Soft matter or soft condensed matter is a subfield of condensed matter comprising a variety of physical systems that are deformed or structurally altered by thermal or mechanical stress of the magnitude of thermal fluctuations. They include liquids, colloids, polymers, foams, gels, granular materials, liquid crystals, and a number of biological materials. These materials share an important common feature in that predominant physical behaviors occur at an energy scale comparable with room temperature thermal energy. At these temperatures, quantum aspects are generally unimportant. Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, who has been called the "founding father of soft matter,"[1] received the Nobel Prize in physics in 1991 for discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to the more complex cases found in soft matter, in particular, to the behaviors of liquid crystals and polymers.[2]
Contents
1 Distinctive physics
2 Applications
3 Research
4 Related
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
The document discusses polymers and their uses in everyday life. It provides information on different types of polymers like polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(vinyl chloride) and discusses their structures, properties and applications. The document also discusses the synthesis and uses of important polymers.
This document discusses polymer nanocomposites, which combine a polymer matrix with nanoscale inorganic fillers. Polymer nanocomposites can overcome limitations of conventional composites and monolithic polymers by exhibiting improved mechanical, thermal, and optical properties due to the high surface area of nanoparticles. Properties of nanocomposites depend on the matrix polymer, nanoparticle fillers, and their dispersion within the polymer. Potential applications of nanocomposites include use in automobiles, electronics, packaging, and military equipment by exploiting their enhanced strength, thermal and chemical resistance.
Nanoimprint Lithography head points:
Approaches: thermal and UV NIL
Properties of NIL
Overview. of NIL
Thermal NIL resists.
Residual layer after NIL.
NIL for large features (more difficult than small one).
Room temperature NIL, reverse NIL, inking.
NIL of bulk resist (polymer sheet, pellets).
https://www.linkedin.com/in/preeti-choudhary-266414182/
https://www.instagram.com/chaudharypreeti1997/
https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100013419194533
https://twitter.com/preetic27018281
Please like, share, comment and follow.
stay connected
If any query then contact:
chaudharypreeti1997@gmail.com
Thanking-You
Preeti Choudhary
Polysciences utilizes high-purity monomers and polymers to enhance many characteristics of everyday life. This chemical properties are one of the core products produces at Polysciences.
This document discusses polymers and their viscoelastic properties. It begins with definitions of monomers, oligomers, and polymers. It then covers various classifications of polymers based on origin, monomer composition, chain structure, polymerization type, and applications. Fabrication methods like compression molding and injection molding are also presented. The document discusses characterization techniques including SEM, DSC, and tensile testing. Mechanical behavior concepts like stress relaxation and creep are introduced. Models for viscoelasticity such as the Maxwell and Kelvin-Voigt models are covered. The document ends with the latest research on self-healing polymers and conductive polymers.
This document discusses the conducting polymer polyaniline. It provides an outline that covers an introduction to polymers, types of polymers, conducting polymers such as polyaniline, synthesis of polyaniline, properties of polyaniline nanowires, and applications. Polyaniline nanowires are a type of one-dimensional conducting polymer nanowire that can be used as an active layer in chemical sensors. They can be synthesized via chemical or electrochemical polymerization of aniline monomers. Potential applications of polyaniline nanowires and conducting polymers include uses in transistors, LEDs, solar cells, displays, and electromagnetic shielding.
A composite is a material made from two or more constituent materials with distinct properties. Nanocomposites contain one phase with nanoscale features like nanoparticles, nanotubes, or lamellar structures. Good interaction between the nanoparticles and matrix and good dispersion of particles in the matrix improve composite properties. Nanocomposites can be classified based on dimensionality of the nanomaterial or synthesis method and have applications like flame retardancy, high mechanical properties, and gas barrier performance. They are characterized using techniques like TEM, SEM, AFM, and XRD. Polymer/clay nanocomposites are an important type where clay layers exfoliate or intercalate in the polymer matrix.
The document discusses polymers and their uses in everyday life. It provides information on different types of polymers like polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(vinyl chloride) and discusses their structures, properties and applications. The document also discusses the synthesis and uses of important polymers.
This document discusses polymer nanocomposites, which combine a polymer matrix with nanoscale inorganic fillers. Polymer nanocomposites can overcome limitations of conventional composites and monolithic polymers by exhibiting improved mechanical, thermal, and optical properties due to the high surface area of nanoparticles. Properties of nanocomposites depend on the matrix polymer, nanoparticle fillers, and their dispersion within the polymer. Potential applications of nanocomposites include use in automobiles, electronics, packaging, and military equipment by exploiting their enhanced strength, thermal and chemical resistance.
Nanoimprint Lithography head points:
Approaches: thermal and UV NIL
Properties of NIL
Overview. of NIL
Thermal NIL resists.
Residual layer after NIL.
NIL for large features (more difficult than small one).
Room temperature NIL, reverse NIL, inking.
NIL of bulk resist (polymer sheet, pellets).
https://www.linkedin.com/in/preeti-choudhary-266414182/
https://www.instagram.com/chaudharypreeti1997/
https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100013419194533
https://twitter.com/preetic27018281
Please like, share, comment and follow.
stay connected
If any query then contact:
chaudharypreeti1997@gmail.com
Thanking-You
Preeti Choudhary
Polysciences utilizes high-purity monomers and polymers to enhance many characteristics of everyday life. This chemical properties are one of the core products produces at Polysciences.
This document discusses polymers and their viscoelastic properties. It begins with definitions of monomers, oligomers, and polymers. It then covers various classifications of polymers based on origin, monomer composition, chain structure, polymerization type, and applications. Fabrication methods like compression molding and injection molding are also presented. The document discusses characterization techniques including SEM, DSC, and tensile testing. Mechanical behavior concepts like stress relaxation and creep are introduced. Models for viscoelasticity such as the Maxwell and Kelvin-Voigt models are covered. The document ends with the latest research on self-healing polymers and conductive polymers.
This document discusses the conducting polymer polyaniline. It provides an outline that covers an introduction to polymers, types of polymers, conducting polymers such as polyaniline, synthesis of polyaniline, properties of polyaniline nanowires, and applications. Polyaniline nanowires are a type of one-dimensional conducting polymer nanowire that can be used as an active layer in chemical sensors. They can be synthesized via chemical or electrochemical polymerization of aniline monomers. Potential applications of polyaniline nanowires and conducting polymers include uses in transistors, LEDs, solar cells, displays, and electromagnetic shielding.
A composite is a material made from two or more constituent materials with distinct properties. Nanocomposites contain one phase with nanoscale features like nanoparticles, nanotubes, or lamellar structures. Good interaction between the nanoparticles and matrix and good dispersion of particles in the matrix improve composite properties. Nanocomposites can be classified based on dimensionality of the nanomaterial or synthesis method and have applications like flame retardancy, high mechanical properties, and gas barrier performance. They are characterized using techniques like TEM, SEM, AFM, and XRD. Polymer/clay nanocomposites are an important type where clay layers exfoliate or intercalate in the polymer matrix.
Polymers are macromolecules built up by linking together small monomer molecules. There are two types of polymerization mechanisms: step-growth and chain-growth. Step-growth involves monomers and polymers reacting with each other, while chain-growth only involves monomers reacting with active centers on growing polymer chains. Polymers can also be classified based on their structure as linear, branched, or cross-linked, and whether they are thermoplastic or thermoset. Nomenclature of polymers involves naming them based on the monomer source, such as polyethylene from the monomer ethylene.
