The document summarizes key aspects of cell structure and function. It describes that cells have three main parts - the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus. The plasma membrane encloses the cell and regulates what enters and exits. The cytoplasm contains organelles that carry out metabolic functions, and the nucleus houses genetic material and controls cellular activities. Specific organelles like mitochondria, ribosomes, and the endoplasmic reticulum are discussed in detail. The mechanisms of passive transport like diffusion and osmosis, as well as active transport processes, are also summarized.
The cell is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known organisms. A cell is the smallest unit of life. Cells are often called the "building blocks of life". The study of cells is called cell biology, cellular biology, or cytology.
Cells and its components(Anatomy) Easy explanationSwatilekha Das
Cells and its components,discussion on cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus with pictures....
easy explanation of anatomy topic for 1 st year GNM & B.Sc nursing students...
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The cell is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known organisms. A cell is the smallest unit of life. Cells are often called the "building blocks of life". The study of cells is called cell biology, cellular biology, or cytology.
Cells and its components(Anatomy) Easy explanationSwatilekha Das
Cells and its components,discussion on cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus with pictures....
easy explanation of anatomy topic for 1 st year GNM & B.Sc nursing students...
Comment to get explanation on your required topics.....
please like and share and follow.....
Tissues- types and functions, glands and membranes bhartisharma175
it consist of tissues their types, glands and membranes. it also consist of colorful images which will help the students to identify and differentiate the different types of tissues from one another. different types of glands and membranes are also explained with the help of images.
human cell anatomy - "cell is a basic structural unit of life" -as all living organism are made up of cells knowing the unique functions of the cell, shape, anatomy , function of organelle, and types of human cell involved are the most important factors and to also understand about -how human cells can play a vital role in our daily life.
a quick visual understanding of what actually nervous tissue is made up of at cellular level its functions nerve cell types chemical synapse detailed structure of neuron
Skeletal system. anatomy and physiology of skeletal system. appendicular skel...mamtabisht10
SKELETAL SYSTEM
bones, cartilage and ligaments are tightly joined to form a strong, flexible framework called skeletal system
anatomy and physiology of axial and appendicular skeletal system
Axial Skeleton: The axial skeleton includes the skull, spine, ribs and sternum.
Appendicular Skeleton:
The appendicular skeleton includes the appendages of the body, which are the shoulders, arms, hips, and legs.
The muscular system is composed of specialized cells called muscle fibers. Their predominant function is contractibility. Muscles, attached to bones or internal organs and blood vessels, are responsible for movement. Nearly all movement in the body is the result of muscle contraction.
Cells are the basic, fundamental unit of life. So, if we were to break apart an organism to the cellular level, the smallest independent component that we would find would be the cell.
Tissues- types and functions, glands and membranes bhartisharma175
it consist of tissues their types, glands and membranes. it also consist of colorful images which will help the students to identify and differentiate the different types of tissues from one another. different types of glands and membranes are also explained with the help of images.
human cell anatomy - "cell is a basic structural unit of life" -as all living organism are made up of cells knowing the unique functions of the cell, shape, anatomy , function of organelle, and types of human cell involved are the most important factors and to also understand about -how human cells can play a vital role in our daily life.
a quick visual understanding of what actually nervous tissue is made up of at cellular level its functions nerve cell types chemical synapse detailed structure of neuron
Skeletal system. anatomy and physiology of skeletal system. appendicular skel...mamtabisht10
SKELETAL SYSTEM
bones, cartilage and ligaments are tightly joined to form a strong, flexible framework called skeletal system
anatomy and physiology of axial and appendicular skeletal system
Axial Skeleton: The axial skeleton includes the skull, spine, ribs and sternum.
Appendicular Skeleton:
The appendicular skeleton includes the appendages of the body, which are the shoulders, arms, hips, and legs.
The muscular system is composed of specialized cells called muscle fibers. Their predominant function is contractibility. Muscles, attached to bones or internal organs and blood vessels, are responsible for movement. Nearly all movement in the body is the result of muscle contraction.
Cells are the basic, fundamental unit of life. So, if we were to break apart an organism to the cellular level, the smallest independent component that we would find would be the cell.
Biology Class 11 Chapter 8
FOR FURTHER DETAILS YOU CAN WATCH THE RELATED VIDEO AT THE GIVEN LINK
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCxo06Nj-QWo_7SNvMyDnJCQ?view_as=subscriber
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
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Cell anatomy
1.
2. • Cells are the structural units of all living things.
All cells arise from existing cells by the process
of cell division, in which one cell divides into
two identical cells.
