This document provides information about a Digital Electronics course with the code ECT-155. It includes the course objectives, which are to understand the merits of digitization and number representation, and impart knowledge of digital circuits. The outcomes are listed as understanding digital systems and number representation, and designing combinational and sequential digital circuits. The syllabus covers topics like combinational circuits, sequential circuits, number systems, logic gates, and adders. Diagrams of half adders and full adders using logic gates are also presented.
Full custom digital ic design of priority encoderVishesh Thakur
The enhancement on a simple encoder circuit, in terms of handling all possible input combinations has lead to the development of special circuits known as Priority Encoders. These circuits facilitate in compressing several inputs into numerous small outputs. The quality feature of these encoders is encoding the inputs just to make sure that only highest order lines are encoded. The result or output of the priority encoder should be a binary representation of ordinal numbers articulated in BCD format. In addition, these also manage interrupt requests through high priority request. Whenever there is more than one active input at same time, then highest priority input will be given more preference. One can find priority encoders in standard or normal IC form such as TTL 74LS147 or TTL 74LS148. Basically, the former encodes 9 datelines to 4 lines as in (8-4-2-1) BCD. And the latter expresses 8 datelines to 3 lines as in 4-2-1 (octal) binary. In order to provide octal expansion with no requirement of external circuitry, one needs Cascading Circuitry. Data inputs and data outputs are active even at low levels. Priority encoders find wide range of applications as in keyboard encoding, range selection,
Bit level encoding, code converters and generators.
Logic gates ANS gate nor gate xor gate nor gate all the gates in the DLD digital logic design. all the gates are explain in details
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Full custom digital ic design of priority encoderVishesh Thakur
The enhancement on a simple encoder circuit, in terms of handling all possible input combinations has lead to the development of special circuits known as Priority Encoders. These circuits facilitate in compressing several inputs into numerous small outputs. The quality feature of these encoders is encoding the inputs just to make sure that only highest order lines are encoded. The result or output of the priority encoder should be a binary representation of ordinal numbers articulated in BCD format. In addition, these also manage interrupt requests through high priority request. Whenever there is more than one active input at same time, then highest priority input will be given more preference. One can find priority encoders in standard or normal IC form such as TTL 74LS147 or TTL 74LS148. Basically, the former encodes 9 datelines to 4 lines as in (8-4-2-1) BCD. And the latter expresses 8 datelines to 3 lines as in 4-2-1 (octal) binary. In order to provide octal expansion with no requirement of external circuitry, one needs Cascading Circuitry. Data inputs and data outputs are active even at low levels. Priority encoders find wide range of applications as in keyboard encoding, range selection,
Bit level encoding, code converters and generators.
Logic gates ANS gate nor gate xor gate nor gate all the gates in the DLD digital logic design. all the gates are explain in details
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Introduction to combinational logic is here. We discuss analysis procedures and design procedures in this slide set. Several adders, multiplexers, encoder and decoder are discussed.
Logic gate tester for IC's ( Digital Electronics and Logic deisgn EE3114 )Jikrul Sayeed
Name of the project: Logic Gate Tester for DELD EE3114
1.1Abstract:
Performing various types of logic operation we need to use logic gates and in integrated circuit there are more than one gates fabricated in a single IC. Before using gates for various purposes we need to check logic gates including all logic
combination considering in Binary (Logic 1 & 0) needs to implement. It is a time consuming task to check all the input combinations, thus the sole purpose of this project to make it automatic to check all the logic .
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
An Approach to Detecting Writing Styles Based on Clustering Techniquesambekarshweta25
An Approach to Detecting Writing Styles Based on Clustering Techniques
Authors:
-Devkinandan Jagtap
-Shweta Ambekar
-Harshit Singh
-Nakul Sharma (Assistant Professor)
Institution:
VIIT Pune, India
Abstract:
This paper proposes a system to differentiate between human-generated and AI-generated texts using stylometric analysis. The system analyzes text files and classifies writing styles by employing various clustering algorithms, such as k-means, k-means++, hierarchical, and DBSCAN. The effectiveness of these algorithms is measured using silhouette scores. The system successfully identifies distinct writing styles within documents, demonstrating its potential for plagiarism detection.
