The document discusses site investigation, which involves gathering subsurface information about a proposed construction project location. It describes the purpose, scope, and stages of a site investigation. The typical stages are a desk study, preliminary investigation including some boreholes, a detailed investigation with more boreholes and sampling, and monitoring during construction. Common investigation methods discussed are the standard penetration test, cone penetration test, and sampling techniques.
The document discusses various methods for soil exploration including test trenches, auger and wash boring, rotary drilling, and geophysical methods. It describes common stages of site investigation such as desk study, field investigations including preliminary and detailed ground investigation, laboratory testing, and report writing. Various purposes of soil investigation are provided such as selection of foundation type, design of foundations, and planning of construction techniques. Different methods of investigation like test pits, auger boring, wash boring, and rotary drilling are explained. The document also discusses soil sampling methods, laboratory testing, and structuring a test schedule.
The document summarizes the stages of a site investigation which includes a desk study, site reconnaissance, detailed exploration and sampling, field/in-situ testing, and laboratory testing. The objectives are to assess suitability, enable adequate design, plan construction, determine ground changes, and document the investigation in a report. Site investigations involve exploring ground conditions through methods like boreholes, trial pits, and geophysical surveys to inform engineering design decisions.
A site investigation simply is the process of the collection of information, the appraisal of data, assessment, and reporting without which the hazards in the ground beneath the site cannot be known
This document discusses subsoil exploration, which involves collecting soil data through field and laboratory investigations to assess soil properties at a site. The main objectives are to determine the nature, depth, thickness, and extent of soil strata, as well as groundwater depth and properties. Exploration methods include direct techniques like test pits and borings, and indirect techniques like sounding tests and geophysical methods. Standard penetration tests are commonly used to determine properties of cohesionless soils by counting blows required to penetrate the soil. Corrections are applied to penetration values to account for overburden pressure and sample dilatancy.
This document provides an overview of subsurface exploration, which involves site investigation and soil exploration to assess soil conditions for engineering projects. It discusses the objectives, phases and methods of subsurface exploration. The main methods covered are open excavation techniques like test pits and trenches, as well as boring techniques like auger, wash, percussion and rotary boring. It also describes different sampling techniques for obtaining disturbed and undisturbed soil samples, and different types of in-situ tests like standard penetration tests and cone penetration tests.
The document discusses soil investigation methods used to characterize soil properties for engineering projects. It describes different soil horizons defined by composition and depth. Key soil characteristics discussed include color, texture, aggregation, porosity, ion content, and pH. Common soil investigation techniques are also summarized, such as trial pitting, dynamic probe testing, cable percussive boreholes, and rotary drilled boreholes. The purposes of soil investigations are to determine suitability for construction and adequate foundation design while anticipating difficulties.
The standard penetration test (SPT) involves driving a split spoon sampler into the ground using a 140 lb hammer dropped 30 inches. The number of blows required to penetrate each 6 inch interval is recorded, and the penetration resistance value N is the sum of the blows over the second and third intervals. This test is commonly used to obtain bearing capacity and estimate soil properties like density and shear strength. It is performed whenever the soil stratum changes and at intervals of no more than 1.5 meters.
The document discusses various methods for soil exploration including test trenches, auger and wash boring, rotary drilling, and geophysical methods. It describes common stages of site investigation such as desk study, field investigations including preliminary and detailed ground investigation, laboratory testing, and report writing. Various purposes of soil investigation are provided such as selection of foundation type, design of foundations, and planning of construction techniques. Different methods of investigation like test pits, auger boring, wash boring, and rotary drilling are explained. The document also discusses soil sampling methods, laboratory testing, and structuring a test schedule.
The document summarizes the stages of a site investigation which includes a desk study, site reconnaissance, detailed exploration and sampling, field/in-situ testing, and laboratory testing. The objectives are to assess suitability, enable adequate design, plan construction, determine ground changes, and document the investigation in a report. Site investigations involve exploring ground conditions through methods like boreholes, trial pits, and geophysical surveys to inform engineering design decisions.
A site investigation simply is the process of the collection of information, the appraisal of data, assessment, and reporting without which the hazards in the ground beneath the site cannot be known
This document discusses subsoil exploration, which involves collecting soil data through field and laboratory investigations to assess soil properties at a site. The main objectives are to determine the nature, depth, thickness, and extent of soil strata, as well as groundwater depth and properties. Exploration methods include direct techniques like test pits and borings, and indirect techniques like sounding tests and geophysical methods. Standard penetration tests are commonly used to determine properties of cohesionless soils by counting blows required to penetrate the soil. Corrections are applied to penetration values to account for overburden pressure and sample dilatancy.
