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EDTA Titration
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EDTA Titration
content- Principle
Ilkovic equation
Construction and working of dropping mercury electrode and rotating platinum electrode
Applications
Polarography is a voltammetric technique in which chemical species (ions or molecules) undergo oxidation (lose electrons) or reduction (gain electrons) at the surface of a dropping mercury electrode (DME) at an applied potential. Polarography only applies to the DME.
Objective of polarography
Polarography is an electroanalytical technique that measures the current flowing between two electrodes in the solution (in the presence of gradually increasing applied voltage) to determine the concentration of solute and its nature respectively
Polarography is based upon the principle that gradually increasing voltage is applied between two electrodes, one of which is polarisable (dropping mercury electrode) and other is non-polarisable and current flowing between the two electrodes is recorded.
A sigmoid shape current-voltage curve is obtained from which half wave potential as well as diffusion current is calculated.
Diffusion current is used for determination of concentration of substance.
Half wave potential is characteristic of every element.
Ilkovic equation is a relation used in polarography relating the diffusion current (id) and the concentration of the non-polarisable electrode, i.e., the substance reduced or oxidised at the dropping mercury electrode (polarisable electrode).
Definitions of types of currents
1. Residual current (ir), 2. Migration current (im): , 3. Diffusion current (id) 4.Half wave potential 5. Limiting current (il)
Dropping mercury electrode- Dropping mercury electrode (DME) is a polarisable electrode and can act as both anode and cathode.
The pool of mercury acts as counter electrode,
i.e., anode if DME is cathode or
cathode if DME is anode.
The counter electrode is a non-polarisable electrode.
To the analyte solution, electrolyte like KCl is added i.e., 50-100 times of sample concentration.
Pure nitrogen or hydrogen gas is bubbled through the solution, to expel (remove) out oxygen.
Eg: If the analyte solution contains cadmium ions, then cadmium ions are discharged at cathode (-)
Cd2+ + 2e- → Cd
Then, gradually increasing voltage is applied to the polarographic cell and current is recorded.
Graph is plotted between voltage applied and current. This graph is called Polarograph and the apparatus is known as Polarogram.
The diffusion current produced is directly proportional to concentration of analyte and this is used in quantitative analysis.
The half wave potential is characteristic of every compound and this is used in qualitative analysis.
Graph is plotted between voltage applied and current. This graph is called Polarograph and the apparatus is known as Polarogram.
The diffusion current produced is directly proportional to concentration of analyte and this is used in quantitative analysis.
The half wave potential is characteristic of every compound
Polarographic technique is applied for the qualitative or quantitative analysis of electroreducible or oxidisable elements or groups.
It is an electromechanical technique of analyzing solutions that measures the current flowing between two electrodes in the solution as well as the gradually increasing applied voltage to determine respectively the concentration of a solute and its nature.
The principle in polarography is that a gradually increasing negative potential (voltage) is applied between a polarisable and non-polarisable electrode and the corresponding current is recorded.
Polarisable electrode: Dropping Mercury electrode
Non-polarisable electrode: Saturated Calomel electrode
From the current-voltage curve (Sigmoid shape), qualitative and quantitative analysis can be performed. This technique is called as polarography, the instrument used is called as polarograph and the current-voltage curve recorded is called as polarogram
Learning objectives
Introduction
Preparation of a standard solution used for redox titration
Oxidizing and reducing agents used in volumetric analysis
N/10 potassium permanganate preparation
N/10 potassium dichromate preparation
N/10 Iodine solution preparation
Examples of redox titrations
Conclusion
References
content- Principle
Ilkovic equation
Construction and working of dropping mercury electrode and rotating platinum electrode
Applications
Polarography is a voltammetric technique in which chemical species (ions or molecules) undergo oxidation (lose electrons) or reduction (gain electrons) at the surface of a dropping mercury electrode (DME) at an applied potential. Polarography only applies to the DME.
Objective of polarography
Polarography is an electroanalytical technique that measures the current flowing between two electrodes in the solution (in the presence of gradually increasing applied voltage) to determine the concentration of solute and its nature respectively
Polarography is based upon the principle that gradually increasing voltage is applied between two electrodes, one of which is polarisable (dropping mercury electrode) and other is non-polarisable and current flowing between the two electrodes is recorded.
A sigmoid shape current-voltage curve is obtained from which half wave potential as well as diffusion current is calculated.