This document discusses polymeric materials used in organic solar cells. It explains that organic solar cells use organic polymers and small molecules to absorb light and transport charges. Common donor polymers mentioned include phthalocyanine and poly(3-hexylthiophene), while acceptor examples provided are perylene, perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic dianhydride, phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester, and buckminsterfullerene. The document outlines the charge transfer process in organic solar cells and advantages of using polymeric materials, such as low cost and flexibility. Hazards and properties are also noted for some mentioned materials.
This document provides an introduction to polymer composites. It defines composites as materials made of two or more chemically and physically distinct phases separated by a distinct interface. Composites combine materials to achieve properties not attainable by the individual components alone. The matrix phase holds the dispersed reinforcing phase and shares the applied load. Polymer composites offer advantages like high strength and stiffness, as well as good impact and corrosion resistance. Properties depend on factors like interfacial adhesion between phases, shape and orientation of the dispersed phase, matrix properties, and size and concentration of the dispersed phase. Processing methods for polymer composites include hand lay-up, injection molding, and pultrusion. Dental composites contain resin
Conducting polymers can conduct electricity when carbon atoms in the polymer backbone are linked by double bonds. Common conducting polymers include polyacetylene, polyaniline, and polythiophene. They are prepared through various synthesis methods and their conductivity is affected by factors like mobility, doping, and temperature. Potential applications of conducting polymers include corrosion protection, solar cells, medical uses, and more. While doped polymers are conductors, conjugate polymers are semiconductors. Conducting polymers offer opportunities to replace metals in various devices due to properties like mechanical flexibility and low cost.
This document provides an overview of polymers, including their structure, properties, synthesis and applications. It defines polymers as large molecules composed of repeating monomer units. The two main types of polymerization are addition and step-growth. Addition polymers grow by sequential monomer addition while step-growth requires monomers to react and form oligomers before resulting in high molecular weight polymers. Common polymers include polyolefins like polyethylene and polypropylene as well as nylons, polyesters and natural polymers. The polymer microstructure, such as being atactic, isotactic or syndiotactic, influences properties like crystallinity and melting points.
The presentation gives a brief idea about polymers,its definition,types of polymers,common examples of polymers,polymerization and its types,polymer processing and applications of polymers.
Polymer refers to large molecules made of repeating structural units called monomers. Naturally occurring polymers include proteins, cellulose, and starch, while synthetic polymers like nylon and polyester are widely used in engineering applications. Polymers can be classified based on their origin, monomer composition, chain structure, thermal behavior, and application. Common physical properties of polymers include their glass transition temperature, crystalline structure, and responses to heat. Examples of important polymers discussed in the document include polyethylene, which exists in various densities, and polypropylene.
This document discusses composite materials for chromatographic column separations. It describes how composite materials made of organic and inorganic components can overcome limitations of conventional ion exchange resins by exhibiting improved mechanical strength, thermal and chemical stability, ion exchange capacity, and ability to be synthesized in granular form for column operations. Nanocomposites in particular are highlighted as having unusual property combinations and potential applications in areas like drug delivery, corrosion protection, and the automotive and electronics industries. The document outlines several applications of nanocomposites and their potential to enhance sensor performance and open new application horizons.
This document discusses the fundamentals of rheology and how rheological tests can help with polymer processing and development. It describes different types of rheometers including capillary, rotational, and extensional rheometers. Capillary rheology provides information about how materials behave when melted and correlates flow parameters to mechanical properties. Capillary rheology can determine optimal processing parameters and investigate issues. The document also discusses how rheological properties relate to molecular weight and processing techniques like extrusion, injection molding, and blow molding that can be simulated using a capillary rheometer.
The document discusses various methods for mixing ingredients into rubber products, including latex stage mixing and melt mixing. Latex stage mixing offers advantages over traditional mixing methods by being simpler, using less energy, and avoiding health and environmental issues. The document also discusses factors that influence the dispersion of clays when mixing into rubber latex and provides examples of using different mixing methods to incorporate materials like carbon nanotubes and clays into polymer matrices.
Synthesis and properties of PolyanilineAwad Albalwi
This document summarizes the synthesis and properties of polyaniline. Polyaniline was prepared through chemical and electrochemical polymerization in acidic medium. Different solvents, including DMF and m-cresol, were compared for their effect on polyaniline's conductivity. UV-vis spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry were used to analyze the polymer films. The conductivity of polyaniline was influenced by acidity and the electronic structure of different solvents, which impacts the polymer chain conformation. Polyaniline in m-cresol had higher conductivity than in DMF due to stronger interactions between adjacent polarons.
This document discusses smart materials, which are materials that can significantly change one or more properties in response to external stimuli like stress, temperature, electric or magnetic fields in a controlled way. It classifies different types of smart materials like piezoelectric, shape memory alloys, thermochromic and discusses their input-output behavior and applications. Some key smart materials discussed are piezoelectric quartz, shape memory alloys used in aircraft and orthopedics, thermochromic inks and papers, photochromic lenses and electrochromic smart glass. The document concludes that smart materials react to their environment and can reversibly change properties, offering properties tunable at different scales with wide applications.
This document discusses conducting polymers, which are polymers that conduct electricity. There are two types of conducting polymers: intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic conducting polymers have conjugated double bonds in their backbone that allow for electron delocalization, while extrinsic polymers contain added conductive elements. Intrinsically, polymers can conduct due to thermal or light activation of electrons to overcome an energy gap (e.g. polyacetylene). Conductivity can also be increased through doping, which introduces positive or negative charges through oxidation or reduction of the polymer backbone. Conducting polymers have applications in rechargeable batteries, sensors, electronic devices, solar cells, and more.
This document provides an overview of organic solar cells. It discusses that organic solar cells are more economical and flexible than traditional silicon solar cells. The structure of organic solar cells is described, including the light-absorbing donor polymer layer, the electron-acceptor fullerene layer, and electrodes. Applications mentioned include phone chargers, small electronics, and building-integrated photovoltaics. Manufacturing of organic solar cells has lower costs than silicon cells due to using thinner films of molecules. While organic solar cells have disadvantages like lower efficiency and shorter lifetimes than silicon, they provide benefits such as flexibility, low weight, and reduced environmental impact.
Nanotechnology involves adding small amounts (<10%) of nano-scale clay particles to plastics to dramatically improve their performance properties without increasing density or reducing light transmission. Nanoclay was first developed in the 1980s at Toyota and can strengthen, lighten, and make plastics less expensive and more versatile. Nanofillers have long been used in plastics to improve mechanical and physical properties by filling space, disrupting polymer structure, and immobilizing or orienting polymer groups. Polymer nanocomposites enhance mechanical and barrier properties with only minimal increases in density.
The document discusses polymers and their characteristics. It defines polymers as large molecules composed of repeating structural units called monomers. There are two main types of polymerization - addition polymerization and condensation polymerization. Addition polymerization involves monomers adding together in chains, while condensation polymerization involves monomers condensing together with a byproduct. Polymers can be natural or synthetic, organic or inorganic, and used for various applications like plastics, fibers, and adhesives depending on their structure and properties.
This seminar presentation discusses nanopolymers, which are nanostructured polymers with modified intrinsic properties due to their small size. Nanopolymers can be prepared through methods like vapor condensation, vacuum evaporation on running liquids, and electrospinning. Electrospinning uses electrical forces to produce ultra-fine polymer fibers with diameters as small as 5nm. Nanopolymers find applications in areas like catalysis, sensors, drug delivery and more. However, properties change with size and bonding, and toxicity is a limitation.
Emulsion polymerization is a process where droplets of monomer are emulsified in water using surfactants. Common ingredients include 100 parts monomer, 180 parts water, 2-5 parts acid soap, and 0.1-0.5 parts water-soluble initiator. During the process, monomers inside micelles decrease as the growing polymer particle absorbs them. Unreacted monomers diffuse to other micelles and particles to continue the reaction. Polymers produced via emulsion polymerization include synthetic rubbers like styrene-butadiene rubber and plastics like polyvinyl chloride and polystyrene.
