Microwave Attenuator
•
0 likes•1,415 views
Microwave attenuators are electronic devices that reduce the power of signals without distorting their waveforms. They are the opposite of amplifiers in that they reflect and absorb energy through dissipative elements. There are fixed and variable types of attenuators. Fixed attenuators provide a set amount of power reduction and are used for impedance matching and where a fixed power level is required. Variable attenuators allow step-wise or continuous adjustment of attenuation through mechanisms like rotary wheels, flaps, or vanes made of lossy dielectric materials inserted into the signal path. Both types have characteristics like impedance, power handling, frequency response, and temperature dependence that are important to their performance.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Directional couplers 22
Directional couplers are four-port waveguide junctions that allow power transmission between ports 1 and 2 without transmission between ports 1 and 3 or 2 and 4. The coupling factor and directivity quantify the power coupling between ports. Common directional coupler types include two-hole, four-hole, and reverse-coupling designs. Hybrid couplers consist of interdigitated microstrip lines and have applications in circuits like balanced amplifiers. Circulators and isolators use ferrite materials to achieve non-reciprocal transmission, allowing wave propagation from port n to port n+1 in circulators and blocking reverse transmission in isolators.
Modulation of LED
LEDs are of interest for fibre optics because of five inherent characteristics..
How it works?
Spectrum of an LED
Modulation of LED
LED Vs. Laser diode
disadvantages of LED
DAC-digital to analog converter
The document presents information on digital to analog conversion (DAC). It discusses the basic concept of DAC, where a digital input is converted to a proportional analog output. It then describes two common types of DAC - the weighted resistor DAC and R-2R ladder DAC. Applications of DACs are also highlighted, such as in digital audio, function generators, and motor controllers. The document provides details on the circuit design and output calculation for both weighted resistor and R-2R ladder DACs. It concludes that the R-2R ladder DAC only requires two resistor values but has slower conversion than the weighted resistor DAC.
ADC & DAC
Simple description about the analog and digital signals
and a description about analog to digital conversion &
digital to analog conversion..............
Chebyshev filter
Using Chebyshev filter design, there are two sub groups,
Type-I Chebyshev Filter
Type-II Chebyshev Filter
The major difference between butterworth and chebyshev filter is that the poles of butterworth filter lie on the circle while the poles of chebyshev filter lie on ellipse.
S parameters
S-parameters are a useful method for representing a circuit as a "black box" whose external behavior can be predicted without knowledge of its internal contents. S-parameters are measured by sending a signal into the black box and detecting the waves that exit each port. They depend on the network, source and load impedances, and measurement frequency. Common S-parameters include S11 for the reflected signal at port 1 and S21 for the signal exiting port 2 due to a signal entering port 1.
Attenuators and phase shifters 24
This document discusses attenuators and phase shifters. It describes how attenuators are used to reduce signal power without distortion, and includes fixed and variable types. Fixed attenuators are commonly used where a fixed amount of power is needed, while variable attenuators provide continuous or stepwise adjustable attenuation using methods like flap or vane designs. Phase shifters are also discussed, including ferrite and semiconductor types. Applications of phase shifters include communication systems, radar, and industrial uses. Key specifications for digital phase shifters are provided.
Fm transmitter and receivers
FM transmitters and receivers are used for sending and receiving FM signals. Transmitters modulate a carrier wave with an audio signal to generate an FM signal, which is transmitted through a band. Receivers receive the modulated signal, demodulate it to extract the original audio signal. FM offers advantages over AM like noise reduction, improved fidelity, and more efficient power use, though it requires more complex circuits and a larger bandwidth. Applications of FM include radio broadcasting, mobile radio, TV sound, and cellular/satellite communication.
Recommended
Directional couplers 22
Directional couplers are four-port waveguide junctions that allow power transmission between ports 1 and 2 without transmission between ports 1 and 3 or 2 and 4. The coupling factor and directivity quantify the power coupling between ports. Common directional coupler types include two-hole, four-hole, and reverse-coupling designs. Hybrid couplers consist of interdigitated microstrip lines and have applications in circuits like balanced amplifiers. Circulators and isolators use ferrite materials to achieve non-reciprocal transmission, allowing wave propagation from port n to port n+1 in circulators and blocking reverse transmission in isolators.
Modulation of LED
LEDs are of interest for fibre optics because of five inherent characteristics..
How it works?
Spectrum of an LED
Modulation of LED
LED Vs. Laser diode
disadvantages of LED
DAC-digital to analog converter
The document presents information on digital to analog conversion (DAC). It discusses the basic concept of DAC, where a digital input is converted to a proportional analog output. It then describes two common types of DAC - the weighted resistor DAC and R-2R ladder DAC. Applications of DACs are also highlighted, such as in digital audio, function generators, and motor controllers. The document provides details on the circuit design and output calculation for both weighted resistor and R-2R ladder DACs. It concludes that the R-2R ladder DAC only requires two resistor values but has slower conversion than the weighted resistor DAC.
ADC & DAC
Simple description about the analog and digital signals
and a description about analog to digital conversion &
digital to analog conversion..............
Chebyshev filter
Using Chebyshev filter design, there are two sub groups,
Type-I Chebyshev Filter
Type-II Chebyshev Filter
The major difference between butterworth and chebyshev filter is that the poles of butterworth filter lie on the circle while the poles of chebyshev filter lie on ellipse.
S parameters
S-parameters are a useful method for representing a circuit as a "black box" whose external behavior can be predicted without knowledge of its internal contents. S-parameters are measured by sending a signal into the black box and detecting the waves that exit each port. They depend on the network, source and load impedances, and measurement frequency. Common S-parameters include S11 for the reflected signal at port 1 and S21 for the signal exiting port 2 due to a signal entering port 1.
Attenuators and phase shifters 24
This document discusses attenuators and phase shifters. It describes how attenuators are used to reduce signal power without distortion, and includes fixed and variable types. Fixed attenuators are commonly used where a fixed amount of power is needed, while variable attenuators provide continuous or stepwise adjustable attenuation using methods like flap or vane designs. Phase shifters are also discussed, including ferrite and semiconductor types. Applications of phase shifters include communication systems, radar, and industrial uses. Key specifications for digital phase shifters are provided.