Diffusion current is used for determination of concentration of substance.
Half wave potential is characteristic of every element.
Ilkovic equation is a relation used in polarography relating the diffusion current (id) and the concentration of the non-polarisable electrode, i.e., the substance reduced or oxidised at the dropping mercury electrode (polarisable electrode).
Definitions of types of currents
1. Residual current (ir), 2. Migration current (im): , 3. Diffusion current (id) 4.Half wave potential 5. Limiting current (il)
Dropping mercury electrode- Dropping mercury electrode (DME) is a polarisable electrode and can act as both anode and cathode.
The pool of mercury acts as counter electrode,
i.e., anode if DME is cathode or
cathode if DME is anode.
The counter electrode is a non-polarisable electrode.
To the analyte solution, electrolyte like KCl is added i.e., 50-100 times of sample concentration.
Pure nitrogen or hydrogen gas is bubbled through the solution, to expel (remove) out oxygen.
Eg: If the analyte solution contains cadmium ions, then cadmium ions are discharged at cathode (-)
Cd2+ + 2e- → Cd
Then, gradually increasing voltage is applied to the polarographic cell and current is recorded.
Graph is plotted between voltage applied and current. This graph is called Polarograph and the apparatus is known as Polarogram.
The diffusion current produced is directly proportional to concentration of analyte and this is used in quantitative analysis.
The half wave potential is characteristic of every compound and this is used in qualitative analysis.
Graph is plotted between voltage applied and current. This graph is called Polarograph and the apparatus is known as Polarogram.
The diffusion current produced is directly proportional to concentration of analyte and this is used in quantitative analysis.
The half wave potential is characteristic of every compound
Polarographic technique is applied for the qualitative or quantitative analysis of electroreducible or oxidisable elements or groups.
It is an electromechanical technique of analyzing solutions that measures the current flowing between two electrodes in the solution as well as the gradually increasing applied voltage to determine respectively the concentration of a solute and its nature.
The principle in polarography is that a gradually increasing negative potential (voltage) is applied between a polarisable and non-polarisable electrode and the corresponding current is recorded.
Polarisable electrode: Dropping Mercury electrode
Non-polarisable electrode: Saturated Calomel electrode
From the current-voltage curve (Sigmoid shape), qualitative and quantitative analysis can be performed. This technique is called as polarography, the instrument used is called as polarograph and the current-voltage curve recorded is called as polarogram
Learning objectives
Introduction
Preparation of a standard solution used for redox titration
Oxidizing and reducing agents used in volumetric analysis
N/10 potassium permanganate preparation
N/10 potassium dichromate preparation
N/10 Iodine solution preparation
Examples of redox titrations
Conclusion
References
MAKAUT/SEM 1/ PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY/ UNIT 3/GASTROINTESTINAL AGENTS_ANTIMICROBIAL
BY
KUNAL DATTA
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
B.PHARM , M.PHARM
NETAJI SUBHAS CHANDRA BOSE INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY
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Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
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Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
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A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
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but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
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Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
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2. Introduction to potassium
permanganate
• Potassium permanganate is an inorganic chemical
compound with the formula KMnO₄. It is a salt
consisting of K⁺ and MnO− 4 ions. Formerly known as
permanganate of potash or Condy's crystals, it is a
strong oxidizing agent.
• Formula: KMnO4
• Molar mass: 158.034 g/mol
• Density: 2.70 g/cm³
• Melting point: 240 °C
• IUPAC ID: Potassium mangnate(VII)
• Soluble in: Water
3. 1. Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) is used primarily to
control taste and odors, remove color, control biological
growth in treatment plants, and remove iron and
manganese.
2. Potassium permanganate is a mild antiseptic with astringent
properties. It is used in dermatology to treat weeping skin
conditions. Potassium permanganate tablets are commonly used
in clinical practice.
4. 3. Potassium permanganate, KMnO4 , is a chemical oxidizing
agent that will react with any organic matter in a pond
including algae, bacteria, fish, particulate and dissolved
organic, and organic bottom sediments. It has been used
in fish ponds to treat common fish pathogens such as gill
parasites and external bacterial and fungal infections.
5. 4. Potassium permanganate is an oxidant, but a
poor disinfectant. It's often used in well water
to control odor and taste, remove manganese,
iron and color from the water, and to control
biological growth.
6. Why is potassium permanganate
soluble in water?