This document discusses applications of advanced ceramics. It begins by defining ceramics as inorganic crystalline materials composed of metals and non-metals. Ceramics can be crystalline or non-crystalline. Glass-ceramics share properties of both glasses and ceramics, having advantages of glass fabrication and special ceramic properties. Advanced ceramics have superior properties to traditional ceramics like mechanical strength, corrosion and heat resistance, making them suitable for automotive, electronics, medical, energy and aerospace applications where these properties are important. Examples discussed include heat-resistant engine parts, dental implants, water treatment components, and rocket nozzles.
The document provides a history of polymer development from 1833 to the present. It notes key events and discoveries such as:
- 1833 - Coining of the term "polymer" by Berzelius
- 1920 - Staudinger proposes the macromolecular theory of polymers
- 1930s - Development of plastics as an industry with the discovery of polymers like polyethylene, nylon, and polystyrene
- 1940s - Polymers play a key role in World War 2 and postwar applications emerge in textiles, toys, packaging
- 1950s - Synthetic fibers and plastics enter widespread domestic and commercial use
- 1960s/70s - Innovation in polymer color, design, and
Colloids are essential to life and are found in cells, blood, and body fluids. Colloidal science enhances understanding of colloids and their applications to human health. Colloids can be manufactured using grinding, wave action, liquid dispersion, chemical processes, or electrically, with electrical methods producing the best results. Properly prepared colloids do not require stabilizers and can remain suspended indefinitely, making them useful for health applications like nutrient delivery and tissue regeneration.
This document provides an overview of plant physiology and colloidal solutions. It discusses several key topics:
- Colloidal solutions exist as a colloidal state between true solutions and coarse dispersions due to particle sizes between 0.001 and 0.2 micrometers.
- Preparation methods for colloids include condensation and partitioning. Properties include Brownian movement, the Tyndall effect, osmosis pressure, filtration, adsorption, and electrical charges.
- Colloids can be used in agricultural applications such as the formation of deltas at river mouths and improving soil drainage and aeration through adding limestone or gypsum.
Polymers are macromolecules built up by linking together small monomer molecules. There are two types of polymerization mechanisms: step-growth and chain-growth. Step-growth involves monomers and polymers reacting with each other, while chain-growth only involves monomers reacting with active centers on growing polymer chains. Polymers can also be classified based on their structure as linear, branched, or cross-linked, and whether they are thermoplastic or thermoset. Nomenclature of polymers involves naming them based on the monomer source, such as polyethylene from the monomer ethylene.
This document discusses polymeric materials used in organic solar cells. It explains that organic solar cells use organic polymers and small molecules to absorb light and transport charges. Common donor polymers mentioned include phthalocyanine and poly(3-hexylthiophene), while acceptor examples provided are perylene, perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic dianhydride, phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester, and buckminsterfullerene. The document outlines the charge transfer process in organic solar cells and advantages of using polymeric materials, such as low cost and flexibility. Hazards and properties are also noted for some mentioned materials.
This document provides an introduction to polymer composites. It defines composites as materials made of two or more chemically and physically distinct phases separated by a distinct interface. Composites combine materials to achieve properties not attainable by the individual components alone. The matrix phase holds the dispersed reinforcing phase and shares the applied load. Polymer composites offer advantages like high strength and stiffness, as well as good impact and corrosion resistance. Properties depend on factors like interfacial adhesion between phases, shape and orientation of the dispersed phase, matrix properties, and size and concentration of the dispersed phase. Processing methods for polymer composites include hand lay-up, injection molding, and pultrusion. Dental composites contain resin
Conducting polymers can conduct electricity when carbon atoms in the polymer backbone are linked by double bonds. Common conducting polymers include polyacetylene, polyaniline, and polythiophene. They are prepared through various synthesis methods and their conductivity is affected by factors like mobility, doping, and temperature. Potential applications of conducting polymers include corrosion protection, solar cells, medical uses, and more. While doped polymers are conductors, conjugate polymers are semiconductors. Conducting polymers offer opportunities to replace metals in various devices due to properties like mechanical flexibility and low cost.
This document provides an overview of polymers, including their structure, properties, synthesis and applications. It defines polymers as large molecules composed of repeating monomer units. The two main types of polymerization are addition and step-growth. Addition polymers grow by sequential monomer addition while step-growth requires monomers to react and form oligomers before resulting in high molecular weight polymers. Common polymers include polyolefins like polyethylene and polypropylene as well as nylons, polyesters and natural polymers. The polymer microstructure, such as being atactic, isotactic or syndiotactic, influences properties like crystallinity and melting points.
The presentation gives a brief idea about polymers,its definition,types of polymers,common examples of polymers,polymerization and its types,polymer processing and applications of polymers.
Polymer refers to large molecules made of repeating structural units called monomers. Naturally occurring polymers include proteins, cellulose, and starch, while synthetic polymers like nylon and polyester are widely used in engineering applications. Polymers can be classified based on their origin, monomer composition, chain structure, thermal behavior, and application. Common physical properties of polymers include their glass transition temperature, crystalline structure, and responses to heat. Examples of important polymers discussed in the document include polyethylene, which exists in various densities, and polypropylene.
This document discusses composite materials for chromatographic column separations. It describes how composite materials made of organic and inorganic components can overcome limitations of conventional ion exchange resins by exhibiting improved mechanical strength, thermal and chemical stability, ion exchange capacity, and ability to be synthesized in granular form for column operations. Nanocomposites in particular are highlighted as having unusual property combinations and potential applications in areas like drug delivery, corrosion protection, and the automotive and electronics industries. The document outlines several applications of nanocomposites and their potential to enhance sensor performance and open new application horizons.
This document discusses the fundamentals of rheology and how rheological tests can help with polymer processing and development. It describes different types of rheometers including capillary, rotational, and extensional rheometers. Capillary rheology provides information about how materials behave when melted and correlates flow parameters to mechanical properties. Capillary rheology can determine optimal processing parameters and investigate issues. The document also discusses how rheological properties relate to molecular weight and processing techniques like extrusion, injection molding, and blow molding that can be simulated using a capillary rheometer.
The document discusses various methods for mixing ingredients into rubber products, including latex stage mixing and melt mixing. Latex stage mixing offers advantages over traditional mixing methods by being simpler, using less energy, and avoiding health and environmental issues. The document also discusses factors that influence the dispersion of clays when mixing into rubber latex and provides examples of using different mixing methods to incorporate materials like carbon nanotubes and clays into polymer matrices.
Synthesis and properties of PolyanilineAwad Albalwi
This document summarizes the synthesis and properties of polyaniline. Polyaniline was prepared through chemical and electrochemical polymerization in acidic medium. Different solvents, including DMF and m-cresol, were compared for their effect on polyaniline's conductivity. UV-vis spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry were used to analyze the polymer films. The conductivity of polyaniline was influenced by acidity and the electronic structure of different solvents, which impacts the polymer chain conformation. Polyaniline in m-cresol had higher conductivity than in DMF due to stronger interactions between adjacent polarons.
This document discusses smart materials, which are materials that can significantly change one or more properties in response to external stimuli like stress, temperature, electric or magnetic fields in a controlled way. It classifies different types of smart materials like piezoelectric, shape memory alloys, thermochromic and discusses their input-output behavior and applications. Some key smart materials discussed are piezoelectric quartz, shape memory alloys used in aircraft and orthopedics, thermochromic inks and papers, photochromic lenses and electrochromic smart glass. The document concludes that smart materials react to their environment and can reversibly change properties, offering properties tunable at different scales with wide applications.