Fm transmitter and receivers
FM transmitters and receivers are used for sending and receiving FM signals. Transmitters modulate a carrier wave with an audio signal to generate an FM signal, which is transmitted through a band. Receivers receive the modulated signal, demodulate it to extract the original audio signal. FM offers advantages over AM like noise reduction, improved fidelity, and more efficient power use, though it requires more complex circuits and a larger bandwidth. Applications of FM include radio broadcasting, mobile radio, TV sound, and cellular/satellite communication.
smart antennas ppt
This document provides an overview of smart antennas. It begins with a brief history, noting that smart antennas were initially developed for military communications and intelligence gathering. The document defines smart antennas as antenna arrays that can adaptively change their pattern in response to signal environments to improve communication channel performance. It describes the key components and functioning of smart antennas, including digital beamforming and direction of arrival estimation techniques. The main types of smart antennas are explained as adaptive array antennas and switched beam array antennas. Advantages like reduced interference and increased capacity are outlined. Applications in mobile communications, satellites, and wireless networks are also mentioned.
LED and LASER source in optical communication
The document discusses LEDs, lasers, and their use in optical fiber communication. It provides introductions to LEDs and lasers, explaining how they work by converting electrical energy into light. LEDs are suitable for optical fiber due to their small size, high radiance, ability to modulate at high speeds, and long lifetime. Lasers provide more directional, coherent light and are used where higher performance is needed, allowing transmission over greater distances and higher data rates. Both LEDs and lasers can be used to inject light signals into optical fibers for communication.
Coherent and Non-coherent detection of ASK, FSK AND QASK
This document discusses different digital communication techniques including coherent and non-coherent detection methods for amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK) and quadrature amplitude shift keying (QASK). Coherent detection requires a reference carrier wave and exploits phase information, while non-coherent detection does not require a reference wave. It then describes the receiver designs for coherent and non-coherent detection of ASK and FSK. For QASK, it outlines raising the input signal to the fourth power before bandpass filtering and frequency division to recover the transmitted bit sequence.
Sampling Theorem
The presentation covers sampling theorem, ideal sampling, flat top sampling, natural sampling, reconstruction of signals from samples, aliasing effect, zero order hold, upsampling, downsampling, and discrete time processing of continuous time signals.
EC6701 RF&MW - VSWR Meter
This document discusses voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) meters, which are used to measure impedance matching and standing waves in microwave systems. It describes the principles of VSWR meters, including their construction with normal, expanded, and dB scales. Two common types are directional VSWR meters and SWR bridge circuits. Applications include laboratories, live broadcast systems, and medical equipment. Problems with VSWR meters are also noted, such as their inability to measure reactance and sensitivity to signal attenuation.
ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATIONS (1).pdf
This document provides lecture notes on antennas and wave propagation. It begins with a brief history of antennas from Heinrich Hertz's experiments in the late 1800s to modern applications. It then covers key topics in the first unit, including different types of antennas like dipoles, monopoles, loops, horns and arrays. The document discusses the basic principles of electromagnetic radiation from antennas and conditions required for radiation. It also introduces important antenna parameters and the different types of dimensions and units used to measure antennas.
Folded dipole antenna
A type of aerial, widely used with television and VHF radio receivers, consisting of two parallel dipoles connected together at their outer ends and fed at the center of one of them. The length is usually half the operating wavelength.
Fpga architectures and applications
FPGAs can be programmed after manufacturing to implement custom logic functions. They contain programmable logic blocks and interconnects that can be configured to create custom circuits. FPGAs provide flexibility compared to ASICs but have higher per-unit costs. The FPGA architecture consists of configurable logic blocks, programmable interconnects, and I/O blocks. Configurable logic blocks contain LUTs that implement logic functions. Programmable interconnects connect the logic blocks, and I/O blocks interface with external components. FPGAs are commonly used for prototyping, emulation, parallel computing, and other applications that require customizable hardware.
Frequency translation
In this ppt we learn about the method of frquency translation.How it can be done , what are their benefits etc.
Windowing techniques of fir filter design
Windowing techniques are used in FIR filter design to convert an infinite impulse response to a finite impulse response. The process involves choosing a desired frequency response, taking the inverse Fourier transform to get the impulse response, multiplying the impulse response by a window function, and realizing the filter. Common window functions include rectangular, Hanning, Hamming, and Blackman windows, which are selected based on the required stopband attenuation. The windowing technique allows designing FIR filters with a simple process but lacks flexibility compared to other design methods.
Equalization
The document discusses equalization techniques used to mitigate inter-symbol interference (ISI) in digital communication systems. Equalization aims to remove ISI and noise effects from the channel. It is located at the receiver and uses techniques like linear equalizers, decision feedback equalization, and maximum likelihood sequence estimation to estimate the channel response and minimize the error between transmitted and received symbols while balancing noise. As the wireless channel changes over time, adaptive equalization is used where the equalizer periodically trains and tracks the changing channel response.
Parameters of multipath channel
Naveen Kumar's document discusses small-scale fading in mobile wireless channels. It describes the effects of multipath propagation, Doppler shifts from mobility, and how these cause rapid fluctuations in signal strength over small distances and time periods. It also defines several key parameters that characterize mobile multipath channels, including coherence bandwidth, Doppler spread, coherence time, delay spread, and excess delay spread. These parameters quantify the time-dispersive and time-varying nature of wireless channels.
Pre emphasis and de-emphasis
Pre-emphasis refers to boosting higher audio frequencies between 2-15 kHz at the transmitter. De-emphasis means attenuating those same frequencies by the same amount at the receiver. This is done to improve the signal-to-noise ratio for FM reception. Both pre-emphasis and de-emphasis use either an RC or L/Z network with a time constant of 75 microseconds to boost then attenuate the higher frequencies.
Emi unit iii ppt
A signal generator produces standardized electronic signals that can be modulated in amplitude, frequency, or other properties. It is used to test electronic devices and components. A standard signal generator generates stable, controllable voltages that can be amplitude or frequency modulated. It is commonly used to test radios and transmitters. A function generator produces common waveform types like sine, square, triangle, and sawtooth waves over a wide frequency range for testing purposes.