Introduction:
Stylometry, the study of linguistic and structural features in texts, is used for tasks like plagiarism detection, genre separation, and author verification. This paper leverages stylometric analysis to identify different writing styles and improve plagiarism detection methods.
Methodology:
The system includes data collection, preprocessing, feature extraction, dimensional reduction, machine learning models for clustering, and performance comparison using silhouette scores. Feature extraction focuses on lexical features, vocabulary richness, and readability scores. The study uses a small dataset of texts from various authors and employs algorithms like k-means, k-means++, hierarchical clustering, and DBSCAN for clustering.
Results:
Experiments show that the system effectively identifies writing styles, with silhouette scores indicating reasonable to strong clustering when k=2. As the number of clusters increases, the silhouette scores decrease, indicating a drop in accuracy. K-means and k-means++ perform similarly, while hierarchical clustering is less optimized.
Conclusion and Future Work:
The system works well for distinguishing writing styles with two clusters but becomes less accurate as the number of clusters increases. Future research could focus on adding more parameters and optimizing the methodology to improve accuracy with higher cluster values. This system can enhance existing plagiarism detection tools, especially in academic settings.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Design and Analysis of Algorithms-DP,Backtracking,Graphs,B&B
Unit 2a combinational circuits
1. www. cuchd.in Campus : Gharuan, Mohali
Digital Electronics
SUBJECT CODE : ECT-155
Embedded Systems and Robotics Research Group
Chandigarh University
#617, Block 6
2. Digital Electronics ECT-155
COURSE OBJECTIVES
To understand merits of digitization.
To enable students to understand common forms of number
representation in digital electronic circuits and to be able to convert
between different representation of number systems
To impart knowledge about various digital circuits and designing of
systems.
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3. Digital Electronics ECT-155
COURSE OUTCOMES
Unit I
Merits of digital systems, various number systems and their applications
Unit II
Combinational and Sequential Digital Designing and solution to basic digital
problems.
Unit III
Designing of sequential circuits and introduction to memory logic design
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4. Digital Electronics ECT-155
SYLLABUS
UNIT - II
Combinational Circuits: Introduction to Combinational circuit design,
half adder, full adder, BCD Adder, Half Subtractor, Full Subtractor,
Multiplexer, Demultiplexer, encoder, decoder and magnitude comparator.
Sequential Circuits : Introduction to sequential circuits, latch & flip flop
(SR, JK, D and T), race around condition, conversion of various flip flops.
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5. Digital Electronics ECT-155
DIGITAL
• Noise immune
• Flexibility
• No effect of aging on output
• Easy circuit design
• Expensive
• Deals with finite quantized levels of
signals
• Stores waveforms as bits
ANALOG
• Prone to noise
• Fixed task
• Output varies with aging and environment.
• Difficult to design
• Cheaper
• Continuous signals
• Stores signals as waveforms.
ANALOG VS DIGITAL ELECTRONICS
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6. Digital Electronics ECT-155
NUMBER SYSTEM
Decimal10 (0-9)
Binary2 (0,1)
Octal8 (0-7)
Hexadecimals16(??)
