Chapter 6 the skeletal system

Chapter 6:
The Skeletal System
© 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Skeletal System
 Functions of bone and the skeletal system
 Types of bones
 Bone formation
 Exercise and bone tissue
 Divisions of the skeletal system
 Skull and hyoid bone
 Vertebral column
 Thorax
 Pectoral (shoulder) girdle
 Upper limb
 Pelvic (hip) girdle
 Lower limb
 Comparison of female and male skeletons
 Aging and the skeletal system

Functions of Bone and the Skeletal
System
 Support
 Provides a structural framework for the body
 Protection
 Protects many internal organs from injury
 Assistance in movement
 Provides skeletal muscle attachments

Functions of Bone and the Skeletal
System
 Mineral homeostasis
 Bone tissue stores several minerals, especially
calcium and phosphorus
 Blood cell production
 Within certain bones a connective tissue called
red bone marrow produces red blood cells
 Triglyceride storage
 Yellow bone marrow consists mainly of adipose
cells, which store triglycerides

Types of Bones
 Long bones have greater length than width and consist of a shaft and a
variable number of ends. They are usually somewhat curved for strength.
Long bones include those in the thigh (femur), leg (tibia and fibula), arm
(humerus), forearm (ulna and radius), and fingers and toes (phalanges).
 Short bones are somewhat cube-shaped and nearly equal in length and
width. Examples of short bones include most wrist and ankle bones.
 Flat bones are generally thin, afford considerable protection, and provide
extensive surfaces for muscle attachment. Bones classified as flat bones
include the cranial bones, which protect the brain; the sternum (breastbone)
and ribs, which protect organs in the thorax; and the scapulae (shoulder
blades).
 Irregular bones have complex shapes and cannot be grouped into any of
the previous categories. Such bones include the vertebrae and some facial
bones.

Structure
of Bones

Anatomy Overview:
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• Bone Structure and Tissues

Animation:
• Bone Growth and Remodeling

Bone Formation

Animation:
• Bone Formation

Bone Formation – Fractures
 A fracture (FRAK-choor) is any break in a bone.
Types of fractures include the following:
 Partial: an incomplete break across the bone, such as
a crack.
 Complete: a complete break across the bone; that is,
the bone is broken into two or more pieces.
 Closed (simple): the fractured bone does not break
through the skin.
 Open (compound): the broken ends of the bone
protrude through the skin.

Bone Formation – Fractures
 Repair of a fracture involves several steps
 First, phagocytes begin to remove any dead bone
tissue
 Then, chondroblasts form fibrocartilage at the
fracture site that bridges the broken ends of the
bone
 Next, the fibrocartilage is converted to spongy
bone tissue by osteoblasts
 Finally, bone remodeling occurs, in which dead
portions of bone are absorbed by osteoclasts and
spongy bone is converted to compact bone

Bone Formation
 Bone’s role in calcium
homeostasis

Animation:
• Regulation of Bone Growth & Blood Calcium

Exercise and Bone Tissue
 Within limits, bone tissue has the ability to alter its
strength in response to mechanical stress
 When placed under stress, bone tissue becomes
stronger through increased deposition of mineral
salts and production of collagen fibers
 Without mechanical stress, bone does not
remodel normally because resorption outpaces
bone formation
 The absence of mechanical stress weakens bone
through decreased numbers of collagen fibers and
demineralization, loss of bone minerals

Exercise and Bone Tissue

Animation:
• Bone Dynamics and Tissue

Divisions of the Skeletal System

Divisions of
the Skeletal System

Anatomy Overview:
• The Skeletal System

Skull and Hyoid Bone

Vertebral
Column

Vertebral
Column
 Cervical
vertebrae

Thoracic Vertebrae

Lumbar Vertebrae

Sacrum and Coccyx

Vertebral Column
 Identify the vertebrae

Thorax

Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle

Upper
Limb

Pelvic (Hip) Girdle

Pelvic
(Hip)
Girdle

Lower Limb

Lower
Limb

Comparison of Female and Male
Skeletons

Aging and the Skeletal System

End of Chapter 6
Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights
reserved. Reproduction or translation of this work
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Chapter 6 the skeletal system

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