits have been protected from soft errors for more than a decade due to increase in soft error rates. In this paper the circuitry around the memory block have been susceptible to soft errors and must be protected from faults. The proposed design uses error correcting codes and ring counter addressing scheme. In the ring counter several new clock gating techniques are proposed to reduce power consumption. A fault secure Encoder and Decoder error free low power logic circuits can be achieved by the proposed design. Simulation results show great improvement in power consumption. Fault secure Encoder and Decoder with clock gated by CG-element consumes approximately half the power of that consumed by the fault free circuit which doesn’t employ clock gating technique
Development of Distributed Mains Monitoring and Switching System for Indus Co...iosrjce
Indus Complex at Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology (RRCAT) has two synchrotron
radiation sources, Indus-1 and Indus-2. Microtron is injector to both the machines which sends electron pulses
to the Booster. A new, microcontroller based, distributed mains monitoring and switching system is developed
for Indus complex. It facilitates remote monitoring and switching of AC power switches to various subsystems. It
includes interfacing with power switches/Miniature Circuit Breakers (MCBs) of Indus machine subsystems. This
work involves development of hardware, firmware for microcontroller, implementation of communication
protocol; LabVIEW based server and client application. The developed system allows remote monitoring and
switching of MCBs from main control room.
Interfacing Of PIC 18F252 Microcontroller with Real Time Clock via I2C ProtocolIJERA Editor
This paper describes a microcontroller based digital clock which can be used in real time systems. The system is constructed using PIC18F252 (microcontroller), DS1307 (real time clock IC) and its software program is written with C programming language. A 3v battery backup is provided to real time clock IC. Communication between PIC microcontroller and DS1307 takes place through I²C Bus protocol
The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
Development and Application of a Failure Monitoring System by Using the Vibra...inventy
In this project, a failure monitoring system is developed by using the vibration and location information of balises in railway signaling. A lot of field equipment in railway are loosening and broken in time period so that they need maintenance due to the vibrations that occur due to high speed trains traffic and railway vehicles impact. Among the field equipment, balises have very important role of communication in terms of transmitting information to trains. In this scope, it is aimed to make maintenance works more efficient, have no delayed trains, detect previously failure location and intervene in failure timely, by detecting and controlling balise cases such as loosening, out of place and the data consistency error that happens because of balise physical state. In this project, the communication is provided with I2C, Modbus RTU (Remote Terminal Unit) and RS485 standards by using Arduino Uno cards and MPU6050 IMU (Inertial Measurement Unit) sensors in laboratory. Each used sensors are in slave mode and computer interface designed with C# is in master mode. Fault situations in the system are checked instant by the interface. (it is assumed to mount the IMU sensor and the Arduino circuit on the balise) it is seen that the interface responds to the sensor movements instant and the system works well in the end of test processes.
Internet enebled data acquisition and device controleSAT Journals
Abstract This paper presents very simple and economical way to monitor and control boilers process used in chemical, pharmaceutical companies remotely with the help of internet. Microcontroller ATmega128 is used to which all sensors and devices are interfaced at its I/O pins. A Stand-Alone Ethernet Controller IC which handles most of the network protocol requirements ENC28J60 is interfaced to the microcontroller using SPI interface and acts as a communication media between microcontroller ATmega128 and remote user. The TCP/IP stack, application source code, and dynamic web page is stored in microcontroller ATmega128. Dynamic webpage is the key element which eliminates physical presence of user in the field and thus saves the labour time and money. Keywords: ATmega128, ENC28J60, TCP/IP, SPI interface, Dynamic webpage.
FAULT SECURE ENCODER AND DECODER WITH CLOCK GATINGVLSICS Design
This paper presents circuit design for a low power fault secure encoder and decoder system. Memory cells in logic circuits have been protected from soft errors for more than a decade due to increase in soft error rates. In this paper the circuitry around the memory block have been susceptible to soft errors and must be protected from faults. The proposed design uses error correcting codes and ring counter addressing scheme. In the ring counter several new clock gating techniques are proposed to reduce power consumption. A fault secure Encoder and Decoder error free low power logic circuits can be achieved by the proposed design. Simulation results show great improvement in power consumption. Fault secure Encoder and Decoder with clock gated by CG-element consumes approximately half the power of that consumed by the fault free circuit which doesn’t employ clock gating technique
Effective Waste Management and Environmental ControlIOSR Journals
There is wide spread interest in the world today in the methods that enable the re-use of waste.
