This document discusses waste water treatment processes. It describes three main stages of treatment: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary treatment involves physical processes like screening and sedimentation to remove solids. Secondary treatment uses microorganisms and aerobic biological processes like activated sludge to break down organic waste. Tertiary treatment provides additional removal of nutrients or other pollutants through chemical or advanced biological methods. The goal is to treat effluent before discharging it into water bodies.
WATER & WASTE WATER ENGINEERING - water treatment process & unitsEddy Ankit Gangani
This presentation is made with a view to introduce various units & processes carried out in water treatment plant with various trains or say chains of units to meet Indian Standard criteria.
This presentation provides an overview of domestic wastewater treatment. It discusses preliminary treatment including screening and grit removal. Primary treatment involves settling suspended solids. Secondary treatment uses biological processes like activated sludge or trickling filters. Sludge is treated through thickening, stabilization via aerobic or anaerobic digestion, dewatering, and ultimate disposal. Nitrogen and phosphorus can be removed through additional processes.
Lecture notes of Environmental Engineering-II as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
This presentation envisages on theory Of Filtration, Types of Filters, Slow Sand, Rapid Sand and Pressure Filters Including Construction, Operation, Cleaning, Operational Problems In Filters, Design criteria of Slow & Rapid Sand Filter Without Under Drainage System.
The document discusses various aspects of the suspended growth bio-treatment process known as the activated sludge process. It describes the process as using microorganisms to consume organic contaminants in wastewater. The activated sludge process is an economical biological wastewater treatment method that can produce high quality effluent. It also discusses different design configurations for activated sludge systems including extended aeration, sequencing batch reactors, and oxidation ditches. BOD removal and nitrification are key functions of the activated sludge process.
This document discusses rotating biological contactors (RBCs), which are fixed film, aerobic biological reactors used for wastewater treatment. RBCs use rotating discs to bring wastewater into contact with oxygen and microorganisms to reduce organic matter. Key parameters that control RBC performance include organic and hydraulic loading rates, biomass levels, disc speed, dissolved oxygen, staging, temperature, and disc submergence. Design considerations for RBCs include using multiple treatment stages, corrugated discs to maximize surface area, and hydraulic retention times of 0.7-1.5 hours. RBCs have advantages of simple operation, low energy use, and process stability, but lack flexibility and can be sensitive to
WATER & WASTE WATER ENGINEERING - water treatment process & unitsEddy Ankit Gangani
This presentation is made with a view to introduce various units & processes carried out in water treatment plant with various trains or say chains of units to meet Indian Standard criteria.
This presentation provides an overview of domestic wastewater treatment. It discusses preliminary treatment including screening and grit removal. Primary treatment involves settling suspended solids. Secondary treatment uses biological processes like activated sludge or trickling filters. Sludge is treated through thickening, stabilization via aerobic or anaerobic digestion, dewatering, and ultimate disposal. Nitrogen and phosphorus can be removed through additional processes.
Lecture notes of Environmental Engineering-II as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
This presentation envisages on theory Of Filtration, Types of Filters, Slow Sand, Rapid Sand and Pressure Filters Including Construction, Operation, Cleaning, Operational Problems In Filters, Design criteria of Slow & Rapid Sand Filter Without Under Drainage System.
The document discusses various aspects of the suspended growth bio-treatment process known as the activated sludge process. It describes the process as using microorganisms to consume organic contaminants in wastewater. The activated sludge process is an economical biological wastewater treatment method that can produce high quality effluent. It also discusses different design configurations for activated sludge systems including extended aeration, sequencing batch reactors, and oxidation ditches. BOD removal and nitrification are key functions of the activated sludge process.
This document discusses rotating biological contactors (RBCs), which are fixed film, aerobic biological reactors used for wastewater treatment. RBCs use rotating discs to bring wastewater into contact with oxygen and microorganisms to reduce organic matter. Key parameters that control RBC performance include organic and hydraulic loading rates, biomass levels, disc speed, dissolved oxygen, staging, temperature, and disc submergence. Design considerations for RBCs include using multiple treatment stages, corrugated discs to maximize surface area, and hydraulic retention times of 0.7-1.5 hours. RBCs have advantages of simple operation, low energy use, and process stability, but lack flexibility and can be sensitive to
Lecture notes of Industrial Waste Treatment (Elective -III) as per syllabus of Solapur university for BE Civil
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K ORchid College of Engg and Tech,
Solapur
Stabilization ponds, also known as oxidation ponds, are large, shallow ponds that treat wastewater through interactions between sunlight, algae, and bacteria. Algae grow using nutrients from wastewater and release oxygen used by aerobic bacteria to break down organic matter. The algae and bacteria have a symbiotic relationship where algae provide oxygen for bacteria and bacteria provide carbon dioxide for algae. Together, they work to treat wastewater through bacterial oxidation and algal photosynthesis in the pond's water columns and sediments.
This document discusses sludge processing and disposal. It defines sludge as organic matter that settles in sedimentation tanks during wastewater treatment. Left untreated, sludge decomposition causes foul odors and pollution. The document outlines various sludge treatment processes including thickening to reduce moisture, anaerobic and aerobic digestion to reduce volume and pathogens, and dewatering through methods like drying beds and centrifugation. The main objectives of sludge treatment are digesting organic matter, destroying pathogens, and achieving safe and odor-free disposal, such as through incineration, application to agricultural land, or ocean disposal.