• Almost all potassium-salts are soluble in water. KMnO4 is
a network solid consisting of alternating K atoms and
MnO4 radicals. The bonds holding K to the MnO4- are
weak enough to be easily broken by the hydration of water
molecules.
8. As we all know that the potassium
permanganate (KMnO4) is the dark purple
color solution ..and in titration it become
colorless ..so when the titration is completed
...and the other single drop of KMnO4 solution
produce pinkish color in a beaker ...which
indicate that the reaction was completed just a
single drop before .. we use indicator in a
reaction in order to indicate ..but we don't used
indicator in titration with KMnO4 because it
also indicate us by changing its color
...colorless to pink
9. Oxidizing Agent
Potassium permanganate is used in organic
chemistry in the form of an alkaline or neutral
solution. Oxidation involves the gain of oxygen
and an oxidizing agent is a chemical that
oxidizes something else. The permanganate in
potassium permanganate has the anion MnO4-
that is the reason for its strong oxidizing
properties.
10. Oxidation with potassium
permanganate
• KMnO4 is a strong oxidant with an
intense violet color. In strongly acidic
solutions (pH < 1), it is reduced to Mn2+.
• In neutral or alkaline solution, it is
reduced to brown solid MnO2.
• In strongly alkaline solution ( 2 M
NaOH), green manganate ion (MnO4
2-) is
produced.
11. Permanganate titration
Oxidation with permanganate : Reduction of permanganate
KMnO4 Powerful oxidant that the most widely used.
In strongly acidic solutions (1M H2SO4 or HCl, pH 1)
MnO4
– + 8H+ + 5e = Mn2 + + 4H2 O Eo = 1.51 V
violet color colorless manganous
KMnO4 is a self-indicator.
In feebly acidic, neutral, or alkaline solutions
MnO4
– + 4H+ + 3e = MnO2 (s) + 2H2 O Eo = 1.695 V
brown manganese dioxide solid
In very strongly alkaline solution (2M NaOH)
MnO4
– + e = MnO4
2 – Eo = 0.558 V
green manganate
14. Standardization of KMnO4 solution
Potassium permanganate is not primary standard, because traces of MnO2
are invariably present.
Standardization by titration of sodium oxalate (primary standard) :
2KMnO4 + 5 Na2(COO)2 + 8H2SO4 = 2MnSO4 + K2SO4 + 5Na2SO4 + 10 CO2 + 8H2O
2KMnO4 5 Na2(COO)2 10 Equivalent
mw 158.03 mw 134.01
158.03 g / 5 134.01 g / 2 1 Eq.
31.606 g 67.005 g
1N × 1000 ml 67.005 g
x N × V ml a g
x N = ( a g × 1N × 1000 ml) / (67.005 g × V ml)
15. Preparation of 0.1 N potassium permanganate solution
KMnO4 is not pure. Distilled water contains traces of organic reducing substances which
react slowly with permanganate to form hydrous manganese dioxide. Manganese dioxide
promotes the auto decomposition of permanganate.
1) Dissolve about 3.2 g of KMnO4 (mw=158.04) in 1000ml of water,
heat the solution to boiling, and keep slightly below the boiling point for 1 hr.
Alternatively , allow the solution to stand at room temperature for 2 or 3 days.
2) Filter the liquid through a sintered-glass filter crucible to remove solid MnO2.
3) Transfer the filtrate to a clean stoppered bottle freed from grease with cleaning
mixture.
4) Protect the solution from evaporation, dust, and reducing vapors, and keep it in
the dark or in diffuse light.
5) If in time managanese dioxide settles out, refilter the solution and
restandardize it.
16. What is redox
titration ?
A TITRATION WHICH DEALS WITH A REACTION
INVOLVING OXIDATION AND REDUCTION OF
CERTAIN CHEMICAL SPECIES.
What is a
titration ?
The act of adding standard solution in small
quantities to the test solution till the reaction is
complete is termed titration.
17. What is a standard solution?
A standard solution is one whose concentration is
precisely known.
What is a test solution?
A test solution is one whose concentration is to be
estimated.