According to Webster’s Mew Practical Dictionary, ‘Waste’ means “Thrown away as worthless after being used.
i.e. of no further use to a person, animal or plant; contrary to this opinion, it has been discovered that what is
regarded as waste or worthless, when worked upon can be manipulated to generated or produce materials that
are beneficial for the use of man.
This paper throw light into how waste resources can be control by analysis the theories of waste
management, recycling, re-use disposal and compositing from organic wastes and ways by which farm and
municipal waste can be worked upon to produce materials that are beneficial for the use of man
Performance Analysis of OFDM in Combating Multipath FadingIOSR Journals
Mobile Communication system has been on high rampage for high data transmission over wireless
medium with various challenges caused by the transmission Channel. OFDM is been discovered in recent years
to deal with this problems because of its ability to elegantly cope with multipath interference. This paper
investigates the performance of different modulation schemes using M-ary Phase Shift Keying (M-PSK) and Mary
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (M-QAM) in information transmission with OFDM technique over Ideal
channel AWGN and worst channel Rayleigh Fading channel in terms of Bits Error Rate (BER). Analysis was
made for different types of modulation schemes BPSK, QPSK, 4-QAM and 16-QAM gray coded bit mapping.
Also, a feasibility of OFDM been used to combat multipath fading was analyzed with comparison between a
single carrier technique and OFDM multicarrier technique. Variation between SNR results with respect to BER
is plotted to show the trade off differences between the modulation schemes with the result showing that OFDM
allows data transmission with minimal error over fading channel than a Single Carrier
Design and Analysis of Microstrip Antenna for CDMA Systems CommunicationIOSR Journals
This paper proposes a newly designed microstrip patch antennas (MSA) for wireless application
(CDMA Systems). The designed single antenna E-shaped patch antenna. Two parallel slots are in corporated
into the patch of a microstrip antenna to expand it bandwidth, and designed antenna operates in the frequency
range of 1.85 to 1.99 GHz. The antenna is designed using air as a dielectric substrate between the ground plane
and substrate patch antenna. IE3D is a full-wave electromagnetic simulator based on the method of moments
(MoM) technique. It has been widely used in the design of MICs, RFICs, patch antennas, wire antennas, and
other RF/wireless antennas. It can be used to calculate and plot the S parameters, VSWR, current distributions
as well as the radiation patterns. The results obtained for each patch were 2D and 3D view of patch, Directivity,
Gain, beam width and other such parameters, true and mapped 3D radiation pattern, and 2D polar radiation
pattern. The antenna successfully achieves the exhibit a broad impedance bandwidth of 27 % (at VSWR < 2)
with respect to the center frequency of 1.9 GHz is designed, fabricated, and finally measured on Spectrum
analyzer. The radiation pattern and directivity are also presented.. Gain maximum achievable is 3 dBi and good
return loss (S11 parameters) of -30 dB is achieved along with broadside radiation pattern.
Physiological, Biochemical and Modern Biotechnological Approach to Improvemen...IOSR Journals
Rauwolfia serpentina also known as Sarpagandha (Apocynaceae) is an integral part of Ayurvedic medical system in India for over centuries for the treatment of various ailments. The leaves and roots ofRauwolfiaserpentina contain alkaloids which are secondary metabolites. Major alkaloids identified are Reserpine, Rauwolfine, Serpentine, Sarpagine, Ajmaline, Yohimbine and Ajmalicine.The present paper is an overview of the studies concerning with physiological, biochemical and modern biotechnological approach to improvement of Rauwolfiaserpentina.
