Aldol Condensation || with Mechanism || Aldehyde Chemical Rxn| ALDOL Reactio...Anjali Bhardwaj
Aldol Condensation reaction in Aldehydes
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Aldol Condensation || with Mechanism || Aldehyde Chemical Rxn| ALDOL Reactio...Anjali Bhardwaj
Aldol Condensation reaction in Aldehydes
You can watch this lecture video on youtube
https://youtu.be/bnQn7LunefE
Subscribe the channel
Follow at twitter:@LifeHobbies
Follow at Instagram:anlifehobbies
Electro osmosis ,colligative propertries of colloids ,electrokinetic properti...Anand P P
electro osmosis.that topics deals with colloids and their one of the colligative properties that is electro kinetic property.under the electrokinetic colligative property of colloids consist 2 properties mainly electrophoresis and elecoosmosis.the electro osmosis have several application properties.the electroosmosis is mainly deals with the charge of colloidal system and their movements opposite charges.electrical double layer theory.
It is an electrochemical method of analysis used for the determination or measurement of the electrical conductance of an electrolyte solution by means of a conductometer.
Electric conductivity of an electrolyte solution depends on :
Type of ions (cations, anions, singly or doubly charged
Concentration of ions
Temperature
Mobility of ions
The main principle involved in this method is that the movement of the ions creates the electrical conductivity. The movement of the ions is mainly depended on the concentration of the ions.
The electric conductance in accordance with ohms law which states that the strength of current (i) passing through conductor is directly proportional to potential difference & inversely to resistance.
i =V/R
Electro osmosis ,colligative propertries of colloids ,electrokinetic properti...Anand P P
electro osmosis.that topics deals with colloids and their one of the colligative properties that is electro kinetic property.under the electrokinetic colligative property of colloids consist 2 properties mainly electrophoresis and elecoosmosis.the electro osmosis have several application properties.the electroosmosis is mainly deals with the charge of colloidal system and their movements opposite charges.electrical double layer theory.
It is an electrochemical method of analysis used for the determination or measurement of the electrical conductance of an electrolyte solution by means of a conductometer.
Electric conductivity of an electrolyte solution depends on :
Type of ions (cations, anions, singly or doubly charged
Concentration of ions
Temperature
Mobility of ions
The main principle involved in this method is that the movement of the ions creates the electrical conductivity. The movement of the ions is mainly depended on the concentration of the ions.
The electric conductance in accordance with ohms law which states that the strength of current (i) passing through conductor is directly proportional to potential difference & inversely to resistance.
i =V/R
Colloidal Dispersion, Its Types and Method of PreparationChitralekhaTherkar
Dispersion
Definition of Colloids
Shapes and Sizes of Colloids
Classification of Colloids
Properties of Colloids
1. Optical Properties.
2. Electrical Properties.
3. Kinetic Properties
Purification of Colloids
Method of Preparation of Colloids.
Physical Stability of Colloids.
Factors affecting Colloidal Dispersion.
Here almost full every topics interrelated with colloid chemistry has been discussed.The slides have been made showing question pattern taking Begum Rokeya University Chemistry Department previous year questions to appear the slides easy towards the viewers.Stay join with me.Thank you.
A colloid is a substance microscopically dispersed throughout another substance.
The word colloid comes from a Greek word 'kolla', which means glue thus colloidal particles are glue like substances.
These particles pass through a filter paper but not through a semipermeable membrane.
Colloids can be made settle by the process of centrifugation.
A colloid is a mixture in which one substance consisting of microscopically dispersed insoluble particles is suspended throughout another substance. Some definitions specify that the particles must be dispersed in a liquid, while others extend the definition to include substances like aerosols and gels.