This document provides an overview of subsurface exploration, which involves site investigation and soil exploration to assess soil conditions for engineering projects. It discusses the objectives, phases and methods of subsurface exploration. The main methods covered are open excavation techniques like test pits and trenches, as well as boring techniques like auger, wash, percussion and rotary boring. It also describes different sampling techniques for obtaining disturbed and undisturbed soil samples, and different types of in-situ tests like standard penetration tests and cone penetration tests.
The document discusses soil investigation methods used to characterize soil properties for engineering projects. It describes different soil horizons defined by composition and depth. Key soil characteristics discussed include color, texture, aggregation, porosity, ion content, and pH. Common soil investigation techniques are also summarized, such as trial pitting, dynamic probe testing, cable percussive boreholes, and rotary drilled boreholes. The purposes of soil investigations are to determine suitability for construction and adequate foundation design while anticipating difficulties.
The standard penetration test (SPT) involves driving a split spoon sampler into the ground using a 140 lb hammer dropped 30 inches. The number of blows required to penetrate each 6 inch interval is recorded, and the penetration resistance value N is the sum of the blows over the second and third intervals. This test is commonly used to obtain bearing capacity and estimate soil properties like density and shear strength. It is performed whenever the soil stratum changes and at intervals of no more than 1.5 meters.
Geophysical methods of soil/Foundation testing Pirpasha Ujede
Geophysical methods such as seismic refraction and resistivity testing provide non-invasive subsurface investigation over large areas more quickly and cheaply than traditional boring and testing. However, geophysical results require interpretation and are less definitive. Both methods are important, with geophysical testing used for initial screening and borings to accurately determine soil properties. Seismic refraction uses shock waves to determine layer velocities and depths, while resistivity measures subsurface resistivity variations related to moisture, compaction, and material to infer stratigraphy.
The document discusses site investigation methods for determining soil properties below a construction site. It defines site investigation, explains its purposes such as evaluating load capacity and settlement, and describes exploration program steps from initial information gathering to detailed borings. Common boring types like auger and core borings are outlined. In-situ tests for soil strength measurement are also summarized, including standard penetration, vane shear, plate load, cone penetration, and pressure-meter tests.
The document provides an introduction to soil mechanics and soil types. It defines soil mechanics as the branch of engineering that deals with the properties and behavior of soil. It discusses the different types of soils based on their geological origin such as glacial soil, residual soil, alluvial soil, and aeolian soil. It also classifies soils based on engineering properties such as clay, silt, sand, gravel, cobbles, and boulders. The key factors that influence the engineering behavior of soils like particle size, shape, mineral composition are also highlighted.
Subsurface Investigation and Geotechnical Evaluationmecocca5
The document discusses subsurface investigation and geotechnical evaluation methods. It describes designing investigation programs, common investigation methods like conventional soil borings, cone penetration testing, and test pits. It also covers reviewing investigation logs, classifying soil, determining engineering properties, and completing geotechnical evaluations. The presentation provides guidance on using different techniques to understand soil and site conditions for engineering design.
This document discusses soil exploration methods, including the purpose of soil exploration to determine foundation type and bearing capacity. It describes various investigation methods like probing, geophysical testing, soil borings using augers or wash boring, and sampling techniques to obtain disturbed and undisturbed soil samples. It also discusses determining boring depth and spacing. Methods to evaluate groundwater conditions and field strength tests like the standard penetration test are summarized.
The document lists the group members and registration numbers for a presentation on geotechnical investigation. It includes an outline of the presentation topics which are an introduction to soil exploration, investigation phases, exploration methods, soil sampling, amount of exploration needed, in-situ tests, planning an investigation, and records/reports. The key topics to be covered are the purpose of soil exploration, direct and indirect exploration methods such as test pits and boreholes, sampling disturbed and undisturbed soil samples, and planning the exploration program.
Tunnel surveying is a type of underground surveying used to construct tunnels. It involves aligning the tunnel center line underground and transferring it to the tunnel. Leveling of the surface and internal tunnel is also done. There are different types of tunnels based on use such as traffic, hydro power, and public utility tunnels. Construction methods include cut-and-cover, bored tunnel, pipe jacking, and box jacking. Tunnel shapes are commonly circular or horseshoe. A gyroscope is a device that measures rotational changes and is used during tunnel construction in the absence of GPS to help with orientation underground.