A Study On Psychological Variables On Women Sports Participation Levels In Un...IOSR Journals
Abstract: This research is to examine whether the psychological variable on women have any impact on
women’s sports participation between Anna and Pondicherry Universities at different levels. The subject were
(was) randomly selected from Anna University in Tamil Nadu State (300 Players) and Pondicherry University
(Central University) in Puducherry State (300 Players), India. The selected subjects were with a brief
questionnaire, to find out their level of sports participation, anxiety, aggression and stress. Data obtained were
subjected to find out statistical significance among the means using 3 (levels – Zonal, Inter – Zonal and
University participations) X 2 (University – Anna and Pondicherry) Factorial analysis. The result proved that
there were significant differences in selected psychological factors of the different level of women sports
players. There was no significant difference in stress at different levels. There was no significant difference
between the Anna and Pondicherry in anxiety, aggression and stress of the women sports players. It was
concluded that anxiety, aggression, and stress play a vital role in the participation level of women players.
Key Worlds: Different Level of Players, Women Sports Participation, University, Anxiety, Aggression and
Stress
Implementation of a digital multimeter using basic stamp2 on a professional development board. It also includes R2R ladder network for digital to analog conversion
Industrial Process Management Using LabVIEWIOSR Journals
Abstract: Nowadays process management is a tedious task in the industry. We plan to propose a LabVIEW based intelligent multi parameter monitoring system designed using RS232 and Microcontroller aids in the measurement and control of various Global Parameters. For data collection in the industry is a difficult task in real time execution of events with industrial process control and automation. We proposed two slaves for measuring various industrial parameters to monitor and control industrial process. Data acquired from each slave is processed and sent to Master that compile data received from different slaves and send this information to the system configured with LabVIEW platform. This enables us to view and track the online changes encountered in the particular parameter of all the parameters. One of the main advantages of this proposal is, it allows us to view all the parameter readings simultaneously on the front panel in LabVIEW. The Graph drawn on the front panel keeps on tracking the changes on the parameter. The parameters supported by this project includes: current, voltage, temperature, frequency, light intensity, logic switches, water level identifier, and alarm. This Project can be implemented in any of the process industries where there is a need for Simultaneous and fast acquiring of data and control. Keywords: LabVIEW, RS232, Micro-controller, data acquisition
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
Search and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical FuturesBhaskar Mitra
The field of Information retrieval (IR) is currently undergoing a transformative shift, at least partly due to the emerging applications of generative AI to information access. In this talk, we will deliberate on the sociotechnical implications of generative AI for information access. We will argue that there is both a critical necessity and an exciting opportunity for the IR community to re-center our research agendas on societal needs while dismantling the artificial separation between the work on fairness, accountability, transparency, and ethics in IR and the rest of IR research. Instead of adopting a reactionary strategy of trying to mitigate potential social harms from emerging technologies, the community should aim to proactively set the research agenda for the kinds of systems we should build inspired by diverse explicitly stated sociotechnical imaginaries. The sociotechnical imaginaries that underpin the design and development of information access technologies needs to be explicitly articulated, and we need to develop theories of change in context of these diverse perspectives. Our guiding future imaginaries must be informed by other academic fields, such as democratic theory and critical theory, and should be co-developed with social science scholars, legal scholars, civil rights and social justice activists, and artists, among others.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
"Impact of front-end architecture on development cost", Viktor TurskyiFwdays
I have heard many times that architecture is not important for the front-end. Also, many times I have seen how developers implement features on the front-end just following the standard rules for a framework and think that this is enough to successfully launch the project, and then the project fails. How to prevent this and what approach to choose? I have launched dozens of complex projects and during the talk we will analyze which approaches have worked for me and which have not.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
GenAISummit 2024 May 28 Sri Ambati Keynote: AGI Belongs to The Community in O...
K010137378
1. IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering (IOSR-JECE)
e-ISSN: 2278-2834,p- ISSN: 2278-8735.Volume 10, Issue 1, Ver. III (Jan - Feb. 2015), PP 73-78
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/2834-10137378 www.iosrjournals.org 73 | Page
Design, Construction and Operation of a 4-Bit Counting Circuit
Brian E. Usibe* and Julie C. Ogbulezie
Department of Physics, University of Calabar P.M.B. 1115 Calabar, Nigeria
Abstract: A four-bit binary counting circuit was designed and constructed. The materials used were; PIC
Microcontroller, Seven-segment LED, Printed Circuit Board, LEDs, Transistors, 9v DC power source (Battery),
and other passive components. The method adopted for this counter makes use of a microcontroller as the backbone
of the design, which holds the command for every action that is to occur during an operation. The output (results) of
the circuit was indicated by four Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) with counts; 0000, 0001, 0010, 0011, 0100, 1010,
0110, 0111, 1000, 1001, 1010, 1011, 1100, 1101, 1110 and 1111. These binary outputs were further converted to
decimal equivalent through a reprogrammable microcontroller and then displayed using a dual seven-segment
display device.
