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EDTA Titration
Polarographic technique is applied for the qualitative or quantitative analysis of electroreducible or oxidisable elements or groups.
It is an electromechanical technique of analyzing solutions that measures the current flowing between two electrodes in the solution as well as the gradually increasing applied voltage to determine respectively the concentration of a solute and its nature.
The principle in polarography is that a gradually increasing negative potential (voltage) is applied between a polarisable and non-polarisable electrode and the corresponding current is recorded.
Polarisable electrode: Dropping Mercury electrode
Non-polarisable electrode: Saturated Calomel electrode
From the current-voltage curve (Sigmoid shape), qualitative and quantitative analysis can be performed. This technique is called as polarography, the instrument used is called as polarograph and the current-voltage curve recorded is called as polarogram
content- Principle
Ilkovic equation
Construction and working of dropping mercury electrode and rotating platinum electrode
Applications
Polarography is a voltammetric technique in which chemical species (ions or molecules) undergo oxidation (lose electrons) or reduction (gain electrons) at the surface of a dropping mercury electrode (DME) at an applied potential. Polarography only applies to the DME.
Objective of polarography
Polarography is an electroanalytical technique that measures the current flowing between two electrodes in the solution (in the presence of gradually increasing applied voltage) to determine the concentration of solute and its nature respectively
Polarography is based upon the principle that gradually increasing voltage is applied between two electrodes, one of which is polarisable (dropping mercury electrode) and other is non-polarisable and current flowing between the two electrodes is recorded.
A sigmoid shape current-voltage curve is obtained from which half wave potential as well as diffusion current is calculated.
Diffusion current is used for determination of concentration of substance.
Half wave potential is characteristic of every element.
Ilkovic equation is a relation used in polarography relating the diffusion current (id) and the concentration of the non-polarisable electrode, i.e., the substance reduced or oxidised at the dropping mercury electrode (polarisable electrode).
Definitions of types of currents
1. Residual current (ir), 2. Migration current (im): , 3. Diffusion current (id) 4.Half wave potential 5. Limiting current (il)
Dropping mercury electrode- Dropping mercury electrode (DME) is a polarisable electrode and can act as both anode and cathode.
The pool of mercury acts as counter electrode,
i.e., anode if DME is cathode or
cathode if DME is anode.
The counter electrode is a non-polarisable electrode.
To the analyte solution, electrolyte like KCl is added i.e., 50-100 times of sample concentration.
Pure nitrogen or hydrogen gas is bubbled through the solution, to expel (remove) out oxygen.
Eg: If the analyte solution contains cadmium ions, then cadmium ions are discharged at cathode (-)
Cd2+ + 2e- → Cd
Then, gradually increasing voltage is applied to the polarographic cell and current is recorded.
Graph is plotted between voltage applied and current. This graph is called Polarograph and the apparatus is known as Polarogram.
The diffusion current produced is directly proportional to concentration of analyte and this is used in quantitative analysis.
The half wave potential is characteristic of every compound and this is used in qualitative analysis.
Graph is plotted between voltage applied and current. This graph is called Polarograph and the apparatus is known as Polarogram.
The diffusion current produced is directly proportional to concentration of analyte and this is used in quantitative analysis.
The half wave potential is characteristic of every compound
Neutralization curves in acid base analytical titrations, indicators.nehla313
Neutralization curves in acid base analytical titrations, indicators,
strong acid strong base
weak acid strong bse
strong acid weak base
weak acid and weak base
This presentation includes the most important cell used in polarography Dropping Mercury Electrode. Its structure, uses/Advantages and limitations are explain here
Polarographic technique is applied for the qualitative or quantitative analysis of electroreducible or oxidisable elements or groups.
It is an electromechanical technique of analyzing solutions that measures the current flowing between two electrodes in the solution as well as the gradually increasing applied voltage to determine respectively the concentration of a solute and its nature.
The principle in polarography is that a gradually increasing negative potential (voltage) is applied between a polarisable and non-polarisable electrode and the corresponding current is recorded.
Polarisable electrode: Dropping Mercury electrode
Non-polarisable electrode: Saturated Calomel electrode
From the current-voltage curve (Sigmoid shape), qualitative and quantitative analysis can be performed. This technique is called as polarography, the instrument used is called as polarograph and the current-voltage curve recorded is called as polarogram
content- Principle
Ilkovic equation
Construction and working of dropping mercury electrode and rotating platinum electrode
Applications
Polarography is a voltammetric technique in which chemical species (ions or molecules) undergo oxidation (lose electrons) or reduction (gain electrons) at the surface of a dropping mercury electrode (DME) at an applied potential. Polarography only applies to the DME.