This presentation is useful for GTU students in Building Construction subject in Subsurface investigation the popular topic in syllabus, this includes more images which will help to students & researchers for same.
This document discusses soil sampling and exploration. It describes different types of soil samples including disturbed, undisturbed, representative and non-representative samples. It discusses criteria for obtaining undisturbed samples and transporting and preserving samples. Different types of soil samplers are described. Factors related to planning a soil exploration program such as spacing and depth of borings are covered. Components of a soil exploration report are outlined.
Soil exploration methods and soil investigation reportAnjana R Menon
Soil exploration involves site investigations through methods like boreholes, test pits, and geophysical tests. This provides critical information on ground conditions like soil type, bearing capacity, and water levels for foundation design of structures. The objectives are to evaluate soil properties, predict issues, ensure safety, and select suitable construction methods. A proper exploration program involves reconnaissance, preliminary, and sometimes detailed investigations using appropriate testing and sampling methods based on the project size and soil variability.
This document discusses vertical drains, which are used to accelerate consolidation in saturated clays. It describes how vertical drains work by shortening drainage paths within clay. Common installation methods involve creating boreholes and placing vertical drains made of sand or prefabricated materials like sandwick or band drains. Design considerations for vertical drains include drain spacing, fill height, soil permeability, and achieving a desired consolidation level within a given time. Mathematical equations are provided for analyzing consolidation based on Terzaghi's theory involving factors like coefficient of consolidation and excess pore water pressure. An example problem demonstrates calculating degree of consolidation over time for a layered soil system using vertical drains.
The document summarizes the standard penetration test (SPT), a common in situ geotechnical testing method. It describes the basic procedure, which involves driving a split spoon sampler into subsurface soils using a hammer, and recording the number of blows required for each increment of penetration. Corrections are made to SPT values to account for overburden pressure and dilatancy. Empirical correlations are presented relating SPT values to properties like density, shear strength, and consistency of cohesionless and cohesive soils. Both advantages like being inexpensive and quick, and limitations like lack of precision are discussed.
This document describes the components and procedure of a static cone penetration test. It details the specifications of the Dutch cone used to measure tip resistance, including its base area, apex angle, diameter, and heights. It also describes the cylindrical sleeve used to measure frictional resistance, noting its area and height. The procedure involves pushing the cone into the ground at a rate of 10 mm/sec, then withdrawing the cone and pushing the sleeve onto the cone to drive them together. Results are recorded in a CPT log. Advantages include speed, economy, and detailed data collection while disadvantages are the inability to obtain soil samples and depth limitations.
Subsoil exploration involves collecting soil data through field and laboratory investigations to assess soil properties at a site. The main objectives are to determine the nature, depth, thickness, and extent of soil strata as well as groundwater conditions and engineering properties. Methods include test pits, borings using augers or drilling, in-situ tests like SPT and CPT, and geophysical methods. Proper planning, execution, and reporting of the investigation are needed to provide reliable data to aid foundation design.
The document discusses shear strength of soils. It defines shear strength as the soil's resistance to shearing stresses and deformation from particle displacement. Shear strength depends on cohesion between particles and frictional resistance, as modeled by the Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion. Laboratory tests like direct shear and triaxial shear tests are used to determine the shear strength parameters (c, φ) that describe a soil's failure envelope.
Lecture 11 Shear Strength of Soil CE240Wajahat Ullah
Shear Strength of Soil
Shear strength in soils
Introduction
Definitions
Mohr-Coulomb criterion
Introduction
Lab tests for getting the shear strength
Direct shear test
Introduction
Procedure & calculation
Critical void ratio
This document provides an overview of site investigation procedures for determining subsurface soil conditions. It discusses the purposes of site investigations, which include selecting foundation types, evaluating load capacity, estimating settlements, and determining potential foundation problems. The exploration program aims to determine soil stratification and engineering properties through borings, samples, and field tests. Standard procedures are outlined for boring depth and spacing, soil and rock sampling methods, groundwater level determination, and field strength tests like SPT, CPT, and PLT.
This document discusses different types of in-situ soil tests used for subsurface exploration, including penetrometer tests. It describes the standard penetration test (SPT), which involves driving a split-spoon sampler into the soil using blows from a hammer. It also discusses the static cone penetration test (SCPT) and dynamic cone penetration test (DCPT), which measure soil resistance during penetration. SPT values are corrected based on overburden pressure and dilatancy. DCPT can identify soil variability but is not suitable for cohesive soils or depths with rod friction. SCPT and DCPT provide continuous resistance profiles without boreholes.
