The document discusses the applications of colloids in everyday life. It explains that colloids are mixtures where one substance is dispersed evenly throughout another substance on a nano scale. Some key applications of colloids mentioned include using them in many foods like milk and bread, medicines that are more easily absorbed by the body, water purification by coagulation of impurities, sewage disposal by electrophoresis, and smoke precipitation using charged plates in a Cottrell precipitator. Colloids also play a role in processes like rubber production from latex, leather tanning, soap cleansing action, forming deltas where rivers meet oceans, and giving the sky its blue color.
Preparation and reaction of aldehyde and ketone, electromeric effect, aldol condensation, cannizarro reaction, perkin condensation, benzoin condensation, nucleophilic addition reaction and uses of aldehyde and ketone
Preparation and reaction of aldehyde and ketone, electromeric effect, aldol condensation, cannizarro reaction, perkin condensation, benzoin condensation, nucleophilic addition reaction and uses of aldehyde and ketone
content- Principle
Ilkovic equation
Construction and working of dropping mercury electrode and rotating platinum electrode
Applications
Polarography is a voltammetric technique in which chemical species (ions or molecules) undergo oxidation (lose electrons) or reduction (gain electrons) at the surface of a dropping mercury electrode (DME) at an applied potential. Polarography only applies to the DME.
Objective of polarography
Polarography is an electroanalytical technique that measures the current flowing between two electrodes in the solution (in the presence of gradually increasing applied voltage) to determine the concentration of solute and its nature respectively
Polarography is based upon the principle that gradually increasing voltage is applied between two electrodes, one of which is polarisable (dropping mercury electrode) and other is non-polarisable and current flowing between the two electrodes is recorded.
A sigmoid shape current-voltage curve is obtained from which half wave potential as well as diffusion current is calculated.
Diffusion current is used for determination of concentration of substance.
Half wave potential is characteristic of every element.
Ilkovic equation is a relation used in polarography relating the diffusion current (id) and the concentration of the non-polarisable electrode, i.e., the substance reduced or oxidised at the dropping mercury electrode (polarisable electrode).
Definitions of types of currents
1. Residual current (ir), 2. Migration current (im): , 3. Diffusion current (id) 4.Half wave potential 5. Limiting current (il)
Dropping mercury electrode- Dropping mercury electrode (DME) is a polarisable electrode and can act as both anode and cathode.
The pool of mercury acts as counter electrode,
i.e., anode if DME is cathode or
cathode if DME is anode.
The counter electrode is a non-polarisable electrode.
To the analyte solution, electrolyte like KCl is added i.e., 50-100 times of sample concentration.
Pure nitrogen or hydrogen gas is bubbled through the solution, to expel (remove) out oxygen.
Eg: If the analyte solution contains cadmium ions, then cadmium ions are discharged at cathode (-)
Cd2+ + 2e- → Cd
Then, gradually increasing voltage is applied to the polarographic cell and current is recorded.
Graph is plotted between voltage applied and current. This graph is called Polarograph and the apparatus is known as Polarogram.
The diffusion current produced is directly proportional to concentration of analyte and this is used in quantitative analysis.
The half wave potential is characteristic of every compound and this is used in qualitative analysis.
Graph is plotted between voltage applied and current. This graph is called Polarograph and the apparatus is known as Polarogram.
The diffusion current produced is directly proportional to concentration of analyte and this is used in quantitative analysis.
The half wave potential is characteristic of every compound
more chemistry contents are available
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4. Blogger: https://chemistry-academy.blogspot.com/
EDTA Titration
Classification of dispersed systems & their general characteristics, size & shapes of colloidal particles, classification of colloids & comparative account of their general properties. Optical, kinetic & electrical properties. Effect of electrolytes, coacervation, peptization& protective action.
Presentation on fractional distillation. Introduction to distillation, fractional distillation, its principle, working, applications, advantages and disadvantages.
Nernst distribution law and its application to association and dissociation of solute in one of the solvent. Processes of extraction, derivation of formula for the amount of solute left unextracted after nth extraction.
content- Principle
Ilkovic equation
Construction and working of dropping mercury electrode and rotating platinum electrode
Applications
Polarography is a voltammetric technique in which chemical species (ions or molecules) undergo oxidation (lose electrons) or reduction (gain electrons) at the surface of a dropping mercury electrode (DME) at an applied potential. Polarography only applies to the DME.