Microwave propagation in ferrites 23
This document discusses microwave propagation in ferrites and their use in microwave components. Ferrites have high resistivity and magnetic properties due to electron spin, making them suitable for microwave applications. The document focuses on isolators and circulators, which are nonreciprocal devices that use ferrite material's Faraday rotation property. Circulators allow transmission from port 1 to port 2 to port 3 etc in a circular path but not in reverse. Isolators transmit power in one direction with low loss but absorb power traveling in the opposite direction, providing isolation. Faraday-rotation isolators work by rotating the polarization of the microwave by 45 degrees using a ferrite rod, allowing transmission in one direction but absorbing waves traveling in the reverse direction.
Trapatt diode
The document discusses the TRAPATT diode, which is a type of p-n junction diode that generates microwaves. It operates by forming a trapped plasma within the junction region when a high electric field propagates through. Key points:
- It was first reported in 1967 and can generate power over 1 kW at frequencies up to 50 GHz with efficiencies up to 75%
- It operates by inducing avalanche breakdown to generate a dense plasma of electrons and holes within the depletion region, which becomes trapped and oscillates the voltage and current
- Applications include low power Doppler radars, radio altimeters, and radar transmitters due to its pulsed operation capabilities between 3-50 GHz
Loop Antennas
A loop antenna is a radio antenna consisting of a loop or coil of wire, tubing, or other electrical conductor with its ends connected to a balanced transmission line (or possibly a balun). There are two distinct antenna designs: the small loop (or magnetic loop) with a size much smaller than a wavelength, and the much larger resonant loop antenna with a circumference close to the intended wavelength of operation. Small loops have low radiation resistance and thus poor efficiency and are mainly used as receiving antennas at low frequencies. To increase the magnetic field in the loop and thus the efficiency, the coil of wire is often wound around a ferrite rod magnetic core; this is called a ferrite loop antenna. The ferrite loop is the antenna used in many AM broadcast receivers, with the exception of external loops used with AV Amplifier-Receivers and car radios; the antenna is often contained inside the radio's case. These antennas are also used for radio direction finding. In amateur radio, loop antennas are often used for low profile operating where larger antennas would be inconvenient, unsightly.
(c) WIkipedia
Delta Modulation
Delta modulation is an analog-to-digital conversion technique used to transfer data. It works by comparing an input signal to a reference signal and encoding the difference into a digital bitstream. A delta modulation system consists of a modulator that converts an analog signal to digital, and a demodulator that converts the digital signal back to analog. Delta modulation is simpler than pulse code modulation but can achieve high signal-to-noise ratios and variable bandwidth. However, it is limited by slope overload when signals change rapidly.
Fiber alignment and joint loss
This document discusses optical losses associated with fiber optic joints. It describes losses from Fresnel reflection at the interface between fibers due to differences in refractive index. It also discusses losses from various types of geometric misalignments between fibers, including longitudinal offset, lateral offset, and angular misalignment. Finally, it examines losses from variations in optical parameters between fibers, such as core diameter, numerical aperture, and refractive index profile mismatches. Formulas are provided for calculating losses from many of these sources.
Comparison of modulation methods
The document discusses various digital modulation schemes, their advantages, disadvantages, and applications. It covers schemes such as DSB-SC, SSB-SC, VSB-SC, FM, PM, PSK, ASK, PAM, QAM, and their uses in applications like analog and digital television broadcasting, radio broadcasting, satellite transmission, cable communication, and optical and telephone communications. Key aspects covered are power and bandwidth efficiency, complexity of generation and detection, immunity to noise, and ability to transmit multiple bits per symbol.
40220140503003
This document discusses different power converter topologies that can be used for LED lighting applications. It begins by introducing LEDs and their advantages over traditional lighting. It then categorizes power converter topologies as either non-isolated or isolated. For non-isolated topologies, it describes the buck, boost, and buck-boost converters in detail, including their operating principles and voltage gain equations. It also discusses isolated topologies like flyback converters and notes their use of a transformer to provide isolation between input and output. In concluding, the document provides a classification of isolated converters as either asymmetric or symmetric based on their magnetic operating cycle.
tranceducers.pptx
This document discusses transducers, which convert one form of energy to another. It defines transducers and electrical transducers that convert non-electrical quantities like force, displacement and stress into electrical quantities like current and voltage. Transducers are classified based on the transduction form, as primary/secondary, passive/active, analog/digital, and transducers/inverse transducers. Examples of different types of transducers and their basic construction and applications are provided, along with the advantages and disadvantages of transducers.
More Related Content
What's hot
smart antennas ppt
This document provides an overview of smart antennas. It begins with a brief history, noting that smart antennas were initially developed for military communications and intelligence gathering. The document defines smart antennas as antenna arrays that can adaptively change their pattern in response to signal environments to improve communication channel performance. It describes the key components and functioning of smart antennas, including digital beamforming and direction of arrival estimation techniques. The main types of smart antennas are explained as adaptive array antennas and switched beam array antennas. Advantages like reduced interference and increased capacity are outlined. Applications in mobile communications, satellites, and wireless networks are also mentioned.
LED and LASER source in optical communication
The document discusses LEDs, lasers, and their use in optical fiber communication. It provides introductions to LEDs and lasers, explaining how they work by converting electrical energy into light. LEDs are suitable for optical fiber due to their small size, high radiance, ability to modulate at high speeds, and long lifetime. Lasers provide more directional, coherent light and are used where higher performance is needed, allowing transmission over greater distances and higher data rates. Both LEDs and lasers can be used to inject light signals into optical fibers for communication.
Coherent and Non-coherent detection of ASK, FSK AND QASK
This document discusses different digital communication techniques including coherent and non-coherent detection methods for amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK) and quadrature amplitude shift keying (QASK). Coherent detection requires a reference carrier wave and exploits phase information, while non-coherent detection does not require a reference wave. It then describes the receiver designs for coherent and non-coherent detection of ASK and FSK. For QASK, it outlines raising the input signal to the fourth power before bandpass filtering and frequency division to recover the transmitted bit sequence.
Sampling Theorem
The presentation covers sampling theorem, ideal sampling, flat top sampling, natural sampling, reconstruction of signals from samples, aliasing effect, zero order hold, upsampling, downsampling, and discrete time processing of continuous time signals.
EC6701 RF&MW - VSWR Meter
This document discusses voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) meters, which are used to measure impedance matching and standing waves in microwave systems. It describes the principles of VSWR meters, including their construction with normal, expanded, and dB scales. Two common types are directional VSWR meters and SWR bridge circuits. Applications include laboratories, live broadcast systems, and medical equipment. Problems with VSWR meters are also noted, such as their inability to measure reactance and sensitivity to signal attenuation.
ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATIONS (1).pdf
This document provides lecture notes on antennas and wave propagation. It begins with a brief history of antennas from Heinrich Hertz's experiments in the late 1800s to modern applications. It then covers key topics in the first unit, including different types of antennas like dipoles, monopoles, loops, horns and arrays. The document discusses the basic principles of electromagnetic radiation from antennas and conditions required for radiation. It also introduces important antenna parameters and the different types of dimensions and units used to measure antennas.
Folded dipole antenna
A type of aerial, widely used with television and VHF radio receivers, consisting of two parallel dipoles connected together at their outer ends and fed at the center of one of them. The length is usually half the operating wavelength.
Fpga architectures and applications
FPGAs can be programmed after manufacturing to implement custom logic functions. They contain programmable logic blocks and interconnects that can be configured to create custom circuits. FPGAs provide flexibility compared to ASICs but have higher per-unit costs. The FPGA architecture consists of configurable logic blocks, programmable interconnects, and I/O blocks. Configurable logic blocks contain LUTs that implement logic functions. Programmable interconnects connect the logic blocks, and I/O blocks interface with external components. FPGAs are commonly used for prototyping, emulation, parallel computing, and other applications that require customizable hardware.
Frequency translation
In this ppt we learn about the method of frquency translation.How it can be done , what are their benefits etc.
Windowing techniques of fir filter design
Windowing techniques are used in FIR filter design to convert an infinite impulse response to a finite impulse response. The process involves choosing a desired frequency response, taking the inverse Fourier transform to get the impulse response, multiplying the impulse response by a window function, and realizing the filter. Common window functions include rectangular, Hanning, Hamming, and Blackman windows, which are selected based on the required stopband attenuation. The windowing technique allows designing FIR filters with a simple process but lacks flexibility compared to other design methods.
Equalization
The document discusses equalization techniques used to mitigate inter-symbol interference (ISI) in digital communication systems. Equalization aims to remove ISI and noise effects from the channel. It is located at the receiver and uses techniques like linear equalizers, decision feedback equalization, and maximum likelihood sequence estimation to estimate the channel response and minimize the error between transmitted and received symbols while balancing noise. As the wireless channel changes over time, adaptive equalization is used where the equalizer periodically trains and tracks the changing channel response.
Parameters of multipath channel
Naveen Kumar's document discusses small-scale fading in mobile wireless channels. It describes the effects of multipath propagation, Doppler shifts from mobility, and how these cause rapid fluctuations in signal strength over small distances and time periods. It also defines several key parameters that characterize mobile multipath channels, including coherence bandwidth, Doppler spread, coherence time, delay spread, and excess delay spread. These parameters quantify the time-dispersive and time-varying nature of wireless channels.
Pre emphasis and de-emphasis
Pre-emphasis refers to boosting higher audio frequencies between 2-15 kHz at the transmitter. De-emphasis means attenuating those same frequencies by the same amount at the receiver. This is done to improve the signal-to-noise ratio for FM reception. Both pre-emphasis and de-emphasis use either an RC or L/Z network with a time constant of 75 microseconds to boost then attenuate the higher frequencies.
Emi unit iii ppt
A signal generator produces standardized electronic signals that can be modulated in amplitude, frequency, or other properties. It is used to test electronic devices and components. A standard signal generator generates stable, controllable voltages that can be amplitude or frequency modulated. It is commonly used to test radios and transmitters. A function generator produces common waveform types like sine, square, triangle, and sawtooth waves over a wide frequency range for testing purposes.
Microwave propagation in ferrites 23
This document discusses microwave propagation in ferrites and their use in microwave components. Ferrites have high resistivity and magnetic properties due to electron spin, making them suitable for microwave applications. The document focuses on isolators and circulators, which are nonreciprocal devices that use ferrite material's Faraday rotation property. Circulators allow transmission from port 1 to port 2 to port 3 etc in a circular path but not in reverse. Isolators transmit power in one direction with low loss but absorb power traveling in the opposite direction, providing isolation. Faraday-rotation isolators work by rotating the polarization of the microwave by 45 degrees using a ferrite rod, allowing transmission in one direction but absorbing waves traveling in the reverse direction.
Trapatt diode
The document discusses the TRAPATT diode, which is a type of p-n junction diode that generates microwaves. It operates by forming a trapped plasma within the junction region when a high electric field propagates through. Key points:
- It was first reported in 1967 and can generate power over 1 kW at frequencies up to 50 GHz with efficiencies up to 75%
- It operates by inducing avalanche breakdown to generate a dense plasma of electrons and holes within the depletion region, which becomes trapped and oscillates the voltage and current
- Applications include low power Doppler radars, radio altimeters, and radar transmitters due to its pulsed operation capabilities between 3-50 GHz
Loop Antennas
A loop antenna is a radio antenna consisting of a loop or coil of wire, tubing, or other electrical conductor with its ends connected to a balanced transmission line (or possibly a balun). There are two distinct antenna designs: the small loop (or magnetic loop) with a size much smaller than a wavelength, and the much larger resonant loop antenna with a circumference close to the intended wavelength of operation. Small loops have low radiation resistance and thus poor efficiency and are mainly used as receiving antennas at low frequencies. To increase the magnetic field in the loop and thus the efficiency, the coil of wire is often wound around a ferrite rod magnetic core; this is called a ferrite loop antenna. The ferrite loop is the antenna used in many AM broadcast receivers, with the exception of external loops used with AV Amplifier-Receivers and car radios; the antenna is often contained inside the radio's case. These antennas are also used for radio direction finding. In amateur radio, loop antennas are often used for low profile operating where larger antennas would be inconvenient, unsightly.
(c) WIkipedia
Delta Modulation
Delta modulation is an analog-to-digital conversion technique used to transfer data. It works by comparing an input signal to a reference signal and encoding the difference into a digital bitstream. A delta modulation system consists of a modulator that converts an analog signal to digital, and a demodulator that converts the digital signal back to analog. Delta modulation is simpler than pulse code modulation but can achieve high signal-to-noise ratios and variable bandwidth. However, it is limited by slope overload when signals change rapidly.