Keywords: Counting circuit, PIC microcontroller, seven-segment display, logic systems.
I. INTRODUCTION
An instrument which, in its simplest form, provides an output that corresponds to the number of pulses
applied to its input is termed a digital counter. In digital logic, a counter is a device which stores (and sometimes
displays) the number of times a particular event or process has occurred, often in relationship to a clock signal. A
circuit which performs this function and has these characteristics is generally referred to as a digital counter [1].
Counting circuits belong to a particular class of sequential circuits. Each has one particular input and a
number of outputs which follows some digital codes. The counter itself is a J-K flip-flop. Two major types of
counting circuits exist; the Batch and the Measurement types [2].
Digital counters operate in the binary number system. This is so because binary system is easily and
quickly carried out with electronic circuitry. Computer information is expressed in binary form (bits) because of the
convenience of handling two clearly-defined states. Each bit is either a ZERO or a ONE, OFF or ON, LOW or
HIGH, etc [3]. Fig 1 and table 1 illustrate a 4–bit binary counter that can count from 0 to 15. The 16th
count input
causes the counter to return to the 0 output and generate a carry pulse. This action of a counter to return to the 0 state
with a carry output on every 16th
pulse makes the 4–bit binary a modulo-16 (mod 16) counter. Modulus counter
means it operates the predetermined state. For example, in mod-10 counter, it counts only 10 states.
Fig. 1: Schematic symbol
The four binary outputs: QD, QC, QB and QA in figure.1 are said to have an 8-4-2-1 weighting because if QD through
QA are all 1s, then the binary counter output would be;
11112 = (1x23
) + (1x22
) + (1x21
) + (1x20
) = 8 + 4 + 2 + 1 = 1510
The subscripts indicate the base of the system.
Table 1: Counter output in various number systems
No. of
count
pulse
Binary
output
Octal
(Base
8)
Decimal
(Base 10)
Hexadecimal
(Base 16)
0 0000 0 0 0
1 0001 1 1 1
2 0010 2 2 2
3 0011 3 3 3
4 0100 4 4 4
5 0101 5 5 5
6 0110 6 6 6
7 0111 7 7 7
2. Design, Construction and Operation of A 4-Bit Counting Circuit
DOI: 10.9790/2834-10137378 www.iosrjournals.org 74 | Page
8 1000 10 8 8
9 1001 11 9 9
10 1010 12 10 A
11 1011 13 11 B
12 1100 14 12 C
13 1101 15 13 D
14 1110 16 14 E
15 1111 17 15 F
16 0000 0 0 0
II. THEORY
Every counting circuit consists of four basic units –the sensing unit, the signal conditioning unit, the
counter unit and the output unit [4]
The sensing unit is usually made of a photoelectric device or a switch or a capacity pick-up or an
interruptible jet. Its function is to detect what needs to be counted. The signal-conditioning unit is usually an
interfacing device such as R-C Discriminator circuit. Its function is to arrange the „sensed‟ signal or object into a
countable form. The counter, which is usually the shift register of a J-K flip-flop records the event or object time-
wise. The out put device can be an indicating visual meter or an audible beep producer. However, in this work, a
PIC microcontroller would be used in place of the traditional J-K flip-flop.
The primary Boolean rule applicable for the manipulation of this counting circuit is the Exclusive-OR
(XOR).
Table 2: Truth table for XOR Gate
A B P
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
III. MATERIALS AND METHODS
1. Materials used in the construction
The materials used during the construction of the circuit include; soldering iron, soldering lead, soldering
pump, side cutter, digital multi-meter, sand paper and electrician knife, as well as plastic Perspex for the casing.