Objective of polarography
Polarography is an electroanalytical technique that measures the current flowing between two electrodes in the solution (in the presence of gradually increasing applied voltage) to determine the concentration of solute and its nature respectively
Polarography is based upon the principle that gradually increasing voltage is applied between two electrodes, one of which is polarisable (dropping mercury electrode) and other is non-polarisable and current flowing between the two electrodes is recorded.
A sigmoid shape current-voltage curve is obtained from which half wave potential as well as diffusion current is calculated.
Diffusion current is used for determination of concentration of substance.
Half wave potential is characteristic of every element.
Ilkovic equation is a relation used in polarography relating the diffusion current (id) and the concentration of the non-polarisable electrode, i.e., the substance reduced or oxidised at the dropping mercury electrode (polarisable electrode).
Definitions of types of currents
1. Residual current (ir), 2. Migration current (im): , 3. Diffusion current (id) 4.Half wave potential 5. Limiting current (il)
Dropping mercury electrode- Dropping mercury electrode (DME) is a polarisable electrode and can act as both anode and cathode.
The pool of mercury acts as counter electrode,
i.e., anode if DME is cathode or
cathode if DME is anode.
The counter electrode is a non-polarisable electrode.
To the analyte solution, electrolyte like KCl is added i.e., 50-100 times of sample concentration.
Pure nitrogen or hydrogen gas is bubbled through the solution, to expel (remove) out oxygen.
Eg: If the analyte solution contains cadmium ions, then cadmium ions are discharged at cathode (-)
Cd2+ + 2e- → Cd
Then, gradually increasing voltage is applied to the polarographic cell and current is recorded.
Graph is plotted between voltage applied and current. This graph is called Polarograph and the apparatus is known as Polarogram.
The diffusion current produced is directly proportional to concentration of analyte and this is used in quantitative analysis.
The half wave potential is characteristic of every compound and this is used in qualitative analysis.
Graph is plotted between voltage applied and current. This graph is called Polarograph and the apparatus is known as Polarogram.
The diffusion current produced is directly proportional to concentration of analyte and this is used in quantitative analysis.
The half wave potential is characteristic of every compound
more chemistry contents are available
1. pdf file on Termmate: https://www.termmate.com/rabia.aziz
2. YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKxWnNdskGHnZFS0h1QRTEA
3. Facebook: https://web.facebook.com/Chemist.Rabia.Aziz/
4. Blogger: https://chemistry-academy.blogspot.com/
EDTA Titration
Classification of dispersed systems & their general characteristics, size & shapes of colloidal particles, classification of colloids & comparative account of their general properties. Optical, kinetic & electrical properties. Effect of electrolytes, coacervation, peptization& protective action.
Presentation on fractional distillation. Introduction to distillation, fractional distillation, its principle, working, applications, advantages and disadvantages.
Nernst distribution law and its application to association and dissociation of solute in one of the solvent. Processes of extraction, derivation of formula for the amount of solute left unextracted after nth extraction.
This is part of IMK 209 - Physical Properties of Food, a second year level course in Food Technology, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia. Lecturer: Prof. Abd Karim Alias.
Colloids are experienced in our daily life. I have presented their applications and the chemistry behind that in this presentation. It will be really helpful for students. I have present this at my college Kanya Maha Vidyalaya, jalandhar for my assessment work.
Here almost full every topics interrelated with colloid chemistry has been discussed.The slides have been made showing question pattern taking Begum Rokeya University Chemistry Department previous year questions to appear the slides easy towards the viewers.Stay join with me.Thank you.
Soft matter or soft condensed matter is a subfield of condensed matter comprising a variety of physical systems that are deformed or structurally altered by thermal or mechanical stress of the magnitude of thermal fluctuations. They include liquids, colloids, polymers, foams, gels, granular materials, liquid crystals, and a number of biological materials. These materials share an important common feature in that predominant physical behaviors occur at an energy scale comparable with room temperature thermal energy. At these temperatures, quantum aspects are generally unimportant. Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, who has been called the "founding father of soft matter,"[1] received the Nobel Prize in physics in 1991 for discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to the more complex cases found in soft matter, in particular, to the behaviors of liquid crystals and polymers.[2]
Contents
1 Distinctive physics
2 Applications
3 Research
4 Related
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
A colloid is a mixture in which one substance consisting of microscopically dispersed insoluble particles is suspended throughout another substance. Some definitions specify that the particles must be dispersed in a liquid, while others extend the definition to include substances like aerosols and gels.