Impact of sewage and sewage treatment on surfacezainabsarfraz4
it help you to discover difference between sewage treatment and water treatment.you will differentiate about sewage,sewarge ,sewage system,sewage treatment.
The self purification of natural water systems is a complex process involving physical, chemical, and biological factors. Dissolved oxygen levels below 4-5 mg/L can reduce the forms of life that can survive. Several factors affect dissolved oxygen availability including dilution, dispersion, temperature, sunlight, oxidation rates, and reduction processes. When wastewater is discharged into a stream, it creates four zones: degradation, active decomposition, recovery, and clearer water as the stream restores to its natural condition.
This document discusses various methods for removing dissolved solids from industrial wastewater, including inorganic and organic solids. It describes four key methods for removing inorganic solids: evaporation, ion exchange, reverse osmosis, and electrodialysis. For organic solids, the most common technique is adsorption using activated carbon due to its extremely large surface area. Pretreatment is important with methods like reverse osmosis to prevent membrane fouling.
what is waste water? why waste water is treated? how waste water is treated? waste water treatment processes. what is reverse osmosis? how ro works? process of reverse osmosis. adventage & disadventage of reverse osmosis.
This document provides information about grit removal in wastewater treatment. It discusses that grit such as sand and eggshells can be easily removed from wastewater by reducing the velocity in a grit channel. Grit chambers are used to remove these particles to prevent damage to equipment and clogging. There are two main types of grit chambers - horizontal flow and aerated. The document provides design criteria for both types and works through an example design for a grit chamber for a town with a population of 200,000.
Sedimentation tanks allow suspended solids in liquid to settle out under gravity. Particles settle to the bottom and are removed by scrapers. Slowing the flow rate or bubbling air causes floccules to settle or float, forming sludge blankets that filter out smaller particles. Sedimentation tanks have four zones - inlet, outlet, settling, and sludge. Tanks are designed based on operation type (fill and draw or continuous flow), location (primary or secondary), and shape (circular, rectangular, or hopper bottom). Design guidelines specify detention time, flow velocity, dimensions, and slopes. Rectangular tanks are large capacity while circular tanks are used for small to medium applications and constant flows.
Waste water treatment involves three main stages: primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment. Primary treatment involves physical processes like screening, sedimentation, and flotation to remove solids. Secondary treatment uses microorganisms in aerobic processes like activated sludge to break down organic waste. Tertiary treatment provides additional removal of nutrients or other pollutants through chemical or biological methods. Proper treatment of effluent is necessary before discharge to reduce environmental impacts.
The document discusses iron and manganese in drinking water. It states that iron and manganese occur naturally in groundwater and can cause aesthetic issues like staining but do not pose health risks at typical concentrations. It discusses common treatment methods for iron and manganese like oxidation and filtration. Testing is needed to determine appropriate treatment methods based on the concentrations and forms of iron and manganese present.
This document discusses the characteristics of sewage, which are classified as physical, chemical, and biological. Physically, sewage varies in color, odor, temperature, turbidity, and solids content. Chemically, important parameters include pH, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, and chemical oxygen demand. Biologically, sewage contains various microorganisms including bacteria that facilitate decomposition, and which can be pathogenic. Understanding sewage characteristics is essential for efficiently designing sewage treatment systems.
Lecture Notes of Environmental Engg-II as per solapur university syllabus of TE Civil,
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
Lecture note of Industrial Waste Treatment (Elective -III) as per syllabus of Solapur university for BE Civil
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K ORchid College of Engg and Tech,
Solapur
Lecture notes of Environmental Engineering-II as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
The document summarizes various stages of wastewater treatment processes. It discusses preliminary treatment which removes solids, grit, and grease. Primary treatment uses sedimentation to remove 60% of suspended solids. Secondary treatment uses biological processes like activated sludge and oxidation ditches to remove organic matter. Tertiary treatment further removes nutrients and particles through processes like filtration and disinfection. The document provides details on the treatment units and processes involved at each stage of wastewater treatment.
Lecture note of Industrial Waste Treatment (Elective -III) as per syllabus of Solapur university for BE Civil
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K ORchid College of Engg and Tech,
Solapur
Sewage and wastewater contain organic and inorganic matter, gases, and microorganisms. The organic matter can undergo aerobic or anaerobic decomposition. Aerobic decomposition occurs in the presence of oxygen and forms stable end products. Anaerobic decomposition occurs without oxygen and forms gases and simpler compounds. The characteristics of sewage include physical properties like color and temperature, chemical properties like pH and dissolved oxygen, and biological indicators like BOD and COD that measure decomposability. Proper treatment of sewage is necessary to remove pathogens and pollutants before disposal or reuse of water.
Lecture 13 - types and characterization of waste waterDana Acap
This document discusses different types and characteristics of wastewater. It describes classifications of wastewater such as domestic, process, cooling, and industrial wastewaters. It then discusses physical characteristics of wastewater like temperature, color, odor, and types of solids. Next it covers chemical characteristics including pH, dissolved oxygen, oxygen demand, and nutrients. Finally, it discusses biological characteristics like pathogenic organisms, viruses, parasites, and major microbial groups found in wastewater.