This document discusses conducting polymers, which are polymers that conduct electricity. There are two types of conducting polymers: intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic conducting polymers have conjugated double bonds in their backbone that allow for electron delocalization, while extrinsic polymers contain added conductive elements. Intrinsically, polymers can conduct due to thermal or light activation of electrons to overcome an energy gap (e.g. polyacetylene). Conductivity can also be increased through doping, which introduces positive or negative charges through oxidation or reduction of the polymer backbone. Conducting polymers have applications in rechargeable batteries, sensors, electronic devices, solar cells, and more.
This document provides an overview of organic solar cells. It discusses that organic solar cells are more economical and flexible than traditional silicon solar cells. The structure of organic solar cells is described, including the light-absorbing donor polymer layer, the electron-acceptor fullerene layer, and electrodes. Applications mentioned include phone chargers, small electronics, and building-integrated photovoltaics. Manufacturing of organic solar cells has lower costs than silicon cells due to using thinner films of molecules. While organic solar cells have disadvantages like lower efficiency and shorter lifetimes than silicon, they provide benefits such as flexibility, low weight, and reduced environmental impact.
Nanotechnology involves adding small amounts (<10%) of nano-scale clay particles to plastics to dramatically improve their performance properties without increasing density or reducing light transmission. Nanoclay was first developed in the 1980s at Toyota and can strengthen, lighten, and make plastics less expensive and more versatile. Nanofillers have long been used in plastics to improve mechanical and physical properties by filling space, disrupting polymer structure, and immobilizing or orienting polymer groups. Polymer nanocomposites enhance mechanical and barrier properties with only minimal increases in density.
The document discusses polymers and their characteristics. It defines polymers as large molecules composed of repeating structural units called monomers. There are two main types of polymerization - addition polymerization and condensation polymerization. Addition polymerization involves monomers adding together in chains, while condensation polymerization involves monomers condensing together with a byproduct. Polymers can be natural or synthetic, organic or inorganic, and used for various applications like plastics, fibers, and adhesives depending on their structure and properties.
This seminar presentation discusses nanopolymers, which are nanostructured polymers with modified intrinsic properties due to their small size. Nanopolymers can be prepared through methods like vapor condensation, vacuum evaporation on running liquids, and electrospinning. Electrospinning uses electrical forces to produce ultra-fine polymer fibers with diameters as small as 5nm. Nanopolymers find applications in areas like catalysis, sensors, drug delivery and more. However, properties change with size and bonding, and toxicity is a limitation.
Emulsion polymerization is a process where droplets of monomer are emulsified in water using surfactants. Common ingredients include 100 parts monomer, 180 parts water, 2-5 parts acid soap, and 0.1-0.5 parts water-soluble initiator. During the process, monomers inside micelles decrease as the growing polymer particle absorbs them. Unreacted monomers diffuse to other micelles and particles to continue the reaction. Polymers produced via emulsion polymerization include synthetic rubbers like styrene-butadiene rubber and plastics like polyvinyl chloride and polystyrene.
This document discusses applications of advanced ceramics. It begins by defining ceramics as inorganic crystalline materials composed of metals and non-metals. Ceramics can be crystalline or non-crystalline. Glass-ceramics share properties of both glasses and ceramics, having advantages of glass fabrication and special ceramic properties. Advanced ceramics have superior properties to traditional ceramics like mechanical strength, corrosion and heat resistance, making them suitable for automotive, electronics, medical, energy and aerospace applications where these properties are important. Examples discussed include heat-resistant engine parts, dental implants, water treatment components, and rocket nozzles.
The document provides a history of polymer development from 1833 to the present. It notes key events and discoveries such as:
- 1833 - Coining of the term "polymer" by Berzelius
- 1920 - Staudinger proposes the macromolecular theory of polymers
- 1930s - Development of plastics as an industry with the discovery of polymers like polyethylene, nylon, and polystyrene
- 1940s - Polymers play a key role in World War 2 and postwar applications emerge in textiles, toys, packaging
- 1950s - Synthetic fibers and plastics enter widespread domestic and commercial use
- 1960s/70s - Innovation in polymer color, design, and
Colloids are essential to life and are found in cells, blood, and body fluids. Colloidal science enhances understanding of colloids and their applications to human health. Colloids can be manufactured using grinding, wave action, liquid dispersion, chemical processes, or electrically, with electrical methods producing the best results. Properly prepared colloids do not require stabilizers and can remain suspended indefinitely, making them useful for health applications like nutrient delivery and tissue regeneration.
This document provides an overview of plant physiology and colloidal solutions. It discusses several key topics:
- Colloidal solutions exist as a colloidal state between true solutions and coarse dispersions due to particle sizes between 0.001 and 0.2 micrometers.
- Preparation methods for colloids include condensation and partitioning. Properties include Brownian movement, the Tyndall effect, osmosis pressure, filtration, adsorption, and electrical charges.
- Colloids can be used in agricultural applications such as the formation of deltas at river mouths and improving soil drainage and aeration through adding limestone or gypsum.
This document provides information about colloidal dispersions. It defines a colloid as a substance microscopically dispersed throughout another substance, with particle sizes between 1-1000nm. Colloids can be classified based on their physical state, nature of interactions, size, appearance, or electric charge. Key properties of colloids include Brownian motion, diffusion, sedimentation, viscosity, light scattering, and electrical behaviors like electrophoresis and electrosmosis. Colloids find applications in areas like therapy, absorption, solubility, stability, and drug targeting.
This document discusses colloidal dispersions and their characteristics. It begins by defining colloidal dispersions as polyphasic systems where at least one dimension of the dispersed phase measures between 1 nm and 1 micrometer. It then discusses various types of colloidal dispersions including lyophilic, lyophobic, and association colloids. The document also covers characteristics of the dispersed phase such as particle size, shape, surface area, and surface charge. It discusses techniques for studying colloidal dispersions such as optical properties, kinetic properties, electrical properties, and more. In summary, the document provides an overview of colloidal dispersion systems and methods used to analyze their properties.
This document defines and classifies colloids. Colloids have particle sizes between 1-1000 nm, which are larger than true solutions and smaller than suspensions. Colloids are classified based on the physical state of the dispersed and dispersion medium (solid-liquid, liquid-liquid, etc.), interaction between the phases (lyophobic or lyophilic), and particle type (multimolecular, macromolecular, associated). Common colloids include emulsions, gels, sols, and foams. Properties include the Tyndall effect, Brownian motion, and coagulation with electrolytes. Colloids find applications in products like rubber, soaps, and medicines.
All matter can undergo physical and chemical changes. A physical change alters the appearance but not the chemical composition, such as water freezing. A chemical change forms new substances with different properties, like reactions with acids or bases. Substances have characteristic intensive properties that identify them and extensive properties that depend on amount.
A colloid solution is a heterogeneous mixture whose dispersed particles are larger than molecules but smaller than what can be seen with the naked eye, ranging from 1-1000 nm. Colloids exhibit unique optical properties like the Tyndall effect where a beam of light is scattered when passing through the colloidal solution. Colloids can be classified as hydrophilic or hydrophobic depending on whether the particles are attracted to or repelled by water. Common examples are emulsions like milk or gels.
Colloids are mixtures where one substance is microscopically dispersed throughout another. They consist of two phases - a dispersed phase made of very tiny particles 1nm to 1um in size suspended in a continuous dispersion medium. Common examples are milk, fog, and blood. Colloids can be classified based on the physical state of the phases and the interactions between them. Preparation methods include mechanical grinding, electrical dispersion, peptization of precipitates, and condensation by changes in conditions. The interactions between colloidal particles, such as excluded volume repulsion, electrostatic forces, van der Waals forces, and steric effects influence colloid stability and properties.