• The English scientist Robert Hooke first
observed plant cells with a crude microscope in
the late 1600s. Then, in the 1830s two German
scientists, Matthias Schleiden and Theodor
Schwann, proposed that all living things are
composed of cells.
4. PARTS OF A CELL
A human cell has three main parts:
• The plasma membrane: the outer
boundary of the cell.
• The cytoplasm: the intracellular fluid
packed with organelles, small structures
that perform specific cell functions.
• The nucleus: an organelle that controls
cellular activities. The nucleus lies near the
cell’s center.
5.
6. A. THE PLASMA MEMBRANE
• The plasma membrane defines the extent
of a cell, thereby separating two of the
body’s major fluid compartments the
intracellular fluid within cells and the
extracellular fluid (ECF) outside cells. The
plasma membrane encloses cell contents,
mediates exchanges with the extracellular
environment, and plays a role in cellular
communication.
7.
8. Structure
The Fluid Mosaic Model
• The fluid mosaic model of membrane
structure depicts the plasma membrane as
an exceedingly thin (7–10 nm) structure
composed of a double layer of lipid
molecules with protein molecules dispersed
in it.
• The proteins which float in the fluid lipid
bilayer, form a constantly changing mosaic
pattern.
9. The Glycocalyx
• Plasma membrane contains a carbohydrate
rich area at the cell surface called glycocalyx.
Cell junctions.
• An epithelial cell is shown joined to adjacent
cells by three common types of cell junctions.
10. 1. Tight Junctions: Impermeable junctions
prevent molecules from passing through the
intercellular space.
2. Desmosomes: Anchoring junctions bind
adjacent cells together like a molecular
“Velcro” and help form an internal tension
reducing network of fibers.
3. Gap junctions: Communicating junctions
allow ions and small molecules to pass for
intercellular communication
11.
12. B. THE CYTOPLASM
The cellular material between the plasma
membrane and the nucleus, is the site of most
cellular activities. It consists of three elements:
–The cytosol
–Organelles
–Inclusions.
13. 1. The cytosol: it is the viscous, semitransparent
fluid in which the other cytoplasmic elements
are suspended.
2. The organelles are the metabolic machinery
of the cell. Each type of organelle carries out a
specific function for the cell.
3. The inclusions are chemical substances that
may or may not be present, depending on cell
type.
15. Ribosomes
• Dense particles
consisting of two
subunits, each
composed of
ribosomal RNA and
protein. Free or
attached to rough
endoplasmic
reticulum.
• The sites of protein
synthesis.
16. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
• Membranous system
enclosing a cavity, the
cistern, and coiling
through the cytoplasm.
Externally studded with
ribosomes.
• Sugar groups are attached
to proteins within the
cisterns. Proteins are
bound in vesicles for
transport to the Golgi
apparatus and other sites.
• External face synthesizes
phospholipids.
17. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
• Membranous system
of sacs and tubules;
free of ribosomes.
• Site of lipid and steroid
(cholesterol)
synthesis, lipid
metabolism, and drug
detoxification.
18. Golgi apparatus
• A stack of flattened
membranes and
associated vesicles
close to the nucleus.
• Packages, modifies,
and segregates
proteins for secretion
from the cell, inclusion
in lysosomes, and
incorporation into the
plasma membrane.
19. Peroxisomes
• Membranous sacs of
catalase and oxidase
enzymes.
• The enzymes detoxify
a number of toxic
substances. The most
important enzyme,
catalase, breaks down
hydrogen peroxide.
21. Microtubules
• Cylindrical structures made of tubulin
proteins.
• Support the cell and give it shape. Involved
in intracellular and cellular movements.
Form centrioles and cilia and flagella, if
present.
22. Microfilaments
• Fine filaments composed of the protein
actin. Involved in muscle contraction and
other types of intracellular movement, help
form the cell’s cytoskeleton.
23. Intermediate filaments
• Protein fibers; composition varies. The
stable cytoskeletal elements; resist
mechanical forces acting on the cell.
24. Centrioles
• Paired cylindrical
bodies, each composed
of nine triplets of
microtubules.
• Organize a microtubule
network during mitosis
(cell division) to form
the spindle and asters.
Form the bases of cilia
and flagella.
25. Inclusions
• Inclusions includes stored nutrients such
as lipid droplets and glycogen granules,
protein crystals, pigment granules. Storage
for nutrients, wastes, and cell products.
27. 1. Cilia
• Short cell-surface
projections; each cilium
composed of nine pairs
of microtubules
surrounding a central
pair.
• Coordinated movement
creates a unidirectional
current that propels
substances across cell
surfaces.
28. 2. Flagellum
• Like a cilium, but
longer; only example
in humans is the
sperm tail. Propels the
cell.