Waste water needs to be treated before discharge into water bodies to reduce pollution. There are three main stages of treatment - primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary treatment involves physical processes like screening, sedimentation, and flotation to remove solids. Secondary treatment uses biological processes where microorganisms break down organic waste. Common secondary treatments are activated sludge and trickling filters. Tertiary treatment provides additional removal of nutrients or other pollutants through chemical or physical means. Proper waste water treatment is necessary to protect aquatic life in receiving water bodies.
Industrial effluents and Wastewater TreatmentIbrahimAslam2
The document discusses industrial effluents and wastewater treatment. It describes various types of industrial effluents from industries like food, chemicals, iron and steel. Offshore drilling is also discussed along with its effects like drilling fluids and oil spills. Wastewater treatment methods include primary, secondary and tertiary treatments using physical, chemical and biological processes. Sludge processing through anaerobic digestion and dewatering is also summarized. Proper wastewater treatment is important for reducing industrial pollution.
Lecture notes of Industrial Waste Treatment (Elective -III) as per syllabus of Solapur university for BE Civil
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K ORchid College of Engg and Tech,
Solapur
Stabilization ponds, also known as oxidation ponds, are large, shallow ponds that treat wastewater through interactions between sunlight, algae, and bacteria. Algae grow using nutrients from wastewater and release oxygen used by aerobic bacteria to break down organic matter. The algae and bacteria have a symbiotic relationship where algae provide oxygen for bacteria and bacteria provide carbon dioxide for algae. Together, they work to treat wastewater through bacterial oxidation and algal photosynthesis in the pond's water columns and sediments.
This document discusses sludge processing and disposal. It defines sludge as organic matter that settles in sedimentation tanks during wastewater treatment. Left untreated, sludge decomposition causes foul odors and pollution. The document outlines various sludge treatment processes including thickening to reduce moisture, anaerobic and aerobic digestion to reduce volume and pathogens, and dewatering through methods like drying beds and centrifugation. The main objectives of sludge treatment are digesting organic matter, destroying pathogens, and achieving safe and odor-free disposal, such as through incineration, application to agricultural land, or ocean disposal.
Impact of sewage and sewage treatment on surfacezainabsarfraz4
it help you to discover difference between sewage treatment and water treatment.you will differentiate about sewage,sewarge ,sewage system,sewage treatment.
The self purification of natural water systems is a complex process involving physical, chemical, and biological factors. Dissolved oxygen levels below 4-5 mg/L can reduce the forms of life that can survive. Several factors affect dissolved oxygen availability including dilution, dispersion, temperature, sunlight, oxidation rates, and reduction processes. When wastewater is discharged into a stream, it creates four zones: degradation, active decomposition, recovery, and clearer water as the stream restores to its natural condition.
This document discusses various methods for removing dissolved solids from industrial wastewater, including inorganic and organic solids. It describes four key methods for removing inorganic solids: evaporation, ion exchange, reverse osmosis, and electrodialysis. For organic solids, the most common technique is adsorption using activated carbon due to its extremely large surface area. Pretreatment is important with methods like reverse osmosis to prevent membrane fouling.
what is waste water? why waste water is treated? how waste water is treated? waste water treatment processes. what is reverse osmosis? how ro works? process of reverse osmosis. adventage & disadventage of reverse osmosis.
This document provides information about grit removal in wastewater treatment. It discusses that grit such as sand and eggshells can be easily removed from wastewater by reducing the velocity in a grit channel. Grit chambers are used to remove these particles to prevent damage to equipment and clogging. There are two main types of grit chambers - horizontal flow and aerated. The document provides design criteria for both types and works through an example design for a grit chamber for a town with a population of 200,000.
Sedimentation tanks allow suspended solids in liquid to settle out under gravity. Particles settle to the bottom and are removed by scrapers. Slowing the flow rate or bubbling air causes floccules to settle or float, forming sludge blankets that filter out smaller particles. Sedimentation tanks have four zones - inlet, outlet, settling, and sludge. Tanks are designed based on operation type (fill and draw or continuous flow), location (primary or secondary), and shape (circular, rectangular, or hopper bottom). Design guidelines specify detention time, flow velocity, dimensions, and slopes. Rectangular tanks are large capacity while circular tanks are used for small to medium applications and constant flows.
Waste water treatment involves three main stages: primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment. Primary treatment involves physical processes like screening, sedimentation, and flotation to remove solids. Secondary treatment uses microorganisms in aerobic processes like activated sludge to break down organic waste. Tertiary treatment provides additional removal of nutrients or other pollutants through chemical or biological methods. Proper treatment of effluent is necessary before discharge to reduce environmental impacts.
The document discusses iron and manganese in drinking water. It states that iron and manganese occur naturally in groundwater and can cause aesthetic issues like staining but do not pose health risks at typical concentrations. It discusses common treatment methods for iron and manganese like oxidation and filtration. Testing is needed to determine appropriate treatment methods based on the concentrations and forms of iron and manganese present.
This document discusses the characteristics of sewage, which are classified as physical, chemical, and biological. Physically, sewage varies in color, odor, temperature, turbidity, and solids content. Chemically, important parameters include pH, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, and chemical oxygen demand. Biologically, sewage contains various microorganisms including bacteria that facilitate decomposition, and which can be pathogenic. Understanding sewage characteristics is essential for efficiently designing sewage treatment systems.
