The document discusses microwave filters and resonators. It covers:
1. Different types of resonators used in filters including LC resonators using inductors and capacitors, transmission line resonators using short or open circuited transmission lines, and cavity resonators using rectangular or circular waveguides.
2. Properties of filters like passband, stopband, insertion loss, and group delay.
3. Design of microwave filters including the insertion loss method, filter responses for low pass filters, impedance and frequency scaling, and applying the techniques to different filter types like low pass, high pass, band pass and band stop filters.
3. Microwave Engineering
1. LC resonator
Applications
Filter
Oscillator
Frequency meter
Tuned amplifier
3 EM Wave Lab
4. Microwave Engineering
1. LC resonator
LC resonator: ideal resonator
Input impedance
j
Z in = jωL −
ωC
Input power
1 * 1 2 1 2 j
Pin = VI = Z in I = I jωL −
2 2 2 ωC
Resonant frequency: Wm = We
1
ω=
LC
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5. Microwave Engineering
1. LC resonator
Series resonator
R, L, C
Input impedance
j
Z in = R + jωL −
ωC
Input power
1 * 1 2 1 2 j
Pin = VI = Z in I = I R + jωL −
2 2 2 ωC
Resonant frequency
1
ω=
LC
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6. Microwave Engineering
1. LC resonator
Quality factor
Definition
Average energe stored
Q =ω
Energy loss/second
3 dB bandwidth
f0
Q=
BW
Q in terms of R, L, C
2Wm ω 0 L 1
Q = ω0 = =
Pl R ω 0 RC
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7. Microwave Engineering
1. LC resonator
Perturbation
Input impedance
ω 2 − ω0
2
Z in = R + jωL
ω 2 ≈ R + j 2 L∆ω
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8. Microwave Engineering
1. LC resonator
Parallel resonator
R, L, C
Input admittance
1 j
Yin = − + j ωC
R ωL
Input power
1 * 1 * 2 1 2 1 j
Pin = VI = Yin V = V + − j ωC
2 2 2 R ωL
Resonant frequency
1
ω=
LC
8 EM Wave Lab
9. Microwave Engineering
1. LC resonator
Quality factor
Q in terms of R, L, C
2Wm R
Q = ω0 = = ω 0 RC
Pl ω0 L
9 EM Wave Lab
24. Microwave Engineering
1. Filter
Characteristics
2 port network: S parameters
Pass band and stop band
Return loss and insertion loss
Ripple and selectivity (skirt)
Pole and zero
Group delay
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27. Microwave Engineering
1. Filter
Filter response
Maximally flat (Butterworth) filter
Chebyshev filter
Elliptic function filter
Bessel function filter
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28. Microwave Engineering
2. Filter design
Design process
Filter specifications
Design of low pass filter
Scaling and conversion
Design of transmission line
Implementation
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29. Microwave Engineering
2. Filter design
Insertion loss method
Precise design method
Power loss ratio: transducer gain
Power available from source 1
PLR = = 2
Power delivered to load 1 − Γ(ω )
Reflection coefficient
2 M (ω 2 )
Γ(ω ) =
M (ω 2 ) + N (ω 2 )
Results: M (ω 2 )
PLR = 1 +
N (ω 2 )
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31. Microwave Engineering
2. Filter design
Example
Design 2-poles low pass filter in terms of the
insertion loss method where ω c = 1, Z S = 1
PLR = 1 + ω 4
Z L (1 − jωZ L C )
Z in = jωL +
1 + (ωZ L C ) 2
31 EM Wave Lab
32. Microwave Engineering
2. Filter design
Impedance scaling
Z L (1 − jωZ L C )
L′ = Z 0 L Z in = jωL +
1 + (ωZ L C ) 2
C
C′ = Example
Z0 ω0 L
Q=
′
Zs = Z0 R
′
Z L = Z0Z L 1
ω0 =
LC
Series RLC resonator
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33. Microwave Engineering
2. Filter design
Frequency scaling for LPF
Basic equation
ω
PLR (ω ) = PLR
′ ω
c
ω L
jX = j L = j ωL ′ L′ =
ωc ωc
ω C
jB = j C = jωC ′ C′ =
ωc ωc
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37. Microwave Engineering
2. Filter design
Example
Design 5-poles low pass filter with a cutoff
frequency of 2 [GHz], impedance = 50 [Ohms],
insertion loss = 15 dB at 3 [GHz]
g1 = 0.618
g 2 = 1.618
g3 = 2
g 4 = 1.618
g 5 = 0.618
Maximally flat response
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40. Microwave Engineering
2. Filter design
Stub characteristics
Resonance: wavelength/8 related to the cutoff
frequency
Ω = 1 = tan( βl )
Attenuation pole: wavelength/4
Period: wavelength/2
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41. Microwave Engineering
2. Filter design
Kuroda’s identity
Stub transformation: shunt and series stub
Series to shunt stub transform: microstrip line
Z2
N = 1+
Z1
Implementation
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43. Microwave Engineering
2. Filter design
Equivalent transmission line
Series to shunt stub transform: microstrip line
Implementation: realization
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