29. 3. Microvilli
• Tubular extensions of
the plasma membrane;
contain a bundle of
actin filaments.
Increase surface area
for absorption.
30. C. NUCLEUS
• The nucleus is a spherical or oval-shaped
structure that usually is the most prominent
feature of a cell. Surrounded by the nuclear
envelope; contains fluid nucleoplasm,
nucleoli, and chromatin.
• Control center of the cell; responsible for
transmitting genetic information and
providing the instructions for protein
synthesis.
31.
32. Structure of the Nucleus
1. The nuclear envelope
2. Nucleoplasm
3. Chromatin
4. The nucleolus
33. Nuclear Envelope
• The nuclear envelope is a double-layered
membrane perforated with pores, which
control the flow of material going in and
out of the nucleus.
• The outer layer is connected to the
endoplasmic reticulum, communicating
with the cytoplasm of the cell. The
exchange of the large molecules (protein
and RNA) between the nucleus and
cytoplasm happens here.
34. Nucleoplasm
• A jelly-like (made mostly of water) matrix
within the nucleus
• All the other materials “float” inside
• Helps the nucleus keep its shape and
serves as the median for the
transportation of important molecules
within the nucleus
35. Chromatin
• Chromatin appears as a fine, unevenly
stained network, but special techniques
reveal it as a system of bumpy threads
weaving through the nucleoplasm.
– Chromatin is composed of approximately
– 30% DNA, our genetic material
– 60% globular histone proteins which package
and regulate the DNA
– 10% RNA chains, newly formed or forming
36. Chromosomes
• Chromosomes contain DNA in a condensed form
attached to a histone protein.
• Chromatin is comprised of DNA. There are two
types based on function.
– Heterochromatin: highly condensed,
transcriptionally inactive mostly located
adjacent to the nuclear membrane
– Eurochromatin: delicate, less condensed
organization of chromatin, located in a
transcribing cell
37. Functions
• The nucleus is often compared to the
“command center,” as it controls all
functions of the cell.
• It is important in regulating the actions
of the cells.
• It plays an important part in creating
the cell’s proteins.
• It is involved in important processes
dealing with DNA and other genetic
molecules.
38. DNA
• DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid, contains
the information needed for the creation
of proteins (which include enzymes and
hormones) and is stored in the nucleus,
as already said, in the form of chromatin
or chromosomes.
• The nucleus is the site of DNA
duplication, which is needed for cell
division (mitosis) and organism
reproduction and growth.
39.
40. RNA
• RNA are made fromthe DNA template:
1. Messenger RNA (mRNA) directs the synthesis
of a protein.
2. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) joins with ribosomal
proteins to make ribosomes.
3. Transfer RNA (tRNA) binds to an amino acid
and holds it in place on a ribosome until it is
incorporated into a protein during translation
41. Proteins and Cell Regulation
• The nucleus oversees cells’ functions and
regulatory mechanisms for keeping the cell
healthy and alive.
• The nucleus controls growth of the cell through
the synthesis of structural proteins, energy and
nutrient metabolism.
• The nucleus regulates the secretion of
ribosomes, which are made in the nucleolus
and are the sites of gene transcription.
42. Molecule Movement
• Passive Transport
• Active Transport
• Endocytosis
(phagocytosis & pinocytosis)
• Exocytosis
43. Passive Transport
• No energy required
• Move due to gradient
– differences in concentration, pressure, charge
• Move to equalize gradient
– High moves toward low
44. Types of Passive Transport
1. Diffusion
2. Osmosis
3. Facilitated diffusion
46. Osmosis
• Special form of diffusion
• Fluid flows from lower solute concentration
• Often involves movement of water
– Into cell
– Out of cell
47. Solution Differences
• Solvent + solute = solution
• Hypotonic
– Solutes in cell more than outside
– Outside solvent will flow into cell
• Isotonic
– Solutes equal inside & out of cell
• Hypertonic
– Solutes greater outside cell
– Fluid will flow out of cell
48.
49. Facilitated Diffusion
• Differentially permeable membrane
• Channels (are specific) help molecule or
ions enter or leave the cell
• Channels usually are transport proteins
(aquaporins facilitate the movement of
water)
• No energy is used
50. Process of Facilitated Transport
• Protein binds with molecule
• Shape of protein changes
• Molecule moves across membrane
52. Endocytosis
• Movement of large material
– Particles
– Organisms
– Large molecules
• Movement is into cells
• Types of endocytosis
– bulk-phase (nonspecific)
– receptor-mediated (specific)
53. Process of Endocytosis
• Plasma membrane surrounds material
• Edges of membrane meet
• Membranes fuse to form vesicle