Colloids are heterogeneous mixtures where one substance is microscopically dispersed throughout another. They can be classified as lyophilic or lyophobic depending on the affinity between the dispersed and dispersion phases. Common colloidal phenomena include the Tyndall effect where light scatters off colloidal particles, Brownian motion involving random particle movement, and electrophoresis using an electric field to separate charged particles. Colloids have many applications from food to medicine to water purification.
Colloids are substances microscopically dispersed throughout another substance. The dispersed particles range in size from 1-100 nm. Colloids exhibit properties between true solutions and suspensions due to their intermediate particle size. They are able to pass through filters but not semipermeable membranes. Common examples include milk, fog, mayonnaise and paints. Colloids can be classified based on factors like the physical state of the phases, the interaction between the phases, the size and nature of dispersed particles, and the electrical charge on particles. They are purified using techniques like dialysis, electrodialysis, and ultrafiltration which separate colloidal particles from dissolved substances.
This document provides information about colloidal systems, including definitions, classifications, preparation methods, and properties. It discusses different types of colloids such as sols, gels, emulsions, and their characteristics. Key points covered include:
- Colloids are heterogeneous mixtures with particle sizes between 1-1000 nm.
- They are classified based on physical state, interaction type, and particle type. This includes lyophobic, lyophilic, multimolecular, and associated colloids.
- Preparation methods for lyophobic colloids include condensation, dispersion, oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis. Lyophilic colloids form directly upon mixing.
- Properties of col
The word colloid, is derived from the Greek word “kolla” meaning “glue” and is defined as a system containing particles of size from one millimicron to 0.1 micron (10-6 to 10-4 mm).
Colloids are crucial to both ordinary living and pharmacological formulations. the study of both big molecules
and intricately divided multiphase systems is known as colloidal science. the intersection of colloid and
surface science is the multi-phase system. a colloid is a mixture in which one material is suspended within
another substance and has insoluble particles scattered over a tiny scale. between genuine solutions and
suspensions, colloidal solutions or colloidal dispersions represent a middle ground. the dispersed phase of
colloids is distributed throughout the dispersion medium. in many facets of chemistry, colloidal chemistry
knowledge is necessary. this article provides information on what colloids are, their types, sizes, forms,
qualities, and uses.
1. A colloid is a heterogeneous system with one substance dispersed as very fine particles in another substance. Colloids are classified based on the physical state, interaction between phases, and type of dispersed particles.
2. Common colloids include sols, gels, and emulsions. Soaps form micelles above a critical micelle concentration when hydrocarbon chains aggregate.
3. Colloids can be purified through dialysis, electrodialysis, or ultrafiltration to remove electrolytes and impurities. Colloidal particles exhibit properties like Tyndall effect, Brownian motion, and surface charge.
Matter can exist in different states and undergo physical or chemical changes. Physical changes alter a substance's state without changing its chemical makeup, while chemical changes form new substances. Properties like density and melting point can be used to identify pure substances and distinguish them from mixtures of multiple components.
Matter exists in various states and undergoes physical and chemical changes. Physical changes alter a substance's state without changing its chemical makeup, while chemical changes form new substances. Substances have consistent compositions and properties, whereas mixtures are combinations of substances that can be separated. Common states of matter include solids, liquids, and gases.
Matter exists in various states including solid, liquid, and gas. Physical changes alter the state of matter without changing its chemical composition, while chemical changes form new substances. Properties such as density and melting point can be used to identify substances and determine if a change is physical or chemical.
This document discusses colloidal dispersions and their properties. It defines colloidal dispersions as heterogeneous biphasic systems with dispersed particles in the nano size range of 1-1000 nm. Colloids can be classified as lyophilic, lyophobic, or association colloids based on particle-solvent interactions. Key optical properties of colloids include the Tyndall effect, light scattering measurements to determine particle size and molecular weight, and imaging with electron microscopes. Colloids also exhibit kinetic properties like Brownian motion, diffusion, osmotic pressure, and sedimentation rates related to particle size. Electrolytes can cause coagulation or precipitation of colloids according to the Schulze-
This document discusses different types of intermolecular forces and provides examples of each type. It also discusses how the strength of intermolecular forces determines the state of substances and depends on molar mass. The main types discussed are dipole-dipole interactions, hydrogen bonding, dispersion forces, and ion-dipole interactions. The document then discusses how different materials have different uses depending on their properties and provides examples like polymers being used for medical implants and various hydrocarbons being used for sport equipment, electronic devices, construction, and household goods.
This document provides an introduction to biochemistry and the properties of water. It defines key terms like atoms, molecules, and organic macromolecules. Atoms are the smallest particles that make up all matter. Molecules are groups of bonded atoms. Organic macromolecules are large molecules found in living things that are made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. The document also details the structure of water molecules and their unique properties like polarity, hydrogen bonding, cohesion, adhesion, resistance to temperature change, and being less dense as a solid. These properties are important for life and examples are given to illustrate them.
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
AI 101: An Introduction to the Basics and Impact of Artificial IntelligenceIndexBug
Imagine a world where machines not only perform tasks but also learn, adapt, and make decisions. This is the promise of Artificial Intelligence (AI), a technology that's not just enhancing our lives but revolutionizing entire industries.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024Neo4j
Neha Bajwa, Vice President of Product Marketing, Neo4j
Join us as we explore breakthrough innovations enabled by interconnected data and AI. Discover firsthand how organizations use relationships in data to uncover contextual insights and solve our most pressing challenges – from optimizing supply chains, detecting fraud, and improving customer experiences to accelerating drug discoveries.
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
Discover how Standard Chartered Bank harnessed the power of Neo4j to transform complex data access challenges into a dynamic, scalable graph database solution. This keynote will cover their journey from initial adoption to deploying a fully automated, enterprise-grade causal cluster, highlighting key strategies for modelling organisational changes and ensuring robust disaster recovery. Learn how these innovations have not only enhanced Standard Chartered Bank’s data infrastructure but also positioned them as pioneers in the banking sector’s adoption of graph technology.
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
Infrastructure Challenges in Scaling RAG with Custom AI modelsZilliz
Building Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems with open-source and custom AI models is a complex task. This talk explores the challenges in productionizing RAG systems, including retrieval performance, response synthesis, and evaluation. We’ll discuss how to leverage open-source models like text embeddings, language models, and custom fine-tuned models to enhance RAG performance. Additionally, we’ll cover how BentoML can help orchestrate and scale these AI components efficiently, ensuring seamless deployment and management of RAG systems in the cloud.
“An Outlook of the Ongoing and Future Relationship between Blockchain Technologies and Process-aware Information Systems.” Invited talk at the joint workshop on Blockchain for Information Systems (BC4IS) and Blockchain for Trusted Data Sharing (B4TDS), co-located with with the 36th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering (CAiSE), 3 June 2024, Limassol, Cyprus.
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slackshyamraj55
Discover the seamless integration of RPA (Robotic Process Automation), COMPOSER, and APM with AWS IDP enhanced with Slack notifications. Explore how these technologies converge to streamline workflows, optimize performance, and ensure secure access, all while leveraging the power of AWS IDP and real-time communication via Slack notifications.
GraphRAG for Life Science to increase LLM accuracyTomaz Bratanic
GraphRAG for life science domain, where you retriever information from biomedical knowledge graphs using LLMs to increase the accuracy and performance of generated answers
1. 1 1
SOFT MATTERS AND
NANOTECHNOLOGY
JYOTIRMOY ROY
B.Pharm.7
TH
sem
BCDA COLLEGE OF PHARMACY AND TECHNOLOGY
Affiliated to Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University Of Technology(
Formerly known As West Bengal University of Technology), Kolkata
78, Jessore Road(South), Hridaypur, Barasat, Kolkata – 700127
2017
2. 1 2
SOFT MATTER AND NANOTECHNOLOGY
Introduction:
In our Universe there are various types of matters whereas it’s solid or liquids or gaseous.
