Chapter 1 organization of the human body

© 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 1:
Organization of the Human
Body

Organization of the Human Body
Anatomy and physiology defined
Levels of organization and body systems
Life processes
Homeostasis
Body cavities

Anatomy and Physiology Defined
 __________
 Study of the structure and shape of the body and
its parts
 __________
 Study of how the body and its parts work or
function

Anatomy and Physiology Defined
 Anatomy
 Study of the structure and shape of the body and
its parts
 Physiology
 Study of how the body
and its parts work or
function

Levels of Organization and Body Systems

Chemical Level

Cellular Level

Tissue Level

Organ Level

System Level

Organismal Level

Animation:
You must be connected to the internet to run this animation.
• Homeostatic Relationships

Life Processes
 All living organisms have certain characteristics that
set them apart from nonliving things
 The following are six important life processes of
humans
 ________ - sum of all the chemical processes that occur in the body
 ________ - the body’s ability to detect and respond to changes in its
internal (inside the body) or external (outside the body) environment
 ________ - includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single
cells, and even tiny organelles inside cells
 _______ - increase in body size
 _______ - the process whereby unspecialized cells become specialized
cells
 _______ - refers to either (1) the formation of new cells for growth,
repair, or replacement or (2) the production of a new individual

Life Processes
 All living organisms have certain characteristics that
set them apart from nonliving things
 The following are six important life processes of
humans
 Metabolism - sum of all the chemical processes that occur in the body
 Responsiveness - the body’s ability to detect and respond to changes in
its internal (inside the body) or external (outside the body) environment
 Movement - includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single
cells, and even tiny organelles inside cells
 Growth - increase in body size
 Differentiation - the process whereby unspecialized cells become
specialized cells
 Reproduction - refers to either (1) the formation of new cells for growth,
repair, or replacement or (2) the production of a new individual

Life Processes – Survival Needs
 Water
 60–80% of body weight
 Allows metabolic reaction
 Maintenance of stable body temperature
 Maintenance of appropriate atmospheric
pressure

Homeostasis – Maintaining Limits
 Homeostasis ensures that the body’s internal
environment remains constant despite
changes inside and outside the body
 Homeostasis is a dynamic state of
equilibrium
 Homeostasis is necessary for normal body
function and life
 Homeostatic imbalance = disease

Animation:
• Communication, Regulation and Homeostasis

Parts of a Feedback
System

Negative Feedback
System

Animation:
• Negative Feedback Control of Blood Pressure

Animation:
• Positive Feedback Control of Labor

Anatomical Terms – The Language of
Anatomy
 Anatomical terminology is used to prevent
misunderstanding
 Exact terms are used for
 Locations
 Direction
 Regions
 Structures

Anatomical Terms – Directional
Terms

Anatomical Terms – Body Planes and
Sections
 ____ section – divides body (or organ) into left
and right portions
 Median, or ____, section – divides body (or
organ) into equal left and right portions
 ____ section - divides body (or organ) into
anterior and posterior parts
 “cuts off your face”
 _____, or cross, section – divides body (or
organ) into superior and inferior parts
 “cuts off your legs”

Anatomical Terms – Body Planes and
Sections
 Sagittal section – divides body (or organ) into
left and right portions
 Median, or midsagittal, section - divides body
(or organ) into equal left and right portions
 Frontal section – divides body (or organ) into
anterior and posterior parts
 “cuts off your face”
 Transverse, or cross, section – divides body (or
organ) into superior and inferior parts
 “cuts off your legs”

Body Cavities

The Thoracic Cavity
 The dashed lines indicate the borders of the mediastinum.
 The mediastinum is the anatomical region medial to the lungs
that extends from the sternum to the vertebral column and from
the first rib to the diaphragm.

Regions of the Abdominopelvic
Cavity

Quadrants of the Abdominopelvic
Cavity

End of Chapter 1
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Chapter 1 organization of the human body

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