18. What is oxidation?
Old definition:
Combination of substance with oxygen
C (s) + O2(g) CO2(g)
Current definition:
Loss of Electrons is Oxidation (LEO)
Na Na
+
Positive charge represents electron deficiency
ONE POSITIVE CHARGE MEANS DEFICIENT BY ONE ELECTRON
19. What is reduction?
Old definition:
Removal of oxygen from a compound
WO3 (s) + 3H2(g) W(s) + 3H2O(g)
Current definition:
Gain of Electrons is Reduction (GER)
Cl + e- Cl -
Negative charge represents electron
richnessONE NEGATIVE CHARGE MEANS RICH
BY ONE ELECTRON
20. OXIDATION-REDUCTION
Oxidation and reduction go hand in hand. In a reaction, if there is
an atom undergoing oxidation, there is probably another atom
undergoing reduction.
When there is an atom that donates electrons, there is always
an atom that accepts electrons.
Electron transfer happens from one atom to another.
21. Rules for assigning Oxidation State
The sum of the oxidation numbers of all of the atoms in a
molecule or ion must be equal in sign and value to the
charge on the molecule or ion.
Potassium Permanganate
KMnO4
OS of K + OS of Mn + 4(OS of O) = 0
23. Permanganate titration
• Permanganometry is one of the techniques used
in quantitative analysis in Chemistry.
• It is a redox titration and involves the use
of permanganates and is used to measure the
amount of analyte present in unknown chemical
samples.
• It involves two steps, namely the titration of the
analyte with potassium permanganate solution
and then the standardization of potassium
permanganate solution with standard sodium
oxalate solution.
24. • Depending on how the titration is performed,
the permanganate ion can be reduced to Mnx, where
x is +2, +3, +4 and +6.
• Using permanganometry we can estimate the
quantitative presence of Fe+2, Mn+2, Fe+2 and
Mn+2 when they are both present in a mixture,
C2O4
2-, NO2
-, H2O2 etc.
25. •In the most cases permanganometry is performed in a
very acidic solution in which the following reaction
occurs:
MnO4
- + 8H+ + 5e- → Mn+2 + 4H2O
The standard potential of this electrochemical reaction is:
Eo=+1.52 V
which shows that KMnO4 (in an acidic medium) is a very
strong oxidizing agent. With this method we can oxidize:
Fe+2 (Eo
Fe
+3
/Fe
+2=+0.77 V)
Sn+2 (Eo
Sn
+4
/Sn
+2=+0.2 V)
and even
Cl- ( Eo
Cl2/Cl
-=+1.36 V) etc.
26. •In weak acidic medium MnO4
- can not accept
5 electrons to form Mn+2, this time it accepts only 3
electrons and forms MnO2(s) by the
following electrochemical reaction:
MnO4
- + 4H+ + 3e- → MnO2 + 2H2O
Eo=+1.69 V.
For the reaction: MnO4
- + 8 H+ + 5 e- = Mn2+ + 4 H2O
Eo=+1.51 V
And if the solution has a concentration C(NaOH)>1 mol
dm−3 the following reaction occurs:
MnO4
- + e- → MnO4
2- Eo=+0.56 V.
27. Standardization of potassium
permanganate solution
Background
•The standardization of the KMnO 4
solution is carried out by titration against a standard
solution of oxalic acid.
• Oxalic acid is a good primary standard because the
compound is available in solid form, as H2 C 2 0 4 .2H 20,
which can be prepared to a very high degree of purity and
is not hygroscopic nor efflorescent.
The reaction is
28. The permanganate ion is strong oxidizing reagent.
The half-reaction is:
MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e- Mn2+ + 4H2O E0 = 1.51 V
• Potassium permanganate is not primary standard
substance because it contains reduced products like
manganese oxide MnO2 where the concentration of KMnO 4
changed after preparation because it dissociated via reducing
agents such as ammonia and organic substances in water
;therefore, potassium permanganate must be standardized
before use it and keep it at least 7-10 days after preparation at
dark place and dark bottle
29. • Sodium oxalate is commonly used as a primary
standard for determining the concentration of many strong
oxidizers used in oxidation/reduction analyses.
•Sodium oxalate, Na2C2O4, is a strong electrolyte that
dissociates completely in water according to the following
equation:
Na2C2O4 2 Na+ (aq) + C2O4
2- (aq)
31. Procedure
1. Transfer 10.0 ml of sodium oxalate (0.1 N) to 250 ml
conical flask.
2. Add 5.0mL of 6.0 N sulfuric acid.
3. shake the solution well and warm it ( 75-80 oC)
4. Titrate the hot solution against potassium Permanganate
solution.
5. Continue with titration drop by drop till the color is
changed from colorless to pink ( permanganate dye)
6.Repeat the titration for three times and record the mean.