Although here we meets a new State of matters i.e. “SOFT MATTERS “formally we can
say it soft matter physics i.e. when physics meets to the chemistry. Now what is soft matter?
For example: - foam, soap, colloids, polymers, biological membrane, blood, glasses and
very well known about liquid crystals. There are various use of soft matter in worlds in
everyday such as any soap , shampoo ,glasses and also the mobile or desktop’s display and
our body made by various soft matters ,just not on the pharmaceutical field or biophysics
because “Soft matters are very soft “.
Definition:
“Soft matters are flexible multi-molecular systems which respond to very low energy.”
In other terms soft matters may defined as an ordered assembly of molecular chaos. The
soft matters are soft because, they have weak intermolecular forces, weak electrical field
and weak mechanical stress. The terminology is rather broad and that encompasses
polymers, gels, emulsions, foams, liquid crystals, amphiphilic molecules and others .Most
functions in biological systems are in fact the results out of soft matter interplays and
interactions. Enzymes for example are soft matters and the catalytic biotransformation is
the results of substrate non-covalent interactions in the molecular scale. Chemistry in
nanoscale is currently used for structural manipulations in soft matters so as to arrive at
engineered materials, bio-hybrids, conjugate systems and self assembly devices. Similar
changes often results in dramatic functional enhancements. New generation materials
originating from the soft matter nano-chemistry can provides outstanding choices for
applications in highly specialized areas.
3. 1 3
Examples of soft matter
Biological membranes
Biomaterials
Colloids
Complex fluids
Foams
Gels
Granular materials
Liquids
Liquid crystals
Micro emulsions
Polymers
Liposome
Surfactants
Characteristics of Soft matter systems :
Flexible multi-molecular systems which respond to very low energy.
They have weak intermolecular forces.
Weak electrical field and weak mechanical stress.
Heterogeneous structures.
Behaviour decided by entropic interactions: Large Thermal fluctuations.
. Often very non-equilibrium systems: driven systems, active systems.
4. 1 4
Physical properties of soft matters
Thermal Transition:
The glass transition temperature (Tg) is the temperature at which an amorphous polymer
undergoes a change from a rigid solid to a more flexible rubbery material. This temperature
marks the onset of segmental motion in amorphous polymer samples. In semi-crystalline
polymers, both the glass and malt transition temperature (Tm) may be observed since both
amorphous and crystalline domain exist in the polymer structure
.
Viscoelasticity:-
When strain is applied to viscoelastic material, its viscosity results in a strain rate that
depends on time.once the strain is removed, the material will slowly return to its original
configuration.
Example: rubbers
Polymer solution
5. 1 5
Why the soft matters are soft?
1. If a pressure P applied to a soft matter with volume V ,the change of volume will be
V1.
.
now the change o f pressure (P-P1)= ∆ p and volume change will be
(V-V1)= ∆v.
Then ∆ p =-k ∆v /V
Where k is bulk marcellus,
Negative sign for the decreasing of volume due to change of pressure.
Applying a sharing force
i.e. shear stress σ =F/A and strain ϒ =∆X/∆Y X
Shear stress σ=Gϒ .
G = F/A =F.L/A.L =E/ V where , F.L = E , binding energy . Y
=1eV/(0.15nm)3 A.L = V , (Volume ) distance between atom
=1.6x10^-19 J /(0.15x10^-9)3 m ≅ 50GPa . thus K≈3G .
For colloids
G=E/V E=ϏT = tripical interaction energy .
=ϏT/(1μm)3 ≈ 4x10^-21J/ 10^-18 ≈ 4mPa .
i.e. 11 to 12 magnitude softer then solid .
2. Larger link shells
3.Response to stress is large ,nonlinear ,and nonmonitonic .
6. 1 6
4.Dynamics : are slow ,compare to other materials .
D= KbT/ἠa where D = diffusion , ἠ= large viscosity , a= cake (area) .
Types of Soft Matters
Polymers
Polymers, both natural and synthetic, are created via polymerization of many small
molecules.Polymers are a large molecule, or macromolecule, composed of many repeated
subunits known as monomers.They produces unique physical properties,
including toughness, viscoelasticity, and a tendency to
form glasses and semicrystalline structures rather than crystals.
Examples :
Plastic:
Rubbers –PVC
Adhesives-Epoxy resins. Phenol formaldehyde resin.
Lubricants : motor oil
Viscosity modifiers :
Proteins: made up by amino acids (20)
DNA,RNA made up Nucleotides which contains codon ,anticodon ,to make
the different protein in a specific sequence .
.Polysaccharides made up by sugars molecules
Conducting polymers :
Flexible displays
7. 1 7
Colloids
Colloids are fluids containing particles suspended in a liquid. A representative example is milk
which is an emulsified colloid of liquid butterfat globules dispersed within a water-based
solution. In this case, colloidal particles give special physical properties of fluids. The light is
scattered by particles in the colloid and other colloids may be opaque or have a slight color.
These properties can be used in many applications. Paint is also a kind of colloidal dispersions.
The colloidal particles produce the special properties in the solid when the solvent dries.
Particle size : 2nm -2000nm ,Shapes: spheres ,rods ,disks etc . Colloids exhibit Brownian
movement
Examples : paints
Gold sol ,silver sol
Viruses : suspended on blood
Clays
8. 1 8
Properties
Colloids exhibit Brownian movement. Brownian motion is the random motion of particles that
we can easily see under a microscope. This movement is caused by the collision of molecules
with colloidal particles in the dispersion medium. Additionally, colloids display the Tyndall
effect as referred above. When a strong light is shone through a colloidal dispersion, the light
beam becomes visible, like a column of light. A common example of this effect can be seen
when a spotlight is turned on during a foggy night. We can see the spotlight beam because of
the fuzzy trace it makes in the fog which is a colloid.
Stability and Phase Behavior
The interaction energy of colloidal particles is important to decide the behavior of colloids.
Small changes in the solvent can be a huge effect on the interaction energy between two
colloidal particles. That is from a hard-core repulsion to an attraction which is greater than
thermal energy. Colloidal particles can be stabilized mainly by the electrostatic stabilization
and steric stabilization. With such an attraction the particles stick together and there can be
aggregation and sedimentation which hinders the stability. If attractive forces get stronger than
repulsive interaction, particles aggregate in clusters.
9. 1 9
Steric and gel network stabilization.
Applications
Colloids have very important application in our daily life starting from food products to the
medicines to industries like rubber. Some of the applications of colloids are mentioned below.
• Food and medicines: Colloids have great application in food
industries and food stuffs. Many of the food materials which we eat
are of colloidal nature. Milk and also many milk products like
cheese, cream butter etc. are colloids.
Colloids also have applications in the form of medicines. Colloidal
medicines are competitively more effective as they are easily absorbed by the body. That is
way many medicines are emulsion.
Some major antibiotics like penicillin and streptomycin are injected in the body in the form
of colloidal sol so that they would be absorbed by the body easily.
• Water Purification: We know that one of the very popular methods used for water
purification is the addition of electrolytes like potash alum. Addition of these electrolytes is
based on the fact because the impure water in usually a colloidal system. It usually contains
dispersed colloidal particles which cannot be removed by filtration. Addition of these
electrolytes results in coagulation of the impurity which can be separated by filtration then.