Lecture Notes of Environmental Engg-II as per solapur university syllabus of TE Civil,
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
Lecture note of Industrial Waste Treatment (Elective -III) as per syllabus of Solapur university for BE Civil
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K ORchid College of Engg and Tech,
Solapur
Lecture notes of Environmental Engineering-II as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
The document summarizes various stages of wastewater treatment processes. It discusses preliminary treatment which removes solids, grit, and grease. Primary treatment uses sedimentation to remove 60% of suspended solids. Secondary treatment uses biological processes like activated sludge and oxidation ditches to remove organic matter. Tertiary treatment further removes nutrients and particles through processes like filtration and disinfection. The document provides details on the treatment units and processes involved at each stage of wastewater treatment.
Lecture note of Industrial Waste Treatment (Elective -III) as per syllabus of Solapur university for BE Civil
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K ORchid College of Engg and Tech,
Solapur
Sewage and wastewater contain organic and inorganic matter, gases, and microorganisms. The organic matter can undergo aerobic or anaerobic decomposition. Aerobic decomposition occurs in the presence of oxygen and forms stable end products. Anaerobic decomposition occurs without oxygen and forms gases and simpler compounds. The characteristics of sewage include physical properties like color and temperature, chemical properties like pH and dissolved oxygen, and biological indicators like BOD and COD that measure decomposability. Proper treatment of sewage is necessary to remove pathogens and pollutants before disposal or reuse of water.
Lecture 13 - types and characterization of waste waterDana Acap
This document discusses different types and characteristics of wastewater. It describes classifications of wastewater such as domestic, process, cooling, and industrial wastewaters. It then discusses physical characteristics of wastewater like temperature, color, odor, and types of solids. Next it covers chemical characteristics including pH, dissolved oxygen, oxygen demand, and nutrients. Finally, it discusses biological characteristics like pathogenic organisms, viruses, parasites, and major microbial groups found in wastewater.
Waste water needs to be treated before discharge into water bodies to reduce pollution. There are three main stages of treatment - primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary treatment involves physical processes like screening, sedimentation, and flotation to remove solids. Secondary treatment uses biological processes where microorganisms break down organic waste. Common secondary treatments are activated sludge and trickling filters. Tertiary treatment provides additional removal of nutrients or other pollutants through chemical or physical means. Proper waste water treatment is necessary to protect aquatic life in receiving water bodies.
Industrial effluents and Wastewater TreatmentIbrahimAslam2
The document discusses industrial effluents and wastewater treatment. It describes various types of industrial effluents from industries like food, chemicals, iron and steel. Offshore drilling is also discussed along with its effects like drilling fluids and oil spills. Wastewater treatment methods include primary, secondary and tertiary treatments using physical, chemical and biological processes. Sludge processing through anaerobic digestion and dewatering is also summarized. Proper wastewater treatment is important for reducing industrial pollution.
BOD and sewage water treatment processSamiaSalman1
The document discusses wastewater treatment processes. It describes that wastewater undergoes preliminary treatment to remove solids, primary treatment to remove settleable solids through sedimentation, and secondary treatment using biological processes like trickling filters, activated sludge, or oxidation ponds to further reduce organic matter. It then provides details on the steps and purposes of preliminary treatment, primary treatment, and some secondary treatment options.
Preliminary, primary, secondary, and tertiary treatments are the main steps used to treat wastewater. Preliminary treatment removes solids like grit, grease and rags. Primary treatment uses sedimentation to remove suspended solids. Secondary treatment uses biological processes like activated sludge to remove organic matter through microbial digestion. Tertiary treatment further removes nutrients and disinfects the water before environmental discharge or reuse.
The document discusses the three stages of water treatment: primary, secondary, and tertiary. The primary stage involves physical separation processes like screening, sedimentation, flotation, and filtration to remove solids. The secondary stage uses biological processes like aerobic and anaerobic treatment to convert dissolved organic matter into solids using bacteria. The tertiary stage disinfects the treated water using processes like chlorination, UV light radiation, or ozonation to remove pathogens.
Surface water treatment involves several steps: (1) intake of water from rivers through screens and grit chambers, (2) addition of chemicals like chlorine, lime, and alum through rapid mixing, (3) coagulation through slow mixing to form and densify flocs, (4) settling of flocs in tanks, (5) filtration through granular materials to remove particles, and (6) disinfection through chlorination to remove pathogens before distribution. Proper treatment is essential to make surface water potable and safe for human consumption.
This document provides information on various filtration and water treatment systems. It begins with an overview of filtration, describing how it separates solids from liquids using a medium. It then discusses different types of filters including pressure sand filters, activated carbon filters, and ion exchange systems. It explains how these systems work to remove contaminants from water through physical and chemical processes like adsorption and ion exchange. The document also covers membrane filtration technologies like microfiltration and ultrafiltration that remove particles based on their size. It addresses issues like fouling and various cleaning methods for membrane systems.
Water is a precious resource and without it life is not possible on earth
Water is getting polluted day by day due to excessive and careless use so the percent of available drinking water is reducing
There are many ways which causes water pollution and the effects of it are very harmful for all living and non-living objects
In general, sewage contains dissolved solids, suspended solids, nutrients (N, P), sulphate, chloride and heavy metals (Fe, Cu, Co, Zn, Pb, Ni), bacteria and viruses.