The binary counting circuit comprises of four (4) distinct sections. The hardware is a collection of Light
Emitting Diodes, Seven Segment Display and some resistors that limit current for both the Light Emitting Diodes
and the seven segment display. These components are interfaced to the microcontroller in order to output the
required result in a more interpretable format.
The method adopted for this counter makes use of a microcontroller as the backbone of the design, which
holds the command for every action that is to occur during an operation. Reason for this method is to reduce number
of components and improve the functionality of the circuit. Figure 2 shows the block diagram of the counting
circuit.
Fig. 2: Block diagram of a 4-bit binary counting circuit
2. Design stage
The design stages for the 4-bit binary counter comprises the sequential connection of the power supply, the
seven segment display, the binary status LED indicators and the Microcontroller. The various units that constitute
the system would be built onto a Printed Circuit Board, tested and then eventually inter-connected. For reasons of
operational flexibility, reliability, and reproducibility, specialized integrated circuit like microcontroller would be
POWER
SUPPLY
MICRO-
CONTROLLER
SEVEN
SEGMENT
DISPLAY
BINARY
STATUS LED
INDICATORS
3. Design, Construction and Operation of A 4-Bit Counting Circuit
DOI: 10.9790/2834-10137378 www.iosrjournals.org 75 | Page
used.
The microcontroller is the heart of the entire design. It processes the binary information and displays it on
the four Binary Status LED indicators, at the same time, converts the generated binary to decimal value then
displays it on the seven segment display. The microcontroller also manages the dual seven segment display by way
of multiplexing the displays which helps in reducing complex wiring in the diagram.
Fig. 3: Circuit for the binary LED and the Microcontroller stage
The voltage drop across the seven segments LED is 2V [6]. Since a 5V supply is used in powering both the seven
segments LED display and the LEDs, this leaves 3V across their respective resistors. Therefore, current through the
seven segment LED display is:
𝐼 = 𝑉/𝑅 = 3/150 = 0.02𝐴. (1)
While that of the LED is:
𝐼 = 𝑉/𝑅 = 3/330 = 0.009𝐴 (2)
Equations 1 and 2 can be written as
𝑅 = 𝑉𝑆 – 𝑉𝐷 / 𝐼 (3)
Where VS is supply voltage and VD is LED voltage drop. [7]
From equation 3, resistor value for seven segment display is
𝑅 = 5 – 2/0.02 = 3/0.02 = 150
Switching transistor
Using transistor BC 548, Supply voltage, Vs = 9V
The load driven by the transistor is the relay Load resistance, RL = 150
Load current 𝐿𝐼 = 𝑉𝑠/𝑅𝐿 = 9/150 = 60𝑚𝐴 (4)
4. Design, Construction and Operation of A 4-Bit Counting Circuit
DOI: 10.9790/2834-10137378 www.iosrjournals.org 76 | Page
Since Load current LI (max) must be greater than IC and from the data sheet Ic (max) = 100mA
The Base Resistor, RB
𝑅𝐵 = 𝑉𝑐𝑐 × ℎ𝑓𝑒 5 × 𝐼𝑐 (5)
Where
IC = collector current
Vcc = supply voltage [8]
Therefore RB = 9 × 400 5 × 100 = 7.2 KΩ
Where the typical hfe = 400 (from data sheet). Therefore, the closet value for the base resistor is selected to be 10KΩ.
3. Schematic and Printed Circuit Board
The effective and reliable design and production of the schematic and PCB creates better performance and
consistent results. The software used in creating the PCBs and schematic diagram is Dip Trace, which was
downloaded from www.diptrace.com. Crosschecking of footprints and design procedures was necessary to ensure a
favourable outcome. After converting the schematic into PCB, a laser jet printer was used in the printing of the
converted design into a special material known as Press and Peel sheet, a transparent film used in PCB production.
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The binary to decimal and all the algorithm conversions and counting are implemented in the firmware of
PIC16F628. The result is finally displayed on the Dual Seven Segment LED display. The software was compiled
with the mikroC Pro for PIC compiler from mikroElektronika. The firmware was compiled into a machine code
using the same Editor, and programmed into the microcontroller. The simulation of the algorithm of the detector
system was done using Proteus software from Lab Center Electronics. Figure 5 shows the constructed circuit.