covering also physiological properties of colloids
you can dowenload the interactive powerpoint through this link:
https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1FXeeOruLdn26OxSferhl_2-sadnpmuhd/edit?usp=share_link&ouid=107152891770522030883&rtpof=true&sd=true
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
In silico drugs analogue design: novobiocin analogues.pptx
Colloids
1. COLLOIDS
By- Dr. Smita D. More
Department of Pharmaceutics
PES, Modern College of Pharmacy, (For Ladies), Moshi
2. Multimolecular colloids Macromolecular colloids Associated colloids
Formed by aggregation of large
number of atoms or molecules
with diameters less than 1 nm
Formed by aggregation of large number of
ions in concentrated solution
Lyophilic in nature Lyophobic in nature Both lyophilic and lyophobic in nature
Molecular mass is intermediate High molecular mass High molecular mass
Held by weak van der Waals’ forces Held by stronger van der
Waals’ forces due to the long
chains
van der Waals’ forces increase with
increase in concentration
Formed by large
sized molecules
3. Colloids
Solute and solvent are replaced by dispersed phase &
dispersion medium
Sols( solid in liquid),gels(liquids in solids), emulsions (liquid
in liquid)
Size of particles lies between that of true solution and
suspension, i.e. 10 Ao to 1000 Ao
4. Property True solution Suspension Colloidal solution
Nature Heterogeneous Appears to be homogenous but
actually heterogeneous
Particle size < 10–9 Ao (1 nm) > 1000 Ao (100 nm) Between 10 Ao (1 nm) to 1000 Ao
(100 nm)
Sedimentation Do not settle Settle on standing Do not settle
Diffusion Diffuse quickly Unable to diffuse Diffuse slowly
Visibility Particles invisible Particles visible by naked
eye or under microscope
Particles scatter light and can be
observed under ultramicroscope
Filterability Pass easily through
animal membrane and
filter paper
Unable to pass through
animal membrane or filter
paper
Pass through filter paper but not
through animal membrane
Appearance Clear and transparent Opaque Translucent
Homogeneous
5. Classification of colloids
Classification is based on following criteria
Physical state of dispersed phase and dispersion medium.
Nature of interaction between dispersed phase and dispersion medium.
Types of particles of the dispersed phase.
6. Classification based on physical state of
dispersed phase and dispersion medium
Eight types of colloidal systems are possible.
Dispersed
phase
Dispersion
medium
Type of
colloid
Example
Solid Solid Solid sol Some coloured glasses, and gem
stones
Solid Liquid Sol Paints, cell fluids
Solid Gas Aerosol Smoke, dust
Liquid Solid Gel Cheese butter, jellies
Liquid Liquid Emulsion Milk, hair cream
Liquid Gas Aerosol Fog, mist, cloud, insecticide sprays
Gas Solid Solid sol Pumice stone, foam rubber
Gas Liquid Foam Froth, whipped cream, soap-lather
7. Classification based on nature of
interaction
Lyophobic colloids (solvent hating colloids )
When metals and their sulphides simply mixed with
dispersion medium, they don’t form colloids.
• need stabilizing to preserve them.
• irreversible.
• For example, colloidal solutions of gold,silver, Fe(OH)3, As2S3, etc.
Lyophilic colloids ( solvent loving)
Directly formed by substances like gum, gelatine rubber etc.
on mixing with a suitable liquid(the dispersion medium).
• self-stabilizing
• reversible sols
• For example, gums, gelatin, starch, albumin in water.
8. Classification based on type of
particles of the dispersed phase
Multimolecular colloids : Consists of
aggregates of a large number of atoms
or smaller molecules whose diameter is
less than 1 nm
Macromolecular colloids: In these colloids,
the molecules have sizes and dimensions
comparable to colloidal particles. For example,
proteins, starch, cellulose.
9. Associated colloids
At low concentrations, behave as normal, strong electrolytes
At higher concentrations exhibit colloidal state properties due to the
formation of aggregated particles (micelles)
The formation of micelles takes place only
above a particular temperature called
Kraft temperature (Tk) and above a
particular micelle concentration called
Critical Micelle Concentration
E.g Soaps and detergents
10. Multimolecular colloids Macromolecular colloids Associated colloids
Formed by aggregation of large
number of atoms or molecules
with diameters less than 1 nm
Formed by aggregation of large number of
ions in concentrated solution
Lyophilic in nature Lyophobic in nature Both lyophilic and lyophobic in nature
Molecular mass is intermediate High molecular mass High molecular mass
Held by weak van der Waals’ forces Held by stronger van der
Waals’ forces due to the long
chains
van der Waals’ forces increase with
increase in concentration
Formed by large
sized molecules
11. Preparation of Lyophobic sols
Condensation methods
Particles of atomic or molecular size are induced to form aggregates
Exchange of solvent
Colloidal solution of phosphorus is prepared by addition of alcohol
into a solution of phosphorous in excess water.