The document discusses soil consolidation and laboratory consolidation testing. It begins with an introduction to consolidation and describes the three types of soil settlement: immediate elastic settlement, primary consolidation settlement, and secondary consolidation settlement. It then discusses consolidation in more detail, including the spring-cylinder model used to demonstrate consolidation principles. Finally, it describes the process and components of a laboratory oedometer consolidation test.
1. A site investigation determines the suitability of a site for construction by examining physical aspects like soil composition and legal aspects like planning permissions.
2. The investigation assesses the site suitability, helps with design and construction planning, and predicts potential issues. Information is needed on soil properties, groundwater, and excavated materials.
3. The investigation process involves a desk study of existing information, a site walkover, detailed tests and sampling which may include trial pits and boreholes to examine soil and groundwater conditions.
Site investigation involves determining the soil layers and properties beneath a proposed structure. It helps select the foundation type and depth, evaluate load capacity, estimate settlement, and identify potential issues. The exploration program uses methods like test pits, auger and wash borings, probing, and geophysics to obtain samples and measure properties. A site investigation includes planning borings and tests, executing fieldwork, and reporting the findings and recommendations.
Geophysical methods of soil/Foundation testing Pirpasha Ujede
Geophysical methods such as seismic refraction and resistivity testing provide non-invasive subsurface investigation over large areas more quickly and cheaply than traditional boring and testing. However, geophysical results require interpretation and are less definitive. Both methods are important, with geophysical testing used for initial screening and borings to accurately determine soil properties. Seismic refraction uses shock waves to determine layer velocities and depths, while resistivity measures subsurface resistivity variations related to moisture, compaction, and material to infer stratigraphy.
The document discusses site investigation methods for determining soil properties below a construction site. It defines site investigation, explains its purposes such as evaluating load capacity and settlement, and describes exploration program steps from initial information gathering to detailed borings. Common boring types like auger and core borings are outlined. In-situ tests for soil strength measurement are also summarized, including standard penetration, vane shear, plate load, cone penetration, and pressure-meter tests.
The document provides an introduction to soil mechanics and soil types. It defines soil mechanics as the branch of engineering that deals with the properties and behavior of soil. It discusses the different types of soils based on their geological origin such as glacial soil, residual soil, alluvial soil, and aeolian soil. It also classifies soils based on engineering properties such as clay, silt, sand, gravel, cobbles, and boulders. The key factors that influence the engineering behavior of soils like particle size, shape, mineral composition are also highlighted.
Subsurface Investigation and Geotechnical Evaluationmecocca5
The document discusses subsurface investigation and geotechnical evaluation methods. It describes designing investigation programs, common investigation methods like conventional soil borings, cone penetration testing, and test pits. It also covers reviewing investigation logs, classifying soil, determining engineering properties, and completing geotechnical evaluations. The presentation provides guidance on using different techniques to understand soil and site conditions for engineering design.
This document discusses soil exploration methods, including the purpose of soil exploration to determine foundation type and bearing capacity. It describes various investigation methods like probing, geophysical testing, soil borings using augers or wash boring, and sampling techniques to obtain disturbed and undisturbed soil samples. It also discusses determining boring depth and spacing. Methods to evaluate groundwater conditions and field strength tests like the standard penetration test are summarized.
The document lists the group members and registration numbers for a presentation on geotechnical investigation. It includes an outline of the presentation topics which are an introduction to soil exploration, investigation phases, exploration methods, soil sampling, amount of exploration needed, in-situ tests, planning an investigation, and records/reports. The key topics to be covered are the purpose of soil exploration, direct and indirect exploration methods such as test pits and boreholes, sampling disturbed and undisturbed soil samples, and planning the exploration program.
Tunnel surveying is a type of underground surveying used to construct tunnels. It involves aligning the tunnel center line underground and transferring it to the tunnel. Leveling of the surface and internal tunnel is also done. There are different types of tunnels based on use such as traffic, hydro power, and public utility tunnels. Construction methods include cut-and-cover, bored tunnel, pipe jacking, and box jacking. Tunnel shapes are commonly circular or horseshoe. A gyroscope is a device that measures rotational changes and is used during tunnel construction in the absence of GPS to help with orientation underground.
This presentation is useful for GTU students in Building Construction subject in Subsurface investigation the popular topic in syllabus, this includes more images which will help to students & researchers for same.