• Sewage disposal: As discussed above the sewage water contains impurities like mud and
dirt of colloidal size which are dispersed in the water. Just like any other colloidal system,
the colloidal particles (impurities) of sewage are also charged particles. These charged
particles of impurities present in sewage may be removed by electrophoresis.
For this purpose the sewage water is passed through a tunnel which is fitted with metallic
10. 1 10
electrodes and is maintained at a high potential difference.
The charged particles of impurity present in the sewage water migrate to the oppositely
charged electrodes which results in their coagulation.
• Smoke precipitation: Smoke is also a colloidal system which mainly consists of charged
particles of carbon depressed in air.
Smoke is a big problem for environment as it the major source for air pollution.
Removal of the dispersed colloidal particles from the air will solve the problem. For this
again the process of electrophoresis is used.
This is done in Cottrell precipitator. Smoke is passed through a chamber which contains a
number of metal plates attached to a metal wire connected to high potential source.
The electrically charged colloidal particles of carbon present in air get discharged when
come in contact with the oppositely charged plates and fall down to the bottom. The clean
hot air leaves the precipitator from an exit near the top.
• Artificial rain: Clouds are also colloidal system. In clouds, water vapors are present in
mixture with the dust particles. The water molecules present in cloud have electric charge
on them and are of colloidal size. So, if the charged on the molecules is neutralized
somehow, they will start raining. Sometimes it is done by spraying some electrolytes over
the clouds and the rain resulted from this is called artificial rain.
• Rubber industry: You must know that the rubber is synthesized from the latex obtained from
the rubber trees. This latex is an emulsion in which negatively charged particles of rubber
are dispersed in water.
For obtaining rubber, this latex is boiled because of which the rubber particles get
coagulated. This coagulated mass is then vulcanized to solidify as natural rubber.
• Leather tanning: Tanning is the process of treating the skins of animals to obtain the leather.
Skin of animals is also a colloidal system in which the colloidal particles are positively
charged. During the process, the charged particles of skin are coagulated using negatively
charged material like tannin and some compounds of aluminum and chromium.
• .Cleansing action of soaps: As we have discussed earlier also, the soap solution is a
colloidal system and it removes the oil and dirt by forming water soluble emulsions.
• Smoke screen: Smoke screens are used to hide something by a layer of smoke. In generally
it is used to hide the movement of troops. The smoke screens are also colloidal system in
which the particles of titanium oxide are dispersed in air.
11. 1 11
Colloid crystals
A colloidal crystal is an ordered array of colloid particles, analogous to a
standard crystal whose repeating subunits are atoms or molecules. A natural example of
this phenomenon can be found in the gem opal, where spheres of silica assume a close-
packed locally periodic structure under moderate compression. Bulk properties of a
colloidal crystal depend on composition, particle size, packing arrangement, and degree of
regularity. Applications include photonics, materials processing, and the study of self-
assembly and phase transitions
12. 1 12
Applications: electronic ban gate, display applications etc.
erfacial tension) between two liquids or between a liquid and a solid. Surfactants may act
as detergents, wetting agents, emulsifiers, foaming agents, and dispersants.
Surface Active Agents. Surfactants are wetting agents that lower the surface tension of a liquid,
allowing easier spreading, and lower the interfacial tension between two liquids. Surfactants
are usually organic compounds that are amphiphilic, meaning they contain both hydrophobic
groups (their "tails") and hydrophilic groups (their "heads"). Therefore, they are soluble in both
organic solvents and water.
Properties
Surfactants reduce the surface tension of water by adsorbing at the liquid-gas interface. They
also reduce the interfacial tension between oil and water by adsorbing at the liquid-liquid
interface. Many surfactants can also assemble in the bulk solution into aggregates. Examples
of such aggregates are vesicles and micelles. The concentration at which surfactants begin to
form micelles is known as the critical micelle concentration or CMC. When micelles form in
water, their tails form a core that can encapsulate an oil droplet, and their (ionic/polar) heads
form an outer shell that maintains favorable contact with water. When surfactants assemble in
oil, the aggregate is referred to as a reverse micelle. In a reverse micelle, the heads are in the
core and the tails maintain favorable contact with oil. Surfactants are also often classified into
four primary groups; anionic, cationic, non-ionic, and zwitterionic (dual charge).
13. 1 13
Dynamics of surfactants at interfaces.
The dynamics of surfactant adsorption is of great importance for practical applications such as
in foaming, emulsifying or coating processes, where bubbles or drops are rapidly generated
and need to be stabilized. The dynamics of adsorption depend on the diffusion coefficient of
the surfactant. As the interface is created, the adsorption is limited by the diffusion of the
surfactant to the interface. In some cases, there can exist an energetic barrier to adsorption or
desorption of the surfactant. If such a barrier limits the adsorption rate, the dynamics are said
to be ‘kinetically limited'. Such energy barriers can be due to steric or electrostatic repulsions.
The surface rheology of surfactant layers, including the elasticity and viscosity of the layer,
play an important role in the stability of foams and emulsions.
Applications:
Surfactants play an important role as
cleaning, wetting, dispersing, emulsifying, foaming and anti-foaming agents in many practical
applications and products, including:
• Detergents, Fabric softeners, Emulsions
• Soaps ,Paints ,Adhesives ,Inks ,Anti-fogs ,Laxatives ,
• Agrochemical formulations
• Herbicides (some) ,Insecticides
• Biocides (sanitizers)
• Cosmetics
Liquid crystals
Liquid crystals (LCs) are matter in a state which has properties between those of
conventional liquids and those of solid crystals .
For instance, a liquid crystal may flow like a liquid, but its molecules may be oriented in a
crystal-like way.
There are many different types of liquid-crystal phases, which can be distinguished by their
different optical properties (such as birefringence).
Liquid crystals can be divided into thermotropic, lyotropic and metallotropic phases .
1. Thermotropic phase: Thermotropic phases are those that occur in a certain
temperature range. If the temperature rise is too high, thermal motion will destroy the
delicate cooperative ordering of the LC phase, pushing the material into a conventional
isotropic liquid phase. At too low temperature, most LC materials will form a
conventional crystal.
1. Nematic phase :orintational order
2. Smectic phases : orintatinal + translational order
14. 1 14
3. Chiral phases : twisting order (orintational order but
incomplete translational order )
2. Lyotropic liquid crystals:
A lyotropic liquid crystal consists of two or more components that exhibit liquid-crystalline
properties in certain concentration ranges. In the lyotropic phases, solvent molecules fill the
space around the compounds to provide fluidity to the system.
Structure of lyotropic liquid crystal.
The red heads of surfactant molecules are in contact with water, whereas the tails are immersed
in oil (blue): bilayer (left) and micelle (right).
A compound that has two immiscible hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts within the same
molecule is called an amphiphilic molecule. Many amphiphilic molecules show lyotropic
liquid-crystalline phase sequences depending on the volume balances between the hydrophilic
part and hydrophobic part. These structures are formed through the micro-phase segregation of
two incompatible components on a nanometer scale. Soap is an everyday example of a
lyotropic liquid crystal.
3. Metallotropic liquid crystals:
Liquid crystal phases can also be based on low-melting inorganic phases like ZnCl2 that have
a structure formed of linked tetrahedra and easily form glasses. The addition of long chain
soap-like molecules leads to a series of new phases that show a variety of liquid crystalline
behaviour both as a function of the inorganic-organic composition ratio and of temperature.
4. Biological liquid crystals:
Lyotropic liquid-crystalline phases are abundant in living systems, the study of which is
referred to as lipid polymorphism. Accordingly, lyotropic liquid crystals attract particular
attention in the field of biomimetic chemistry. In particular, biological membranes and cell
membranes are a form of liquid crystal.
Applications of liquid crystals :
In liquid crystal displays, which rely on the optical properties of certain liquid
crystalline substances in the presence or absence of an electric field .