Binary coded Decimal
Gray
Excess -3
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Weighted Codes
7. Digital Electronics ECT-155
ALL CONVERSIONS
BINARY
{101101}
OCT
{55}
DEC
{45}
HEX
{2D}
DEC
{45}
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RDB . RMB 𝐝𝐢 𝐛𝐢
Groups of 3
Groups of 4
8. Digital Electronics ECT-155
SIGNED AND UNSIGNED NUMBERS
SIGNED BINARY REPRESENTATION
{sign} {magnitude}
1’s complement
2’s complement
Signed number = sign bit | number
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9. Digital Electronics ECT-155
SUBTRACTION BY 1’s COMPLEMENT
• Add 1’s complement of Subtrahend
to Minuend
• If No carry produced
• Result is negative
• Result = 1’s complement of addition
• If carry is produced
• drop it
• add 1 to last bit
SUBTRACTION BY 2’s COMPLEMENT
• Add 2’s complement of Subtrahend
to Minuend
• If No carry produced
• Result is negative
• Result = 2’s complement of addition
• If carry is produced
• drop it
SIGNED BINARYARITHMETIC
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11. Digital Electronics ECT-155
LOGIC GATES
A B NOT AND NAND OR NOR XOR XNOR
𝐴 𝐴. 𝐵 𝐴. 𝐵 𝐴 + 𝐵 𝐴 + 𝐵 𝐴 ⊕ 𝐵 𝐴 ⨁ 𝐵
0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0
1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0
1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1
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12. Digital Electronics ECT-155
LAWS OF BOOLEAN ALGEBRA
Commutative Laws
A+B = B+A
AB = BA
Associative Laws
A+(B+C) = (A+B)+C
A(BC) = (AB)C
Distributive Law
A(B+C) = AB + AC
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DeMorgan’s Theorems
𝐗𝐘 = 𝑿 + 𝒀
𝐗 + 𝒀 = 𝑿 𝒀
A+0 = A
A+1 = 1
A . 0 = 0
A . 1 = A
A + A = A
A + A = 1
A . A = A
A . A = 0
A + AB = A
A + AB = A + B
(A+B)(A+C) = A + BC
13. Digital Electronics ECT-155
SUM OF PRODUCTS {SOP} FORM
General Expression : A(B + CD)
SOP Expression : AB + ACD
Standard/Canonical SOP Expression :
𝑨𝑩𝑪𝑫 + 𝑨 𝑩𝑪𝑫 + 𝑨𝑩 𝑪𝑫
A standard SOP expression is one in which all the variables in the domain
appear in each product term in the expression.
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14. Digital Electronics ECT-155
PRODUCTS OF SUM {POS} FORM
General Expression : A(B + CD)
POS Expression : (A + B)(A + 𝐵 + C)
Standard POS Expression : ( 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 + 𝐷)(𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 + 𝐷)
A standard POS expression is one in which all the variables in the domain
appear in each sum term in the expression.
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17. Digital Electronics ECT-155
Combinational Logic Circuits
Combinational Logic
Logic level at the output depends upon the combination of logic levels
present at the inputs.
No memory characteristic
Output depends only on the current value of its inputs.
Combinational Logic Circuits
Circuits that are made up of logic gates, that are connected together to
produce a specified output for certain specified combinations of input
variables.
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18. Digital Electronics ECT-155
Combinational Circuits - Uses
Analysis
Given a circuit, find out its function
Function may be expressed as
Boolean Function
Truth Table
Design
Given a desired function, determine its circuit
Function may be expressed as
Boolean Function
Truth Table
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21. Digital Electronics ECT-155
Design Procedure
Given a problem statement:
Determine number of inputs and outputs
Derive the truth table
Simplify the Boolean expression for each output
Produce the required output
Example
Design a circuit to convert “BCD” code to “Excess-3” code.
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22. Digital Electronics ECT-155
ADDERS
Adders are important in computers and also in other types of
digital systems in which numerical data are processed.
An understanding of the basic adder operation is fundamental to
the study of digital systems.
Two types of adders:
Half Adder
Full Adder
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23. Digital Electronics ECT-155
HALF ADDER
Rules for binary addition are:
The half-adder accepts two binary digits on its inputs and produces
two binary digits on its outputs—a sum bit and a carry bit.
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24. Digital Electronics ECT-155
HALF ADDER LOGIC
Truth Table
Expressions can be derived from
truth table as
𝑪 𝒐𝒖𝒕 = 𝑨. 𝑩
𝚺 = 𝑨. 𝑩 + 𝑨. 𝑩 = 𝑨⨁𝑩
Circuit Diagram
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34. Digital Electronics ECT-155
FULLADDER
The full-adder accepts two input bits and an input carry and
generates a sum output and an output carry.
A full-adder has an input carry while the half-adder does not.
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