Objective of polarography
Polarography is an electroanalytical technique that measures the current flowing between two electrodes in the solution (in the presence of gradually increasing applied voltage) to determine the concentration of solute and its nature respectively
Polarography is based upon the principle that gradually increasing voltage is applied between two electrodes, one of which is polarisable (dropping mercury electrode) and other is non-polarisable and current flowing between the two electrodes is recorded.
A sigmoid shape current-voltage curve is obtained from which half wave potential as well as diffusion current is calculated.
Diffusion current is used for determination of concentration of substance.
Half wave potential is characteristic of every element.
Ilkovic equation is a relation used in polarography relating the diffusion current (id) and the concentration of the non-polarisable electrode, i.e., the substance reduced or oxidised at the dropping mercury electrode (polarisable electrode).
Definitions of types of currents
1. Residual current (ir), 2. Migration current (im): , 3. Diffusion current (id) 4.Half wave potential 5. Limiting current (il)
Dropping mercury electrode- Dropping mercury electrode (DME) is a polarisable electrode and can act as both anode and cathode.
The pool of mercury acts as counter electrode,
i.e., anode if DME is cathode or
cathode if DME is anode.
The counter electrode is a non-polarisable electrode.
To the analyte solution, electrolyte like KCl is added i.e., 50-100 times of sample concentration.
Pure nitrogen or hydrogen gas is bubbled through the solution, to expel (remove) out oxygen.
Eg: If the analyte solution contains cadmium ions, then cadmium ions are discharged at cathode (-)
Cd2+ + 2e- → Cd
Then, gradually increasing voltage is applied to the polarographic cell and current is recorded.
Graph is plotted between voltage applied and current. This graph is called Polarograph and the apparatus is known as Polarogram.
The diffusion current produced is directly proportional to concentration of analyte and this is used in quantitative analysis.
The half wave potential is characteristic of every compound and this is used in qualitative analysis.
Graph is plotted between voltage applied and current. This graph is called Polarograph and the apparatus is known as Polarogram.
The diffusion current produced is directly proportional to concentration of analyte and this is used in quantitative analysis.
The half wave potential is characteristic of every compound
Neutralization curves in acid base analytical titrations, indicators.nehla313
Neutralization curves in acid base analytical titrations, indicators,
strong acid strong base
weak acid strong bse
strong acid weak base
weak acid and weak base
This presentation includes the most important cell used in polarography Dropping Mercury Electrode. Its structure, uses/Advantages and limitations are explain here
The SlideShare 101 is a quick start guide if you want to walk through the main features that the platform offers. This will keep getting updated as new features are launched.
The SlideShare 101 replaces the earlier "SlideShare Quick Tour".
Learning objectives
Introduction
Complexing agents
Complexing Titration using EDTA
Need for Maintenance of pH
pH Indicators used in complexometric Titrations
Types of EDTA Titration
Factors Influencing EDTA reaction
Masking and demasking agents
Conclusion
Reference
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Synthesis of Salicylic Acid, Organic Synthesis
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Stereochemistry Assignment
Succession in Ecosystems
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Soil formation
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Community Ecology
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Eco 4 soil physical and chemical properties Rabia Aziz
soil
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An Introduction to Ecology 2
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An Introduction to Ecology 1
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Chlamydomonas
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Organic Synthesis:
The Disconnection Approach
One Group C-C Disconnection of Alcohol and Alkene
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Organic Synthesis:
The Disconnection Approach
One Group C-C Disconnection of Alcohol and Alkene
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photo redox reactions
Synthesis of benzamide from benzyl chlorideRabia Aziz
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lab: Synthesis of benzamide from benzyl chloride
Synthesis of benzamide from benzyl chlorideRabia Aziz
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Synthesis of benzamide from benzyl chloride Lab
reducation of co2 and its application to environment. Rabia Aziz
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reducation of co2 and its application to environment
analytical techniques for estimation of organic compoundsRabia Aziz
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ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES FOR ESTIMATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
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Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds
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Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2017
Joachim Frank
Cryo-Electron Microscopy
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BS-III
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
2. 1.Introduction
2.Complexometric Titration 8. Masking and
Demasking agents
3.Metal-EDTA Titration 9. Example
4.EDTA Titration curve 10. Conclusion
5.Metal ion Indicator
6. EDTA Titration Techniques
7. Application of Complexometric Titration
2
3. Titration: is a technique in which a solution of known
concentration to determine the concentration of
unknown solution.