Fiber alignment and joint loss
This document discusses optical losses associated with fiber optic joints. It describes losses from Fresnel reflection at the interface between fibers due to differences in refractive index. It also discusses losses from various types of geometric misalignments between fibers, including longitudinal offset, lateral offset, and angular misalignment. Finally, it examines losses from variations in optical parameters between fibers, such as core diameter, numerical aperture, and refractive index profile mismatches. Formulas are provided for calculating losses from many of these sources.
Comparison of modulation methods
The document discusses various digital modulation schemes, their advantages, disadvantages, and applications. It covers schemes such as DSB-SC, SSB-SC, VSB-SC, FM, PM, PSK, ASK, PAM, QAM, and their uses in applications like analog and digital television broadcasting, radio broadcasting, satellite transmission, cable communication, and optical and telephone communications. Key aspects covered are power and bandwidth efficiency, complexity of generation and detection, immunity to noise, and ability to transmit multiple bits per symbol.
What's hot (20)
Coherent and Non-coherent detection of ASK, FSK AND QASK
Coherent and Non-coherent detection of ASK, FSK AND QASK
Similar to Microwave Attenuator
40220140503003
This document discusses different power converter topologies that can be used for LED lighting applications. It begins by introducing LEDs and their advantages over traditional lighting. It then categorizes power converter topologies as either non-isolated or isolated. For non-isolated topologies, it describes the buck, boost, and buck-boost converters in detail, including their operating principles and voltage gain equations. It also discusses isolated topologies like flyback converters and notes their use of a transformer to provide isolation between input and output. In concluding, the document provides a classification of isolated converters as either asymmetric or symmetric based on their magnetic operating cycle.
tranceducers.pptx
This document discusses transducers, which convert one form of energy to another. It defines transducers and electrical transducers that convert non-electrical quantities like force, displacement and stress into electrical quantities like current and voltage. Transducers are classified based on the transduction form, as primary/secondary, passive/active, analog/digital, and transducers/inverse transducers. Examples of different types of transducers and their basic construction and applications are provided, along with the advantages and disadvantages of transducers.
Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation 132kv
The document summarizes the key components and functions of a substation. A substation receives power from generating stations at high voltages, transforms it to lower distribution voltages using transformers, and sends power to consumers through distribution networks. Main equipment in substations include transformers, circuit breakers, lightning arresters, current and voltage transformers, isolators, and wavetraps. Transformers reduce the voltage to appropriate levels for transmission and distribution. Circuit breakers protect equipment during overloads or faults. Lightning arresters protect equipment from surge voltages.
Introduction to Basic Electronics
What is electronics?
Electronics is the science of how to control electric energy, which the electrons have a fundamental role.
This presentation gives a brief explanation about what is electronics and each of the part of the electronic components.
Single phase transformer exp.pptx
A single phase transformer operates on the principle of electromagnetic induction to transform voltage from one level to another. It has two coil windings called the primary and secondary winding wrapped around an iron core. Electric current passing through the primary winding induces a magnetic field that generates voltage in the isolated secondary winding. Single phase transformers are commonly used to step up or step down voltage for power distribution and electronic devices. They have applications in audio/TV devices, rectifiers, and supplying residential and commercial areas.
Basic Electronics components
This document provides an overview of basic electronic components, including LEDs, transistors, current driver ICs, relays, and digital ICs. It discusses how LEDs function with a voltage source and resistor, and provides examples of calculating resistor values for LED circuits. It describes how transistors can control large amounts of current or voltage with small inputs, and relays allow small sensor currents to activate larger loads. Digital ICs and gates using transistors are also mentioned.
electronics basics
Dr. S. Kavitha's presentation defined electronics as the science controlling electric energy using electrons. It discussed basic electronic components including resistors, capacitors, diodes, transistors, and integrated circuits. Transformers were described as transferring energy between circuits through electromagnetic induction and commonly used to change AC voltage levels. Integrated circuits were defined as small electronic devices made from semiconductor material that are used in many devices.
electronic componets
Electronics uses precise control of tiny electric currents and single electrons through complex circuits to process signals and store and process information, unlike ordinary electricity which uses bulk power transfer. Surface mount technology directly places electronic components onto circuit boards, replacing earlier through-hole mounting. Inductors are passive components that store energy in magnetic fields generated by coils of wire.
PPT ON 220KV GSS
This document provides an overview of a 220 KV substation presented by Mohit Kalal. It discusses key components of substations including transformers, instrument transformers, circuit breakers, lightning arresters, and other auxiliary equipment. It describes the purpose and functioning of power transformers, current transformers, potential transformers, circuit breakers, lightning arresters, capacitors, isolators, and earthing equipment. The presentation concludes by discussing the importance of substations for power transmission and the future career prospects for electrical engineers in maintaining and developing substation infrastructure.
Passive and active devices
Microwave devices can be passive or active. Passive devices include terminations to absorb microwave power without reflection, as well as directional couplers and phase shifters. Terminations include matched loads made of lossy materials placed in waveguides to absorb all incident power. Directional couplers are four-port devices that couple power between two connected waveguides in one direction only. Phase shifters provide a variable phase shift without changing the physical path length using materials like ferrites or dielectrics.
switchyard-151103200304-lva1-app6891-1.pptx
This document provides a summary of a mini project studying the switchyard at NTPC Ramagundam. It defines what a switchyard is and lists the major electrical equipment found at switchyards, including power transformers, instrument transformers, conductors, insulators, isolators, bus bars, lightning arresters, circuit breakers, relays, and capacitor banks. It provides brief descriptions of these components and their functions. The conclusion states that the major role of the NTPC Ramagundam switchyard is to transmit power to various parts of southern India.
Clap switch
The document describes a clap switch, which uses a microphone to detect the sound of clapping and convert it into an electrical signal. This signal is amplified by transistors and used to power a relay that switches electrical circuits on or off, allowing loads to be controlled remotely through clapping or other sounds. It is a low-cost and energy efficient way to control appliances without physical switches but could be triggered accidentally by other noises.
Tansformer @dheeraj upadhyay
- A transformer is a static device that converts alternating current voltages to different voltages while keeping frequency the same through electromagnetic induction.
- It works on the principle of mutual induction between two coils - an alternating current in the primary coil induces an alternating voltage in the secondary coil.