Fig. 5: The constructed 4-bit binary counter
The following results were obtained at each count pulse.
Table 10: Counter output obtained at each count pulse
Pulse
No/
SSD
LED 1 LED 2 LED 3 LED 4
0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 1
2 0 0 1 0
3 0 0 1 1
4 0 1 0 0
5 0 1 0 1
6 0 1 1 0
7 0 1 1 1
8 1 0 0 0
5. Design, Construction and Operation of A 4-Bit Counting Circuit
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9 1 0 0 1
10 1 0 1 0
11 1 0 1 1
12 1 1 0 0
13 1 1 0 1
14 1 1 1 0
15 1 1 1 1
4.1 Mode of operation of the counter
A multiplex dual 7-segment display was employed in order to display the binary equivalent that is
generated at a time. The Microcontroller used in the design is a type PIC16F628. This is one of the most recent
Microcontrollers and has a built-in oscillator and can be reprogrammed. The reset pin (4) of the microcontroller is
made positive by the 10KΩ pull-up resistor and a switch in order for the PIC to function properly. If the counter is
to be reset, the switch can be pressed, pulling pin 4 to 0V for a moment. The “trigger reaction” signal from the push
button is fed to the pin RA1 of the microcontroller. The 10KΩ resistors pull these inputs to +5V and 0V when the
push button is pressed, in which case the appropriate input is made negative (logic 0). The LEDs are driven from the
microcontroller pins RA0, RA2, RA3 and RA4, respectively, via 10KΩ pull-up resistors. Pins RB0, RB1, RB2 and
RB3 provide a Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) output equivalent to the number that will be displayed on the Seven
Segment Display. This binary is converted to a seven-segment output by the microcontroller and the outputs to the
dual seven segment display are delivered from pins RB0 to RB7 via 330Ω current limiting resistors. The complete
circuit diagram for the 4-Bit Binary Counter is shown in figure 4.
There is insufficient power from the microcontroller to drive the dual displays, and in any case, it is
customary to use “strobes” (multiplexing) to drive two displays from one set of segment outputs. Virtually all
displays are driven in this way. This explains why calculators and other digital electronic devices often appear to
flicker when filmed with a video camera. Strobe is achieved by careful programming, and the use of microcontroller
pin RA7 and RA8 to control which display is lit at any one time.
When RA7 and RA8 are at logic 1, current flows through the 10kΩ current limiting resistor into the base of
the two transistors. Hence the transistor switches on, and their collectors are effectively pulled to 0V, via their
emitters. The collectors of the transistors are connected to the display common cathode Pins and so the display is
able to light up according to the binary coded output. However, when RA7 and RA8 are at logic 0 (0V), the two
transistors turned off, and so no current will flow to the display and hence the display stays off. Decoupling of the
supply is provided by electrolytic capacitors and a 9V PP3 battery provides the necessary power supply.
Fig. 4: Schematic Layout of the 4-Bit Binary Counter
4.2 Applications of the circuit
The designed and constructed 4-bits counter can find application in the following areas:
(1) It is used essentially in digital computers and other digital devices for memory storage and counting in different
bases.
(2) The binary counting circuit can be modified and used in radioactivity Rate Meter for count rate per record.
(3) It can be modified and applied in frequency-dividing operations.
(4) It can be used in digital clocks and timers for counting events.
6. Design, Construction and Operation of A 4-Bit Counting Circuit
DOI: 10.9790/2834-10137378 www.iosrjournals.org 78 | Page
V. CONCLUSION
Digital counting circuits are vital in everyday Electronics. They are used not only in counting, but in the
conversion from one number base to another. Although, counters can also be designed/constructed using multi-
vibrators, this research has used the PIC Microcontroller, showing that it is the best method, as it makes use of a
firmware for its operation, at the same time reducing the number of components in the circuit. Again, the chip could
be reprogrammed for the realization of other types of counters.
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[5]. Patton, A. An introduction to digital logic. Macmillan Books, London, 1973.
[6]. Mandll, M. Directory of electronics circuits with glossary of terms. Eaglewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1978.
[7]. Jaegar, R. C. Microelectronics circuit design. McGraw Hill. pp.226-233, 1997
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