Conditions for Titration:
1.Reaction Proceed rapidly
2.Well-defined stoichiometry
3.Large equilibrium Constant
3
4. Complex formation Titration: A Titration based on
formation of a complex ion is called a
Complexometric Titration.
Complex: Metal ion + Ligand
It may be electrically positive, negative or neutral.
Metal ions are Lewis acids and ligands are Lewis bases.
4
5. Ligands: ligands are electron-pair donor and form
coordinated covalent bond with Metal ion.
Ligands Types: On the basis of number of donating group:
Monodentate, Multidentate (bidentate, tridentate,
tetradentate, pentadentate, hexadentate)
Advantage of Multidentate: Tetradentate or Hexadentate
ligands are more satisfactory as titrants than ligands with
a lesser number of donor groups because their reactions
with cations are more completely and because they tend
to form 1:1 complexes. 5
6. Chelate: A chelate is produced when a metal ion
coordinates with two or more donor groups of a single
ligand to form a five or six membered heterocyclic ring.
Chelating Agent: Multidentate ligands are chelating Agent.
Chelate Effect: The Multidentate ligands form strong 1:1
complexes with many metal Ions.
The stability of Multidentate complex: is mainly an
entropy effect. The reaction is favoured by negative
enthalpy and positive entropy.
6
7. EDTA: EDTA is used as chelator(Hexadentate). EDTA has six potential
sites for bonding a metal ion; the four carbonyl groups and two amino
groups.
Acidic properties of EDTA: EDTA is a hexaprotic system. The relative
amounts of EDTA species H4Y, H3Y, H2Y2-, HY3- and Y4- vary as a function
of pH.
Complexes of EDTA and Metal Ions: Mn ++ Y4- MY (n-4)+
Formation Constant Kf: The equilibrium Constant for the reaction for
the reaction of a metal with a ligand is called the formation Constant,
Kf , also termed the stability Constant.
7
8. Conditional Formation Constant Kf’: is also called effective
formation Constant. It describes the formation of MY(n-4) at
any particular pH.
Control of pH: The minimum pH is needed for Titration of
many metal ions, provide a strategy for the selective
Titration of one ion in the presence of another.
Auxiliary Complexing Agents / Buffer: is the buffer,
which not only fixes pH, but serves to complex the metal
ion and keep it in solution. Because it complexes the
metal ion until EDTA is introduced. 8
10. A metal ion indicator is a compound whose color changes
when it binds to metal ion. It must bind metal less
strongly than EDTA does. Metal ion indicators are also
called acid-base indicators. Because the color of free
indicators is pH dependant.
Eriochrome Black T (EBT): Its behaviour as a weak acid.
The acids and their conjugate bases have different
colours.
H2O + H2In- (red) HIn2- (blue) + H3O+
10
11. 1. Direct Titration Method: It is the simplest and the most convenient
method in which the standard solution of EDTA is slowly added to the
metal ion solution till the end point is achieved.
2. Back Titration Method: In this method, an excess of a standard
solution of EDTA is added to the metal solution being determined so as
to complex all the metal ions present in the solution. The excess of
EDTA left after the complex formation with the metal is back titrated
with a standard solution of a second metal ion.
3. Displacement titration: The metal to be analyzed is added to a
metal-EDTA complex. The analyte ion (with higher Kf′) displaces EDTA
from the metal and the metal is subsequently titrated with standard
EDTA.
11
12. 4. Indirect Titration: The anion is first precipitated
with a metal cation and the precipitate is washed and
boiled with an excess of disodium EDTA solution to
form the metal complex.
12
13. Hardness of Water: Actually, the hardness is due to
both Ca and Mg salts but the two are determined
together in the titration. The total Ca and Mg is
titrated with standard EDTA solution using eriochrome
black-T as indicator.
13
14. Masking Agent: is a reagent that protects some
component of the analyte from reaction with EDTA.
Masking used to prevent one element from interfering
in the analysis of another element.
Demasking Agent: is a reagent that release of a
metal ion from a masking agent.
14
16. Complexometric titrations is the volumetric titration
through which end point can be detremined by
different stabilities of metal-indicator and metal-
titrant complex. Buffer solutions resist the change in
pH. The selectivity afforded by masking, demasking
and pH control allows individual components of
complex mixtures of metal ions to be analyzed by
EDTA titration.
16