This 0.1% contains organic matter, microorganisms and inorganic compounds.
Of the solids present in sewage, 70% are organic and 30% are inorganic in nature.
The organic fraction contains proteins (60%), carbohydrates (20%) and fats (10%).
The inorganic fraction contains grit, salts and metals.
The Sewage Treatment Process essentially includes three stages. What are the three stages of sewage treatment and How does each stage work?
The three stages can be divided into primary, secondary, and Tertiary. In each step, water is purified to the next level to access clean water for humans and the environment.
1.This stage essentially includes the process of sedimentation. The water is held in the large sedimentary or rainwater tanks where the settleable solids are removed. Since the sedimentation tanks work on the principle of gravity, the solids settle at the bottom, and the lighter solids float in the tanks. Anyhow, let's move forward to stage 2 of secondary treatment. After the sludge settles at the bottom, the water is then released for its secondary treatment.
2.In this process, waste is broken down by aerobic bacteria and incorporated into the wastewater system.
3. Tertiary treatment is also known as polishing and disinfecting the water with the highest standards. This stage is critical to producing the water to a particular specification such as technical water, mineral water etc. It is also used to treat the water in public systems.
1.the incoming wastewater passes through screening equipment where objects such as rags, wood fragments, plastics, and grease are removed. The material removed is washed and pressed and disposed of in a landfill. The screened wastewater is then pumped to the next step: grit removal.
2. In this step, heavy but fine material such as sand and gravel is removed from the wastewater. This material is also disposed of in a landfill.
3. The material, which will settle, but at a slower rate than step two, is taken out using large circular tanks called clarifiers. The settled material, called primary sludge, is pumped off the bottom and the wastewater exits the tank from the top. Floating debris such as grease is skimmed off the top and sent with the settled material to digesters.
4. In this step, the wastewater receives most of its treatment. Through biological degradation, the pollutants are consumed by microorganisms and transformed into cell tissue, water, and nitrogen.
5. Large circular tanks called secondary clarifiers
This document outlines various methods for industrial wastewater treatment. It begins by stating the objectives of industrial wastewater treatment are to allow effluents to be disposed of without harming human health or the environment. It then discusses the characteristics of industrial wastewater including physical, chemical, and biological properties. Several common treatment methods are described such as mechanical, physical, chemical, and physio-chemical processes. Specific technologies like screening, sedimentation, flotation, neutralization, and dissolved air flotation are explained.
Different methods used in waste water treatment (conventional and biological method) summarizes various waste water treatment processes. Conventional methods include preliminary treatment like screens and grit removal, primary treatment using sedimentation, and secondary biological treatment using activated sludge or trickling filters. Biological treatment uses microorganisms to break down organic waste aerobically or anaerobically. Anaerobic processes like anaerobic digestion and UASB reactors produce biogas and reduce sludge. The document provides details on the microbial life and processes involved in waste water treatment.
This document summarizes the multi-stage process of wastewater treatment. It begins with primary treatment which uses screens and sedimentation tanks to remove solids. Secondary treatment uses biological processes like activated sludge to break down organic matter. Tertiary treatment provides further purification through processes like filtration, nutrient removal, and disinfection. New developments include using nanostructured silica to remove heavy metals. Proper wastewater treatment is needed to safely discharge water back into the environment after removing contaminants.
This document discusses the treatment of municipal waste and industrial effluents through various biological processes. It describes the four main treatment processes: 1) preliminary treatment to remove solids, 2) primary treatment using sedimentation to remove settleable organic materials, 3) secondary or biological treatment using microorganisms to break down dissolved and suspended organic matter, and 4) tertiary or advanced treatment for additional removal of nutrients or contaminants. Key biological treatment methods discussed include activated sludge processes, trickling filters, and rotating biological contactors.
#Treatment and Recycling of Sewage and Sludge
#Composition of Sewage
#Hazardous-Waste Management
#Treatment
#Physical Sewage Treatment or Primary Treatment
#Biological Treatment of Sewage or Secondary Treatment
#Chemical Treatment of Sewage or Tertiary Treatment
The document discusses waste water treatment. It defines sewage and its classes. Sewage contains domestic and industrial waste waters. Treatment is necessary to prevent hazards and pollution. Methods include single dwelling unit treatment with septic tanks and municipal treatment processes. The municipal process involves primary treatment to remove solids, secondary treatment using biological methods like activated sludge to reduce organic compounds, and sludge processing. Activated sludge treatment uses aeration of sewage to form flocs to oxidize organic matter. The sludge is further treated through anaerobic digestion or composting.
The document discusses sewage systems and wastewater treatment. It begins with an introduction to sewage and why sewage systems are necessary. It then describes the multi-step treatment process that wastewater undergoes, including primary, secondary, and tertiary treatments. Primary treatment removes solids and organic materials. Secondary treatment uses biological processes to remove dissolved organic matter. Tertiary treatment further removes nutrients and pathogens. The document also discusses sludge treatment methods and provides case studies of specific sewage treatment systems and companies.
For Environment Protection against harmful emisison and aquatic life, It is necessary to implement the standard in order to control the Chemcial Oxygen demand, Biological oxygen demand, Total suspended solid, Total dissolved solid, Oil & Greece Etc.