Liquid crystal tunable filters are used as electrooptical devices,[
e.g.,
in hyperspectral imaging.
Many common fluids, such as soapy water, are in fact liquid crystals. Soap
forms a variety of LC phases depending on its concentration in water.
15. 1 15
A granular material is a conglomeration of
discrete solid, macroscopic particles characterized by a loss of energy whenever the particles
interact (the most common example would be friction when grains collide).The constituents
that compose granular material must be large enough such that they are not subject to thermal
motion fluctuations. Thus, the lower size limit for grains in granular material is about 1 µm.
On the upper size limit, the physics of granular materials may be applied to ice floes where the
individual grains are icebergs and to asteroid belts of the Solar System with individual grains
being asteroids.
Some examples of granular materials are snow, nuts, coal, sand, rice, coffee, corn
flakes, fertilizer and ball bearings. Powders are a special class of granular material due to their
small particle size, which makes them more cohesive and more easily suspended in a gas.
Granular materials are commercially important in applications as diverse
16. 1 16
as pharmaceutical industry, agriculture, and energy production.
Complex fluids
Complex fluids are binary mixtures that have a coexistence between two phases: solid–
liquid (suspensions or solutions of macromolecules such as polymers), solid–gas
(granular), liquid–gas (foams) or liquid–liquid (emulsions).
They exhibit unusual mechanical responses to applied stress or strain due to the
geometrical constraints that the phase coexistence imposes.
The mechanical response includes transitions between solid-like and fluid-like behaviour
as well as fluctuations.
Their mechanical properties can be attributed to characteristics such as high disorder,
caging, and clustering on multiple length scales.
The dynamics of the particles in complex fluids are an area of current research. Energy lost due
to friction may be a nonlinear function of the velocity and normal forces. The topological
inhibition to flow by the crowding of constituent particles is a key element in these systems.
Under certain conditions, including high densities and low temperatures, when externally
driven to induce flow, complex fluids are characterized by irregular intervals of solid-like
behavior followed by stress relaxations due to particle rearrangements. The dynamics of these
systems are highly nonlinear in nature. The increase in stress by an infinitesimal amount or a
small displacement of a single particle can result in the difference between an arrested state
and fluid-like behavior.
Shaving cream is an example of a complex fluid.
17. 1 17
Microemulsions
Microemulsions are clear, thermodynamically stable, isotropic liquid mixtures of oil, water
and surfactant, frequently in combination with a cosurfactant. Particle size :1 to 100 nm,
usually 10 to 50 nm in diameter .
The aqueous phase may contain salt(s) and/or other ingredients, and the "oil" may actually be
a complex mixture of different hydrocarbons and olefins.
In contrast to ordinary emulsions, microemulsions form upon simple mixing of the
components and do not require the high shear conditions generally used in the formation of
ordinary emulsions.
The three basic types of microemulsions are direct (oil dispersed in water, o/w), reversed
(water dispersed in oil, w/o) and bicontinuous.
18. 1 18
Uses:
Water-in-oil microemulsions for some dry cleaning processes
Floor polishers and cleaners
Personal care products
Pesticide formulations
Cutting oils
And In various pharmaceutical formulations
Biomaterial
Biomaterial is any substance that has been engineered to interact with biological systems
for a medical purpose - either a therapeutic (treat, augment, repair or replace a tissue
function of the body) or a diagnostic one.
The study of biomaterials is called biomaterials science or biomaterials engineering.
Biomaterials science encompasses elements of medicine, biology, chemistry, tissue
engineering and materials science.
Biomaterials can be derived either from nature or synthesized in the laboratory using a
variety of chemical approaches utilizing metallic
components, polymers, ceramics or composite materials.
They are often used and/or adapted for a medical application, and thus comprises whole or
part of a living structure or biomedical device which performs, augments, or replaces a
natural function.
19. 1 19
Biomaterials are used in:
Joint replacements
Bone plates
Intraocular lenses (IOLs) for eye surgery
Bone cement
Artificial ligaments and tendons
Dental implants for tooth fixation
Blood vessel prostheses
Heart valves
Skin repair devices (artificial tissue)
Cochlear replacements
Contact lenses
Biological membrane
A biological membrane or biomembrane is an enclosing or separating membrane that
acts as a selectively permeable barrier within living things.
Biological membranes, in the form of eukaryotic cell membranes, consist of
a phospholipids bilayer with embedded, integral and peripheral proteins used in
communication and transportation of chemicals and ions.
The bulk of lipid in a cell membrane provides a fluid matrix for proteins to rotate and
laterally diffuse for physiological functioning.
Proteins are adapted to high membrane fluidity environment of lipid bilayer with the
presence of an annular lipid shell, consisting of lipid molecules bound tightly to surface
of integral membrane proteins.
The cell membranes are different from the isolating tissues formed by layers of cells, such
as mucous membranes, basement membranes, and serous membranes.
20. 1 20
Applications of soft matters
Soft materials are important in a wide range of technological applications.
They may appear as structural and packaging materials, foams and adhesives,
detergents and cosmetics, paints, food additives, lubricants and fuel additives, rubber
in tires, etc.
In addition, a number of biological materials (blood, muscle, milk, yogurt, jell) are
classifiable as soft matter.
Liquid crystals, another category of soft matter, exhibit a responsively to electric fields
that make them very important as materials in display devices (LCDs).
Soft matters, such as polymers and lipids have found applications in nanotechnology as
well.
21. 1 21
CONCLUSION
The soft matters are soft because they have weak intermolecular forces, weak electrical field
and weak mechanical stress. The terminology is rather broad and that encompasses polymers,
gels, emulsions, foams, liquid crystals, amphiphilic molecules and others .Most functions in
biological systems are in fact the results out of soft matter interplays and interactions. Enzymes
for example are soft matters and the catalytic biotransformation are the results of substrate non-
covalent interactions in the molecular scale .chemistry in nanoscale is currently used for
structural manipulations in soft matters so as to arrive at engineered materials, bio hybrids ,
conjugate systems and self assembly devices . Similar changes often results in dramatic
functional enhancements. New generation materials originating from the soft matter nano-
chemistry can provides outstanding choices for applications in highly specialized areas.
22. 1 22
References
• I. Hamley, Introduction to Soft Matter (2nd edition), J. Wiley, Chichester (2000).
• R. A. L. Jones, Soft Condensed Matter, Oxford University Press, Oxford (2002).
• T. A. Witten (with P. A. Pincus), Structured Fluids: Polymers, Colloids, Surfactants,
Oxford (2004).
• M. Kleman and O. D. Lavrentovich, Soft Matter Physics: An Introduction, Springer
(2003).
• M. Mitov, Sensitive Matter: Foams, Gels, Liquid Crystals and Other Miracles, Harvard
University Press (2012).
• J. N. Israelachvili, Intermolecular and Surface Forces, Academic Press (2010).
• A. V. Zvelindovksy (editor), Nanostructured Soft Matter - Experiment, Theory,
Simulation and Perspectives, Springer/Dodrecht (2007), ISBN 978-1-4020-6329-9.
23. 1 23
• M. Daoud, C.E. Williams (editors), Soft Matter Physics, Springer Verlag, Berlin
(1999).
• Gerald H. Ristow, Pattern Formation in Granular Materials, Springer Tracts in
Modern Physics, v. 161. Springer, Berlin (2000). ISBN 3-540-66701-6.
• de Gennes, Pierre-Gilles, Soft Matter, Nobel Lecture, December 9, 1991.
• S. A. Safran,Statistical thermodynamics of surfaces, interfaces and membranes,
Westview Press (2003)
• Soft Matter - Royal Society of Chemistry www.rsc.org