- Transformers are used extensively in power transmission to increase voltage for long distance transmission lines and then reduce voltage for safe distribution, as well as in electronics to step down voltages for low-voltage circuits.
Electronic Components
The document defines and describes the basic functions of common electronic components, including resistors, diodes, transistors, capacitors, speakers, motors, and sensors. It explains that resistors limit electrical current, diodes only conduct current in one direction, transistors are used as electronic switches, capacitors store energy, speakers convert electrical signals to sound, and sensors like LDRs convert light levels to resistance.
Mit ppt 132/33kv ppt
This document provides an overview of a presentation on a 132kV/33kV substation. It discusses the key components of a substation including transformers, circuit breakers, relays, isolators, lightning arresters, and wave traps. The document provides specifications for the transformers at the substation, including their continuous rating, voltage ratios, tapping ranges, cooling type, and weights. It also describes the functions of different types of equipment used at substations like transformers, current transformers, voltage transformers, circuit breakers, and their applications.
MOSFET INVERTER SIMULATION
100 watt inverter using IC CD4047 and MOSFET IRF540
CD 4047 is a low power CMOS astable/monostable multivibrator IC. Here it is wired as an astable multivibrator producing two pulse trains of 0.01s which are 180 degrees out of phase at the pins 10 and 11 of the IC. Pin 10 is connected to the gate of Q1 and pin 11 is connected to the gate of Q2. Resistors R3 and R4 prevents the loading of the IC by the respective MOSFETs. When pin 10 is high Q1 conducts and current flows through the upper half of the transformer primary which accounts for the positive half of the output AC voltage. When pin 11 is high Q2 conducts and current flows through the lower half of the transformer primary in opposite direction and it accounts for the negative half of the output AC voltage.
automatic street light
This document describes an automatic street light circuit designed by students Abhishek and Ajith Kumar at Kalasalingam University. The circuit uses a light dependent resistor and transistors to sense when it is nighttime and turn on a street light. It includes a block diagram and circuit diagram. The components used are a relay, voltage regulator, fuse, light dependent resistor, resistors, transistors, battery, and lamp. When it is dark, the resistance of the light dependent resistor increases, which turns on the transistor and energizes the relay to power the street light. This circuit automatically switches the light on at night and off during the day to prevent wasting electricity.
sub subsation seminar ppt.pptx
This document provides a summary of an industrial training presentation on a 132/33 kV substation. It includes sections on the single line diagram, main equipment at the substation like power transformers, circuit breakers, isolators, and protective devices. Descriptions are given for key components like transformers, measuring instruments, circuit breakers, relays, lightning arrestors, capacitor banks and the control room. The conclusion emphasizes the important role of substations in power transmission and the safety measures taken to protect them.
Application of diode
A diode is a two-terminal electronic component that allows current to flow in only one direction. It is used to convert alternating current to direct current through a process called rectification. Diodes come in various types including laser diodes, light emitting diodes, Zener diodes, and silicon diodes. Rectification uses diodes to convert AC to DC through either half-wave or full-wave rectification circuits. Zener diodes are used in the reverse bias mode as voltage regulators. Photodiodes generate current or voltage when illuminated by light and are used in applications like machine vision, range finding, and medical diagnostics.
Similar to Microwave Attenuator (20)
More from RCC Institute of Information Technology
Scaling in conventional MOSFET for constant electric field and constant voltage
Scaling in conventional MOSFET for constant electric field and constant voltageRCC Institute of Information Technology
Scaling in conventional MOSFETCarrier scattering and ballistic transport
The document discusses various types of carrier scattering that can occur in semiconductor devices. It describes scattering from ionized impurities, neutral impurities, dipoles, acoustic phonons via deformation potential and piezoelectric potential, optical phonons through polar and nonpolar interactions, and dislocations. It also defines ballistic transport as occurring when the carrier mean free path is longer than the device dimensions, resulting in phase coherent motion without scattering or heat generation.
Electromagnetic Wave Propagations
This document summarizes lecture notes on electromagnetic wave propagation in free space from a course on electromagnetic theory. It begins with an introduction and lists the course details. It then derives Maxwell's equations in free space and shows that they lead to wave equations for the electric and magnetic fields. It is shown that the electric and magnetic field vectors are perpendicular to each other and the propagation vector. Key concepts discussed include the Poynting vector, energy, impedance, phase velocity, wavelength, and the relation between the electric and magnetic fields. Several examples are worked through.
Biot-Savart law
This document contains lecture notes on electromagnetic theory from a course taught by Arpan Deyasi. It discusses the Biot-Savart law, which gives mathematical expressions for the magnetic field created by steady current-carrying wires and distributions of electric current. It also covers the Lorentz force law and how it relates to the combined electric and magnetic forces on a moving charged particle. Examples are presented on calculating magnetic fields and forces. The document concludes by deriving the solenoidal property of magnetic fields.
Ampere's circuital law
This document contains lecture notes on Ampere's circuital law from an Electromagnetic Theory course taught by Arpan Deyasi. It includes the integral and differential forms of Ampere's law, examples of using the law to determine magnetic fields and currents, and a case study of the magnetic field due to an infinite sheet of current. The key points covered are that the line integral of the magnetic field around a closed path equals the total current enclosed, and the curl of the magnetic field equals the current density.
Magnetic Potentials
This document contains lecture notes from a course on electromagnetic theory taught by Arpan Deyasi. It covers topics on magnetic scalar and vector potentials, including their definitions, properties, and applications to problems involving magnetic fields generated by currents. The notes provide the mathematical relationships between magnetic fields and potentials, and work through examples such as calculating the potentials for an infinite solenoid and current-carrying wire.
Reflection and Transmission coefficients in transmission line
Reflection and Transmission coefficients in transmission lineRCC Institute of Information Technology
This document discusses transmission line propagation coefficients including reflection coefficient and transmission coefficient. It defines the reflection coefficient as the ratio of reflected to incident voltage or current. Reflection and transmission coefficients are derived for a transmission line terminated by a load impedance. Standing wave patterns on transmission lines are also analyzed. Key properties of standing waves include maximum and minimum voltages occurring at intervals of half wavelength and voltages/currents being 90 degrees out of phase.Impedance in transmission line
The document discusses transmission line impedance and input impedance. It defines characteristic impedance as the ratio of voltage to current waves travelling along a transmission line. It provides expressions for characteristic impedance in terms of line parameters R, L, G, C. It then derives expressions for input impedance of open circuit, short circuit, matched and mismatched lossless transmission lines. It shows that input impedance is capacitive for a short open circuit line and inductive for a short circuit line.