The document discusses sewage systems and sewage treatment processes. It begins by defining sewage and explaining why sewage systems are necessary to collect and transport wastewater from residential and commercial areas to treatment plants. It then describes the multi-step treatment process, including primary treatment to remove solids, secondary biological treatment to remove organic matter using microorganisms, and tertiary treatment for disinfection and removal of additional contaminants. The document provides details on various treatment methods and system components, such as screens, sedimentation tanks, aerators, lagoons, and sludge treatment. Case studies from Japan and the Philippines are also presented to compare sewage treatment approaches.
The document discusses various types of water filtration systems used in aquaculture. It describes biological, physical, and chemical filtration. Biological filtration uses beneficial bacteria to break down organic waste via the nitrogen cycle. Physical filtration removes suspended solids mechanically through screens and sedimentation. Chemical filtration removes dissolved materials and fine particulates using methods like activated carbon absorption. The document provides details on common filtration equipment and processes used in recirculating aquaculture systems.
This document discusses drinking water treatment processes. It begins by describing the various impurities found in raw water that are grouped into physical, chemical and biological categories. The key water treatment processes are then outlined, including physical processes like sedimentation and filtration, chemical processes like coagulation and oxidation, and the most common disinfection process. Factors that influence the efficacy of disinfection like microbe type, disinfectant used, and water quality parameters are also summarized.
This document describes the key processes involved in an effluent treatment plant (ETP). It discusses preliminary treatment including screens, grit chambers, and oil/grease removal. Primary treatment consists of sedimentation tanks and clarifiers. Secondary treatment uses biological processes like activated sludge or trickling filters. Tertiary treatment provides additional filtration and may include carbon filters or disinfection. The major treatment units in an ETP are preliminary, primary, secondary, and tertiary treatments.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
1. Waste water Treatment
When effluent discharged into a river body such as lake, river or sea a
number of process occur like physical, chemical and biological
characteristics of water change which cause loss of organism.
The extent of damage depend upon type pf pollutant present in effluent.
Non bio-degradable pollutant like mercury are most deadly as they
accumulate in aquatic organism which lead to Biomagnifications.
Large quantity of biodegradable waste can affect living organism in the
water bodies in which waste are discharged.
are
It is necessary to treat effluent or waste water before discharging in
water body. The treatment procedure are generally divided into three
groups-
1. Primary Treatment or Mechanical Treatment
2. Secondary Treatment or Biological Treatment
3. Tertiary Treatment or Advance Biological or Chemical Treatment
2.
3. Primary Treatment
- In primary treatment suspended solid and floating material is
removed. Effluent is passes through a screen which is used to
remove certain material like wood pieces, plastic , paper,
floating debris. Then effluent is passed through chamber which
is known as grit chamber.
-Fatty and oily substance can be removed by flotation method.
In order to trap fatty and oily substance a instrument called
Centrifugal Separator is used in this process fatty substance
are reached to outside and clean water remain in the center of
cyclone.
- The water is passed in Settling Tank in which water remain
for a long time in which suspended particles are settled down
this process is known as Sedimentation.
4. -Sedimentation can be accelerated by adding chemical
substance known as Coagulant like Alum.
- Some small particles may be separated by Floatation
Method . In this method bubble of air pass through the bottom
of tank and small particles come in the contact with bubble
come out on the surface of water.
- Colloidal particles can be removed by Flocculation and
Precipitation.
5.
6. Primary Tratment
- Physical Treatment
- Chemical Treatment
Physical chemical waste water treatment techniques are
techniques to remove the coarse fraction.
Oil, fatty acids and suspended solids could be removed
by the use of the following techniques:
1. Physical Treatment
a) Screening
b) Grit Chamber
c) Floatation or skimming tank
7. Chemical Treatment
- Sedimentation
- Coagulation
- Flocculation
- Filteration
Physical chemical treatment is normally used to
prepare the waste water for the next treatment
technique, in many cases biological treatment.
8. Screen Chamber:
Screen chamber remove dead animals, branches of tree, logs
of wood, rags and other coarse floating material.
The effluent is passed through the bar screens for rag
removal. In this section, two automatic bar screen cleaners
remove large solids (rags, plastics, etc.) from the raw sewage.
The collected material is placed in dumpsters to be taken later
to the landfill
9.
10. Grit Tanks:
Grit include sand, ash, egg shell etc . Of diameter less then
0.2 mm.
Next, the effluent moves to the grit tanks. These tanks
reduce the velocity of the effluent so that heavy particles
may fall to the bottom. The solids are pumped to an auger
pump which separates the water from the grit while the
water moves onward. The grit (mostly inorganic solids)
goes to a dumpster which is taken to a landfill. There are
two complete grit removal systems which are rotated in
operation for equal hours.
11.
12. Skimming Tank
Fats, waxes, fatty acid, soap, minerals and vegetable oil
present in waste water are collectively called as oil and grease.
As oil and grease are lighter than water they are normally
separated by natural flotation .
The bubbles of air are passed on the bottom of the tank and
floating matter rises and remain on the surface of waste water
which can be separated easily.
13. Sedimentation
Settling down of suspended particles at the bottom of water is
called Sedimentation. This process is also known as
clarification.
In this process water is collected into big pond , slowly- slowly
impurities are settled down by gravitation. The process of
sedimentation can be accelerated by adding Alum.
The main objective of Sedimentation are :
- The suspended and colloidal impurities are separated in
sedimentation tank by gravitation.