covering also physiological properties of colloids
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Colloids are crucial to both ordinary living and pharmacological formulations. the study of both big molecules
and intricately divided multiphase systems is known as colloidal science. the intersection of colloid and
surface science is the multi-phase system. a colloid is a mixture in which one material is suspended within
another substance and has insoluble particles scattered over a tiny scale. between genuine solutions and
suspensions, colloidal solutions or colloidal dispersions represent a middle ground. the dispersed phase of
colloids is distributed throughout the dispersion medium. in many facets of chemistry, colloidal chemistry
knowledge is necessary. this article provides information on what colloids are, their types, sizes, forms,
qualities, and uses.
Colloidal Dispersion, Its Types and Method of PreparationChitralekhaTherkar
Dispersion
Definition of Colloids
Shapes and Sizes of Colloids
Classification of Colloids
Properties of Colloids
1. Optical Properties.
2. Electrical Properties.
3. Kinetic Properties
Purification of Colloids
Method of Preparation of Colloids.
Physical Stability of Colloids.
Factors affecting Colloidal Dispersion.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
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2. Colloids
A colloid is one of the three primary types of mixtures, with the other two being a solution and
suspension. A colloid is a solution that has particles ranging between 1 and 1000 nanometres in
diameter yet are still able to remain evenly distributed throughout the solution. These are also
known as colloidal dispersions because the substances remain dispersed and do not settle to the
bottom of the container. In colloids, one substance is evenly dispersed in another. The substance
being dispersed is referred to as being in the dispersed phase, while the substance in which it is
dispersed is in the continuous phase.
Properties
In order to be classified as a colloid, the substance in the dispersed phase must be larger than the
size of a molecule but smaller than what can be seen with the naked eye. This can be more
precisely quantified as one or more of the substance's dimensions mus t be between 1 and 1000
nanometres. If the dimensions are smaller than this the substance is considered a solution and if
they are larger than the substance is a suspension.
Classification
A common method of classifying colloids is based on the phase of the dispersed substance and
what phase it is dispersed in. Following are the types of colloids.
Sol is a colloidal suspension with solid particles in a liquid.
Emulsion is between two liquids.
Foam is formed when many gas particles are trapped in a liquid or solid.
Aerosol contains small particles of liquid or solid dispersed in a gas.
Examples
Biological macromolecules and cells may be considered to be bio colloids and many foods are also
colloidal in nature .Colloids are also an important feature of the natural environment. These are
just a few of the many examples of colloids, both man-made and naturally occurring.
Aerosols: a. Man-made: Aerosol sprays, insectide spray, smog.
b. Natural: Fog, Clouds
Solid Aerosols: a. Natural: Smoke, Dust
Foam: a. Man-made: Shaving lather, whipped cream
Emulsions: a. Man-made: Mayonnaise, Cosmetic lotion, lubricants
b. Natural: Milk
Sols: a. Man-made: Paint, Ink, detergents, rubber
Solid foams: a. Man-made: Marshmallow, Styrofoam, insulation, cushioning.
Gels: a. Man-Made: Butter, Jelly
Solid sols: a. Man-made: Certain alloys.
b. Natural: Pearl, opal
3. Applications of Colloids
Colloids play a very important role in nature, in our daily life and in industry. Some of the
important applications of colloids are discussed below.
1. Food stuffs and medicines: Many of our food stuffs are colloidal in nature. Milk, butter,
whipped cream, fruit jellies; ice cream, bread etc. are all colloidal in nature. For example, milk is
an emulsion of butter fat in water, stabilized by milk protein (casein). Ice cream is a dispersion of
colloidal ice particles in cream. Similarly, bread consists of air dispersed in baked dough.
Colloidal medicines are more effective and are easily absorbed by the body system. Therefore a
large number of pharmaceutical preparations are emulsions. Halibut-liver oil, cod-liver oil, skin
ointments etc. are emulsions. Antibiotics such as penicillin, streptomycin etc. are usually injected in
the body in colloidal form, several metal sols are also used as medicines.