Distortionless Transmission Line
This document discusses transmission lines and the conditions required for distortionless transmission. It notes that losses in transmission lines can occur due to I2R loss, skin effect, and crystallization. Distortion can arise from amplitude distortion, attenuation distortion, and phase distortion. The conditions for distortionless transmission are that the attenuation constant must be zero and the phase velocity must be independent of frequency. This requires that the line's inductance and capacitance per unit length satisfy LG/RC=1/2. The document also examines propagation constants and phase velocity for lossless transmission lines. It provides examples of calculating phase velocity, propagation constant, and phase wavelength for given line parameters.
Quantum Hall Effect
The document summarizes a lecture on the quantum Hall effect. It defines the quantum Hall effect as a phenomenon where the resistance of a quantum well system is quantized under low temperature and high magnetic field conditions. It then provides calculations to show that the quantum Hall resistance is quantized and equal to h/q^2, where h is Planck's constant and q is the elementary charge. Finally, it discusses how the quantization occurs due to the formation of discrete energy levels called Landau levels in the presence of a magnetic field.
Telegrapher's Equation
This document discusses transmission lines and the Telegrapher's equation. It begins by introducing transmission lines and their parameters such as resistance, inductance, conductance and capacitance per unit length. It then derives the Telegrapher's equation that describes voltage and current on a transmission line. It shows how the equation can be used to find the propagation constant and solve for voltage and current as a function of position and time. It also discusses phase velocity and provides examples of calculating attenuation constant, phase constant, and phase velocity for different transmission line scenarios.
Dielectrics
This document discusses the topic of electrostatics and dielectrics in the Electromagnetic Theory course. It defines a dielectric as a material where charge displacement occurs in an external electric field rather than free motion of charges. Dielectrics are classified as polar or nonpolar depending on whether they have a permanent dipole moment. The types of polarization in dielectrics are electronic, orientation, and ionic polarization. Key concepts discussed include polarization density, polarization charge density, the relationship between polarization and electric field through susceptibility and relative permittivity, atomic polarizability, and the relationship between polarization and electric displacement. An example problem calculates the polarization given the electric displacement.
Capacitor
1) The document discusses different types of capacitors including parallel plate, cylindrical, and spherical capacitors. Equations for electrostatic potential and electric field are derived for each type.
2) Examples problems are worked out on determining the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor when a dielectric slab is inserted, and the capacitance of a coaxial cylindrical capacitor with dielectrics of different permittivities in each region.
3) Key equations presented include the capacitance of parallel plate, cylindrical, and spherical capacitors in terms of their geometric parameters and dielectric properties.
Electrical Properties of Dipole
1) An electric dipole is formed when two equal but opposite charges are separated by an infinitesimal distance. The dipole moment is defined as the product of the charge magnitude and the distance between them.
2) The electrostatic potential and electric field due to a dipole can be expressed in terms of the dipole moment. The potential and field decrease with increasing distance from the dipole.
3) A torque is experienced by a dipole when placed in an external electric field, with the torque being proportional to the cross product of the dipole moment and the electric field.
Application of Gauss' Law
This document contains lecture notes on electrostatics and the application of Gauss' law from a course on electromagnetic theory taught by Arpan Deyasi. It defines line charge density, surface charge density, and volume charge density. It then uses Gauss' law to derive expressions for the electric field and potential due to different charge distributions, including line charges, surface charges on a ring and plane, and volume charges in a cylinder and sphere. Example problems are worked through applying Gauss' law to find electric fields and potentials for these various charge distributions.
Fundamentals of Gauss' Law
This document discusses Gauss's law and related electromagnetic theory concepts taught in a course. It provides:
1) An overview of Gauss's law, which states that the total outward electric flux through a closed surface is equal to the total charge enclosed divided by the permittivity of the medium.
2) Derivations and proofs of Gauss's law using calculus theorems like divergence theorem.
3) Applications of Gauss's law to problems involving charge distributions and electric field calculations.
4) Discussions of related concepts like Gauss's law in polarized media, current continuity equation, relaxation time, and Poisson's equation.
5) Example problems demonstrating the application of these electromagnetic theory principles.
Fundamentals of Coulomb's Law
This document discusses Coulomb's law and some key concepts in electrostatics, including:
- Coulomb's law describes the electrostatic force between two point charges, being directly proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
- The electric field intensity and electric flux density are introduced.
- Properties of the electric field such as it being irrotational are examined.
- The electrostatic potential is defined and its relationship to the electric field is explored.
Vector Integration
This document discusses vector calculus theorems including Stokes' theorem and the divergence theorem. Stokes' theorem relates the line integral of a vector field around a closed curve to the surface integral of the curl of the vector field over any surface bounded by the curve. The divergence theorem relates the volume integral of the divergence of a vector field over a volume to the surface integral of the vector field over the boundary surface of that volume. The document provides proofs of these theorems and examples of their applications to problems involving conservative vector fields and evaluating integrals.
Scalar and vector differentiation
This document discusses a course on electromagnetic theory taught by Arpan Deyasi. It covers topics related to vector differentiation, including the vector differential operator in Cartesian, cylindrical and spherical coordinates. It also covers differentiation of scalar functions, including calculating gradients, directional derivatives and finding normals to surfaces. Finally, it discusses differentiation of vector functions, specifically divergence, which represents the volume density of the net outward flux from a vector field.
Coordinate transformation
The document discusses various coordinate transformations between Cartesian, cylindrical, and spherical coordinate systems. It provides the transformation equations for scalar and vector variables between these coordinate systems. Examples are included to demonstrate transforming between Cartesian and cylindrical coordinates for points in both scalar and vector form. The key topics covered are the four types of coordinate transformations, the transformation equations, and examples to illustrate the transformations.
More from RCC Institute of Information Technology (20)
Scaling in conventional MOSFET for constant electric field and constant voltage
Scaling in conventional MOSFET for constant electric field and constant voltage
Reflection and Transmission coefficients in transmission line
Reflection and Transmission coefficients in transmission line
Recently uploaded
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
AI assisted telemedicine KIOSK for Rural India.pptx
It gives the overall description of SIH problem statement " AI assisted telemedicine KIOSK for Rural India".