- It reduce heavy sediment load before treating water for
other purposes.
14. -The main principle of sedimentation is to allow water to rest
or flow at a very slow velocity. So that heavier particles settle
down due to gravity.
- The process of settling of particles depend mainly on
velocity of flow, size, shape and specific gravity of particles
and viscosity of liquid.
- The velocity of water decreased by increasing the length of
flow. This principle is used in the process of sedimentation.
- The size and shape of particles are increased by formation
of precipitates because of addition of coagulants.
15. Coagulation
- In plain sedimentation, the heavier particles settle down. However fine
particles take many hours or sometimes days to settle down.
- Colloidal particles which are fine particles of size finer than 0.0001 mm
carry electric charges on them.
- The water possesses colour which is mainly due to colloidal matter and
dissolve organic matter in water.
- The turbidity in water is mainly due to the presence of very fine particles
of clay, silt and organic matter.
- Sedimentation alone is not sufficient o remove all the
suspended matter. The process of coagulation is used to
remove colloidal particles from water.
- Coagulation is the process in which certain chemical agent is mixed
with water then colloidal and suspended particles are agglomerated and
form insoluble metal hydroxide known as flocks.
16. Filtration
- Filtration is done in order to remove colloidal and suspended
matter remaining after sedimentation and to remove bacterial
load.
- The process of filtration usually consist of allowing the water
pass through thick layer of sand or porous material which
retain coarse impurities on its surface and in pores.
- The apparatus used for filtration is called filter and the
porous material that fill the filter is known as filtering medium.
18. -Coagulant is adopted when turbidity of water exceeds about
40 ppm. By coagulation process the fine particles are removed
rapidly and turbidity is reduced to about 20 ppm.
- The most common coagulant are aluminum sulfhate,
chlorinated copper, ferrous sulpahte, lime, magnesium
carbonate, polyelectrolyte and sodium aluminates.
- Aluminum sulphate, (Al2 (SO4)3 . 18 H2O is also known as
alum. It is most common coagulant that is available and used
in the form of flakes.
19. Flocculators
In recent years flocculators or polyelectrolytes have widely
been used. Flocculators are organic high molecular weight
compound comprising many inorganic group.
- These group groups undergo ionisation when dissolve in water.
- - Two important flocculators are polyacryalamide and BA-2
flocculator (cation exchange type).
- - The BA-2 polyelectrolyte is employed without any coagulant
because it bring about coagulation of colloids itself. Most of
colloidal particles carry negative surface charge but molecule of BA-
2 are positively charged . Hence neutralisation of charges take
place.
- -
20. The water compounds are classified into three categories :
suspended solids, colloidal particles (less than 1 micron) and
dissolved substances (less than several nanometers).
The coagulation-flocculation processes facilitate the removal of
SS and colloidal particles. It’s used in the final stage of solids-liquids
separation: settling, flotation or filtration.
Coagulation is the destabilization of colloidal particles brought
about by the addition of a chemical reagent called as
coagulant.
21. Flocculation is the agglomeration of destabilized
particles into microfloc and after into bulky
floccules which can be settled called floc. The
addition of another reagent called flocculants or a
flocculants aid may promote the formation of the
floc.
The factors, which can promote the coagulation-flocculation,
are the velocity gradient, the time,
and the pH. The time and the velocity gradient
are important to increase the probability of the
particles to come
22. Secondary Treatment or Biological Treatment
It is the process in which microorganism play a very important
role for the treatment of effluent. Microorganism like bacteria,
fungi decompose the organic waste and convert into simpler
form. The main function of secondary treatment is to convert
the reaming organic matter of sewage into stable form by
oxidation and nitrification.
Biological Treatment Can be classified into
1. Aerobic Treatment
a) Activated Sludge Process
b) Trickling Filter
c)
2. Anaerobic Treatment
23. Aerobic Treatment :
The treatment which is carried out by microorganism in the
presence of oxygen.
Anaerobic Treatment :
The treatment which is carried out by aerobes in the absence
of oxygen. The need of oxygen is supplied by oxidation of
oxygenated compound for e.g SO2
24. Activated Sludge Process
- This is most versatile biological oxidation process employed for the
treatment of waste water contain dissolve solid, collides, coarse solid and
organic matter.
- Sewage from sedimentation tank enter into aeration tank. Here 20 – 30
% of active sludge is mixed. The mixture is aerated and mixed in the tank
for about 4 to 8 hours .
- An efficient aeration for 3 – 6 hour is occupied for sludge while for
industrial waste 6 – 24 hour of aeration is required.
- The microorganism oxidize organic matter , in the presence of abundant
quantity of oxygen in the aeration tank. Sewage is allowed to settle in
secondary sedimentation tank.
- This settled sewage has undergo aeration and has active
microorganism. So some portion of activated sludge is recalculated into
the aeration tank.
25. The activated sludge is obtained by settling sewage in the
presence of excess oxygen. Thus activated sludge is that
sludge which settle down after the sewage has been freely
aerated and agitated for a certain time.
- The activated sludge is biologically active and contain a
large number of aerobic bacteria and other microorganism.
- When activate d sludge is mixed with effluent , the aerobic
bacteria oxidize the organic matter and promote
coagulation and flocculation.