This document discusses soil sampling and exploration. It describes different types of soil samples including disturbed, undisturbed, representative and non-representative samples. It discusses criteria for obtaining undisturbed samples and transporting and preserving samples. Different types of soil samplers are described. Factors related to planning a soil exploration program such as spacing and depth of borings are covered. Components of a soil exploration report are outlined.
Soil exploration methods and soil investigation reportAnjana R Menon
Soil exploration involves site investigations through methods like boreholes, test pits, and geophysical tests. This provides critical information on ground conditions like soil type, bearing capacity, and water levels for foundation design of structures. The objectives are to evaluate soil properties, predict issues, ensure safety, and select suitable construction methods. A proper exploration program involves reconnaissance, preliminary, and sometimes detailed investigations using appropriate testing and sampling methods based on the project size and soil variability.
This document discusses vertical drains, which are used to accelerate consolidation in saturated clays. It describes how vertical drains work by shortening drainage paths within clay. Common installation methods involve creating boreholes and placing vertical drains made of sand or prefabricated materials like sandwick or band drains. Design considerations for vertical drains include drain spacing, fill height, soil permeability, and achieving a desired consolidation level within a given time. Mathematical equations are provided for analyzing consolidation based on Terzaghi's theory involving factors like coefficient of consolidation and excess pore water pressure. An example problem demonstrates calculating degree of consolidation over time for a layered soil system using vertical drains.
The document summarizes the standard penetration test (SPT), a common in situ geotechnical testing method. It describes the basic procedure, which involves driving a split spoon sampler into subsurface soils using a hammer, and recording the number of blows required for each increment of penetration. Corrections are made to SPT values to account for overburden pressure and dilatancy. Empirical correlations are presented relating SPT values to properties like density, shear strength, and consistency of cohesionless and cohesive soils. Both advantages like being inexpensive and quick, and limitations like lack of precision are discussed.
This document describes the components and procedure of a static cone penetration test. It details the specifications of the Dutch cone used to measure tip resistance, including its base area, apex angle, diameter, and heights. It also describes the cylindrical sleeve used to measure frictional resistance, noting its area and height. The procedure involves pushing the cone into the ground at a rate of 10 mm/sec, then withdrawing the cone and pushing the sleeve onto the cone to drive them together. Results are recorded in a CPT log. Advantages include speed, economy, and detailed data collection while disadvantages are the inability to obtain soil samples and depth limitations.
Subsoil exploration involves collecting soil data through field and laboratory investigations to assess soil properties at a site. The main objectives are to determine the nature, depth, thickness, and extent of soil strata as well as groundwater conditions and engineering properties. Methods include test pits, borings using augers or drilling, in-situ tests like SPT and CPT, and geophysical methods. Proper planning, execution, and reporting of the investigation are needed to provide reliable data to aid foundation design.
The document discusses shear strength of soils. It defines shear strength as the soil's resistance to shearing stresses and deformation from particle displacement. Shear strength depends on cohesion between particles and frictional resistance, as modeled by the Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion. Laboratory tests like direct shear and triaxial shear tests are used to determine the shear strength parameters (c, φ) that describe a soil's failure envelope.
Lecture 11 Shear Strength of Soil CE240Wajahat Ullah
Shear Strength of Soil
Shear strength in soils
Introduction
Definitions
Mohr-Coulomb criterion
Introduction
Lab tests for getting the shear strength
Direct shear test
Introduction
Procedure & calculation
Critical void ratio
This document provides an overview of site investigation procedures for determining subsurface soil conditions. It discusses the purposes of site investigations, which include selecting foundation types, evaluating load capacity, estimating settlements, and determining potential foundation problems. The exploration program aims to determine soil stratification and engineering properties through borings, samples, and field tests. Standard procedures are outlined for boring depth and spacing, soil and rock sampling methods, groundwater level determination, and field strength tests like SPT, CPT, and PLT.
This document discusses different types of in-situ soil tests used for subsurface exploration, including penetrometer tests. It describes the standard penetration test (SPT), which involves driving a split-spoon sampler into the soil using blows from a hammer. It also discusses the static cone penetration test (SCPT) and dynamic cone penetration test (DCPT), which measure soil resistance during penetration. SPT values are corrected based on overburden pressure and dilatancy. DCPT can identify soil variability but is not suitable for cohesive soils or depths with rod friction. SCPT and DCPT provide continuous resistance profiles without boreholes.
The document discusses soil consolidation and laboratory consolidation testing. It begins with an introduction to consolidation and describes the three types of soil settlement: immediate elastic settlement, primary consolidation settlement, and secondary consolidation settlement. It then discusses consolidation in more detail, including the spring-cylinder model used to demonstrate consolidation principles. Finally, it describes the process and components of a laboratory oedometer consolidation test.