LLM Fine Tuning with QLoRA Cassandra Lunch 4, presented by Anant
Slides for the 4th Presentation on LLM Fine-Tuning with QLoRA Presented by Anant, featuring DataStax Astra
The Python for beginners. This is an advance computer language.
Python language is very important language at this time. we can easily understand this language by these notes.
官方认证美国密歇根州立大学毕业证学位证书原版一模一样
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【美国密歇根州立大学毕业证学位证书】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Unit-III-ELECTROCHEMICAL STORAGE DEVICES.ppt
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoring
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Data Driven Maintenance | UReason Webinar
Discover the latest insights on Data Driven Maintenance with our comprehensive webinar presentation. Learn about traditional maintenance challenges, the right approach to utilizing data, and the benefits of adopting a Data Driven Maintenance strategy. Explore real-world examples, industry best practices, and innovative solutions like FMECA and the D3M model. This presentation, led by expert Jules Oudmans, is essential for asset owners looking to optimize their maintenance processes and leverage digital technologies for improved efficiency and performance. Download now to stay ahead in the evolving maintenance landscape.
2008 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Illustrated - Ching Chapter 02 The Building.pdf
2008 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Illustrated - Ching Chapter 02 The Building
一比一原版(CalArts毕业证)加利福尼亚艺术学院毕业证如何办理
CalArts毕业证学历书【微信95270640】CalArts毕业证’圣力嘉学院毕业证《Q微信95270640》办理CalArts毕业证√文凭学历制作{CalArts文凭}购买学历学位证书本科硕士,CalArts毕业证学历学位证【实体公司】办毕业证、成绩单、学历认证、学位证、文凭认证、办留信网认证、（网上可查，实体公司，专业可靠）
(诚招代理)办理国外高校毕业证成绩单文凭学位证,真实使馆公证（留学回国人员证明）真实留信网认证国外学历学位认证雅思代考国外学校代申请名校保录开请假条改GPA改成绩ID卡
1.高仿业务:【本科硕士】毕业证,成绩单（GPA修改）,学历认证（教育部认证）,大学Offer,,ID,留信认证,使馆认证,雅思,语言证书等高仿类证书；
2.认证服务: 学历认证（教育部认证）,大使馆认证（回国人员证明）,留信认证（可查有编号证书）,大学保录取,雅思保分成绩单。
3.技术服务：钢印水印烫金激光防伪凹凸版设计印刷激凸温感光标底纹镭射速度快。
办理加利福尼亚艺术学院加利福尼亚艺术学院毕业证文凭证书流程：
1客户提供办理信息：姓名生日专业学位毕业时间等（如信息不确定可以咨询顾问：我们有专业老师帮你查询）；
2开始安排制作毕业证成绩单电子图；
3毕业证成绩单电子版做好以后发送给您确认；
4毕业证成绩单电子版您确认信息无误之后安排制作成品；
5成品做好拍照或者视频给您确认；
6快递给客户（国内顺丰国外DHLUPS等快读邮寄）
-办理真实使馆公证（即留学回国人员证明）
-办理各国各大学文凭（世界名校一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度）
-全套服务：毕业证成绩单真实使馆公证真实教育部认证。让您回国发展信心十足！
（详情请加一下 文凭顾问+微信:95270640）欢迎咨询！子小伍玩小伍比山娃小一岁虎头虎脑的很霸气父亲让山娃跟小伍去夏令营听课山娃很高兴夏令营就设在附近一所小学山娃发现那所小学比自己的学校更大更美操场上还铺有塑胶跑道呢里面很多小朋友一班一班的快快乐乐原来城里娃都藏这儿来了怪不得平时见不到他们山娃恍然大悟起来吹拉弹唱琴棋书画山娃都不懂却什么都想学山娃怨自己太笨什么都不会斟酌再三山娃终于选定了学美术当听说每月要交元时父亲犹豫了山娃也说爸算了吧咱学校一学期才转
Recently uploaded (20)
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...
AI assisted telemedicine KIOSK for Rural India.pptx
AI assisted telemedicine KIOSK for Rural India.pptx
LLM Fine Tuning with QLoRA Cassandra Lunch 4, presented by Anant
LLM Fine Tuning with QLoRA Cassandra Lunch 4, presented by Anant
The Python for beginners. This is an advance computer language.
The Python for beginners. This is an advance computer language.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...
Generative AI leverages algorithms to create various forms of content
Generative AI leverages algorithms to create various forms of content
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoring
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoring
Manufacturing Process of molasses based distillery ppt.pptx
Manufacturing Process of molasses based distillery ppt.pptx
2008 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Illustrated - Ching Chapter 02 The Building.pdf
2008 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Illustrated - Ching Chapter 02 The Building.pdf
Microwave Attenuator
- 1. Microwave Attenuator Course coordinator: Arpan Deyasi 2/20/2021 1 Arpan Deyasi, India
- 2. What is attenuator? It is an electronic passive device that reduces power of a Signal without appreciably distorting its waveform It is effectively the opposite of an amplifier Reflects and absorbs energy in some dissipate elements
- 3. How it is made? It is made from a simple voltage divider networks which is utilized to control the transferred microwave power between two points Is it frequency dependent? Attenuation is a function of frequency
- 4. Fixed type attenuator Used to lower voltage, dissipate power Used for impedance matching Utilized where a fixed amount of power is required If it absorbs all energy entering into it, then it is called waveguide attenuator
- 6. Fixed type attenuator: performance characteristics Input and output impedances Average and peak power handling capability Flatness with frequency Temperature dependence
- 7. Variable type attenuator Provides step-wise or continuously variable attenuation Types Rotary type for circular waveguide Flap or vane type for rectangular waveguide
- 8. Variable attenuator: Flap type Lossy dielectric flap
- 9. Variable attenuator: Flap type Semi-circular flap of lossy dielectric is made to move down Into the longitudinal slot Degree of attenuation is controlled by depth of assertion
- 10. Variable attenuator: Vane type Dielectric rods
- 11. Variable attenuator: Vane type When vane(dielectric rods) moved at edges, max attenuation is obtained At center, attenuation is zero