2. Purification of water: In water works, water is usually purified by the addition of certain
electrolytes such as potash alum, aluminium sulphate etc. This involves the phenomenon of
coagulation. The impure water usually contains dispersed colloidal particles which cannot be
removed by filtration. When potash alum is added to impure water, the negatively charged colloidal
particles of impurities get coagulated by the action of Al3+ ions furnished by the alum and can be
removed by filtration or decantation.
3. Sewage disposal: Sewage water contains particles of dirt, mud etc. which are colloidal in
nature and carry some electrical charge. These particles may be removed by using the
phenomenon of electrophoresis. The sewage water is passed through a tunnel fitted with metallic
electrodes and maintained at a high potential difference. The colloidal particles present in the
sewage water migrate to the oppositely charged electrodes and get coagulated. This solves the
problem of sewage disposal. Moreover, the rubbish matter obtained on account of the coagulation
of colloidal dirt particles may be used as manure.
4. Smoke precipitation: Smoke is colloidal system and consists of electrically charged colloidal
particles of carbon dispersed in air. As smoke is a big source of pollution. It is always desirable to
precipitate it, i.e., to remove colloidal carbon particles present in it. The removal of colloidal carbon
particles from smoke can be effected by using the phenomenon of electrophoresis. This is achieved
in an apparatus called Cottrell precipitator as shown in figure. Smoke is allowed to pass through a
chamber having a number of metal plates attached to a metal wire connected to a source of high
potential (20,000 to 70,000V). The electrically charged colloidal particles of carbon and dust get
discharged when come in contact with the oppositely charged plates and fall down to the bottom.
The clean hot air leaves the precipitator from an exit near the top.
4. Cottrell smoke precipitator
5. Artificial rain: Clouds are colloidal systems and consist of water vapour mixed with dust
particles. The water molecules present in a cloud develop some electrical charge. Therefore, clouds
can be made to rain by neutralizing the charge present on colloidal particles (water molecules).
This type of rain is called artificial rain and may be carried out by spraying oppositely charged
colloidal dust or sand particles over a cloud. This neutralizes the charge on water molecules and
compels them to get coagulated, i.e. to rain.
6. Rubber industry: Latex obtained from rubber trees is an emulsion consisting of a dispersion
of negatively charged rubber particles in water. In order to obtain rubber from latex, the latter is
boiled when rubber particles get coagulated. The coagulated mass is vulcanized and sold as
natural rubber.
Rubber-plated articles can be prepared directly from latex by electrically depositing the negatively
charged rubber particles over the article to be rubber-plated by making the article an anode in the
rubber-plating bath.
7. Leather tanning: During the tanning of leather, the positively charged colloidal particles of
raw skin and hides are coagulated by the negatively charged tanning materials which include
tannin and compounds of aluminium and chromium. On soaking hides in the solutions of tanning
materials, the coagulation of negatively charged tanning materials takes place in the pores of
hides and the latter get hardened.
8. Cleansing action of soaps: Soaps solution is colloidal in nature and removes dirt and oil
from clothes by forming water soluble emulsion as explained earlier.
5. 9. Smoke screen: In chemical warfare, smoke screens are generally used to hide the
movement of troops. Smoke screens are the colloidal dispersions of very fine particles of titanium
oxide in air.
10. Formation of delta: When a river falls into the sea, extensive deposits of sand and clay
are formed at the mouth of the river in the sea. Such deposits are called delta. The river water
contains colloidal particles of sand and clay which carry negative charge. The sea water contains a
number of positive ions such as Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+ ion etc. When the river water comes in contact
with sea water, the negative charge present on colloidal sand and clay particles get neutralized by
the positively charged ions (present in sea water) and they get coagulated. The coagulated sand
and clay particles settle down and take the shape of delta in due course of time.
Formation of delta
11. Blue colour of the sky: The sky is the empty space around earth and as such has no
colour. It appears blue due to the scattering of light by the colloidal dust particles present in air
(Tyndall effect).
12. Preparation of Nano-materials: Nano-materials which are used as catalyst are
prepared by using reverse micelles.
13. Building roads: Now a day, roads are built asphalt emulsified in water. This technique does
not require the necessity of melting the asphalt.
14. Metallurgical operations: Several metal ores are concentrated by froth floatation process.
This process involves the treatment of the pulverized ore in emulsion of pine oil.