Oxidation method
Sulphur colloids are prepared by oxidation of H2S by O2.
Reduction
Silver colloids are prepared by passing H2 through a saturated aqueous solution of silver
oxide at 65° C.
Hydrolysis
Dark brown Fe(OH)3 colloidal solution is prepared by adding FeCl3
into boiling water.
Double decomposition
Arsenious sulphide colloidal solution is prepared by passing of
H2S gas into a solution of As2O3.
12. Preparation of Lyophobic sols
Dispersion methods
Mechanical disintegration
By vigorous mechanical agitation.
Peptization : Process of passing of a precipitate into colloidal particles
on adding suitable electrolyte is known as peptisation
e.g. Fe(OH)3 solution is formed from FeCl3.
Electrol-disintegration (Bredig’s arc method)
Electrical disintegration of a colloidal solution, e.g. alternating
current passed through a gold solution.
13. Purification of colloids
Ultrafiltration
In this process the colloidal particles are separated by the process of
filtration, through a filter paper, which is impregnated with gelatin or
collodion followed by hardening in formaldehyde.
Dialysis
In this process, the colloidal particles are separated from the
impurities (mainly electrolytes) by the diffusion through a porous
membrane such as parchment, collodion, etc.
Electrodialysis
This is a special type of dialysis process, which is accelerated by the
application of a potential difference across the membrane. So ions
migrate faster than the colloids .
14. Properties of colloidsOptical properties: Tyndall effect
When a beam of light falls at right angles to the line of view through a solution,
the solution appears to be luminescent and due to scattering of light the path
becomes visible.
Quite strong in lyophobic colloids while in lyophilic colloids it is quite weak.
17. Properties of colloids
Electro-osmosis: molecules of dispersion medium are allowed to move under influence of
electric field
Coagulation or flocculation:Process which involves coming together of colloidal
particles so as to change into large sized particles which ultimately settle as a
precipitate or float on surface.It is generally brought about by addition of
electrolytes.
The minimum amount of an electrolyte that must be added to one litre
of a colloidal solution so as to bring about complete coagulation or
flocculation is called coagulation or flocculation value.Smaller is the
flocculation value of an electrolyte,greater is the coagulating or
precipitating power.
18. Properties of colloids
For positively charged, then the coagulating power of
electrolytes follow the following order:
3 2
4 4PO SO Cl
Hardy schulze law : Coagulating power of an electrolyte
increases rapidly with the increase in the valency of cation or
anion.
For negatively charged sol, the coagulating power of
electrolytes are
AlCl3 > BaCl2 > NaCl or Al3+ > Ba2+ > Na+
19. Gold Number
Covering up of lyophobic particles by lyophilic particles is known
as its protective action and such colloids are called protective
colloids.
Gold number is defined as amount of protective sol that will prevent
the coagulation of 10 ml of a gold solution on the addition of 1 ml of
10% NaCl solution.
Smaller the gold number,higher is protective power
20. Emulsion
A colloidal dispersion of one liquid in another immiscible liquid is
known as an emulsion,
e.g. milk, Na-soaps, vanishing cream, etc.
1. Oil in water, where oil is the dispersed phase and water
is the dispersion medium, e.g. milk.
2. Water in oil where water is the dispersed phase and oil
is the dispersed medium, e.g. butter, cream.
Types of emulsions
21. Cleaning Action of Soap
Soap contains a nonpolar carbon end that dissolves in
nonpolar fats and oils, and a polar end that dissolves
in water.
Dust and soap molecules form micelles
that dissolve in water and are
washed away.
Soap forms a precipitate with ions in hard water (Ca2+,
Mg2+, Fe3+)
22. Applications of colloids
1. Rubber plating
2. Sewage disposal
3. Smoke screen
4. Purification of water
5. Cleaning action of soap
6. In medicine
7. Formation of delta
8. Photography
9. Artificial rain