- Some advantages of activated sludge method is
i) The effluent is free from bed smell and odour
ii) Give Clear sparkling treated liquid
29. Trickling Filter
- After primary treatment the effluent is passed through the the
bed the filter medium which is consisting of bed of stone in
which microorganism or bacteria are present.
- Bacteria get nutrient . Bacteria attack on carbohydrate,
protein, oil, fats which is essential for the growth of bacteria.
30.
31.
32. Oxidation Pond (Lagoon)
New bilogical method have been introduced now days for
waste water treatment. The oxygen pond is shallow pond
where waste water is purified by action of algae and
aerobic bacteria.
Organic matter are decomposed by bacteria and are
consumed by algae.
Latter on oxygen is released during the process of
photosynthesis.
Aerobic bacteria get O2 from atmosphere and convert
the organic matter present in sewage and liberate CO2
which is again taken by algae during the process of
photosynthesis.
33.
34. The contents of the aeration tanks, which require a delicate
balance of food and oxygen, are commonly referred to as the
mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) or activated sludge.
The activated sludge converts organic substances into
oxidized products and a settleable floc which is settled out in
the secondary clarifiers. The aeration tanks have a great deal
of flexibility built into them. Raw sewage can be introduced in
various locations and be aerated and mixed for varying
lengths of time and intensity.
35. Carbon Cycle - Metabolism Reaction
Bacterial Decomposition of Organic Waster
Metabolism occurs in animals, humans, and in this case
Bacteria, after the ingestion of organic plant or animal
foods. Organic materials contain at least carbon and
hydrogen and may include oxygen. In the cells a series of
complex reactions occurs with oxygen to convert for
example glucose sugar into the products of carbon dioxide
and water and ENERGY. This reaction is also carried out
by bacteria in the decomposition/decay of organic
waste materials in the water.
36.
37. An important summary statement is that during
combustion/metabolism of organic waste, oxygen is
used and carbon dioxide is a product. The whole
purpose of the process is to decompose and
breakdown organic waste into carbon dioxide, a gas
emitted to the atmosphere, and unreacted solids
which may be removed by settling and filtration.
38.
39.
40.
41. Tertiary Treatment (Advance waste water treatment)
The main function of tertiary treatment is to decrease the
load of nitrogen and phosphorous compound present in the
effluent by the following process.
a) Precipitation
b) Nitrogen Stripping
c) Chlorination
a) Precipitation:
The effluent received after the secondary treatment is
mixed with calcium oxide. The lime then react with
phosphorous compound in waste to from insoluble
calcium phosphate, which then settle down a the bottom
of settling tank.
42. b) Nitrogen Stripping
Nitrogen present in waste water is generally in the form of ammonia gas ,
nitrates and nitrites. Ammonia is highly undesirable in streams and lakes
because it is extremely lethal to aquatic biota. Nitrogen eventually enhance
Eutrophication
In order to remove nitrogen air is forced through the effluent which thereby
result in the removal of ammonia gas.
C) Chlorination
It is the process in which chlorine is used to kill micro-organism .The main
purpose of chlorination are
- To assist in the formation of floc in the process of coagulation together
with other chemical.
- To prevent corrosion of sewers.
- To prevent spread of epidemic.
43. Ultraviolet Light
The water is passed through banks of cylindrical,
quartz-jacketed fluorescent bulbs. Some dissolved
materials, such as iron and some organic compounds,
can also absorb some of the light. Ultraviolet
disinfection is becoming more popular because of the
increasing complications associated with the use of
chlorine.
Ozone:
Ozone is too unstable to store, and has to be made as it is
used. It is produced by passing an electrical discharge
through air, which is then bubbled through the water. While
chlorine can be dosed at a high enough concentration so
that some of it remains in the water for a considerable time,
ozone is consumed very rapidly and leaves no residual. It
may also produce some chemical byproducts, but probably
not as harmful as those produced by chlorine.
44.
45.
46. Sludge/Solids Treatment
1. Anaerobic digesters.
In the anaerobic digesters another group of bacteria
begin to digest and dissolve the solids to their basic
components. This process uses bacteria which do not
need atmospheric oxygen to survive, so therefore, no
air is bubbled into the tanks. In fact, air mixed with the
gasses may be explosive, so we strive to keep all air
out. The anaerobic digesters produce a stable sludge
which is readily dewatered. The process is also a
source of methane gas, which is used as a fuel
source for heating the digesters, heating several
buildings, and fueling the engine generator to produce
electricity.
47.
48. Sludge Dewatering and Drying:
The engine generator runs on digester or natural gas. The generator
supplies electrical power to essential pieces of treatment plant
equipment. In the event of a complete power outage, important
equipment will be powered by the engine generator. Waste heat is used
to help heat surrounding buildings.
After most of the organic solids have been digested, the sludge is
pumped to sand drying beds or to the belt filter presses. The belt filter
presses use a chemical flocculent to separate the water from the solids.
The dewatered solids are then squeezed between two belts to further
dewater them. The resulting solids are in the range of 18-20 percent
solids. These solids are applied to agricultural land. The solids can also
be taken to a landfill. The sludge drying beds also provide a means of
drying the sludge treated by the anaerobic digesters. As an alternative,
the digested sludge may be pumped to the truck loading station to be
hauled to other locations for drying or for use as fertilizer. Sludge is a
good soil conditioner as well as fertilizer.