1. A site investigation determines the suitability of a site for construction by examining physical aspects like soil composition and legal aspects like planning permissions.
2. The investigation assesses the site suitability, helps with design and construction planning, and predicts potential issues. Information is needed on soil properties, groundwater, and excavated materials.
3. The investigation process involves a desk study of existing information, a site walkover, detailed tests and sampling which may include trial pits and boreholes to examine soil and groundwater conditions.
Site investigation involves determining the soil layers and properties beneath a proposed structure. It helps select the foundation type and depth, evaluate load capacity, estimate settlement, and identify potential issues. The exploration program uses methods like test pits, auger and wash borings, probing, and geophysics to obtain samples and measure properties. A site investigation includes planning borings and tests, executing fieldwork, and reporting the findings and recommendations.
Site-investigation before construction of structure.Pirpasha Ujede
This document discusses stress intensity and depth of exploration for friction piles. It examines the depth of exploration needed for friction piles and the lateral extent of explorations required.
The advantages and disadvantages of site investigation tools and exploratory ...George Majunting
This document discusses and compares the advantages and disadvantages of various site investigation tools and exploratory techniques used in geoenvironmental engineering. It examines earth augers, bailers, spring steel fingers, split spoon samplers, grab sampling, hand augers and split barrel devices, test pits, and boreholes. It concludes that site investigation equipment is important for obtaining necessary data before beginning any construction, and that each tool has its own strengths and weaknesses, with errors potentially from human negligence as well as equipment.
Standard Penetration Testing equipment and procedures are not fully standardized, leading to highly variable energy transfer values that affect N-values. A study by the Florida Department of Transportation found energy transfer for safety hammers used with catheads averaged 66% compared to 80% for automatic hammers. The study showed measuring and normalizing N-values to a standard 60% energy transfer (N60) provides more reliable assessment of soil strength and liquefaction potential. New methods using Pile Driving Analyzers to directly measure force and velocity during SPTs may help evaluate soil resistance and predict pile capacities.
Chapter I Basic Principles of Evaluational Education Juwita Sitorus
Chemistry Teaching and Learning Evaluation, Compiled from selected resources by the team under the coordination of Dr. Simson Tarigan, MA. Just for teaching and learning process in State University of Medan.,
’Environmental Site Investigation and Due Diligence in the Current Market.’ ...Padraic Mulroy
’Environmental Site Investigation and Due Diligence in the Current Market.\’ Presentation given to Association of Petroleum and Explosives Administration (APEA) in Omagh, County Tyrone on the 20th October, 2012 and in Mitchelstown, County Cork on the 15th November, 2012.
This document discusses ground investigation for tunnelling projects. It covers objectives of ground investigation planning including suitability assessment, design, construction planning and environmental impact determination. Key risks like water ingress, ground collapse and obstructions are highlighted. Common ground conditions like dykes, wedges and timber piles are shown. Strategies and techniques for ground investigation planning, during design and construction stages are outlined. Methods for different ground types like soft ground, hard rock and karst deposits are also described. The document emphasizes comprehensive planning and supervision of ground investigation works for tunnelling projects.
Presentation subsoil investigation foundation recommendation geotechnical ass...kufrebssy
The document summarizes a student's SIWES seminar presentation on geotechnical assessment conducted during an internship. The student conducted subsoil investigation tests at a site using cone penetration and standard penetration tests. Test results found soil strength and compressibility varied with depth, with shallower soils having moderate properties and deeper soils having good properties. Analysis of test data determined a stiffened raft slab foundation design would be adequate. The internship helped the student learn soil testing skills and gain practical experience applying geological knowledge, though challenges included work procedures and restrictions.
This document discusses civil engineering materials, specifically stones and rocks. It classifies rocks into three main categories: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. It further breaks down rock types and provides examples. The document also discusses the physical, chemical, and geological classification of rocks. It describes qualities needed for good building stones and their various uses in construction works like foundations, walls, and pavements.
This slideset was prepared as a student group assignment, for a class on-Introduction to Construction Materials. The facts shown and data used are most relevant to the Indian Context. Prepared by- K. Hari Chandana, Sukirti Sah, Tanya Talwar, Rana Sarkar, Akriti Srivastava, Jitendriya Meher, Anshuman Abhisek Mishra : 1st Sem B. Arch, School of Planning & Architecture, Bhopal, MP, India
Institutional information provides key details about a film such as the directors, date of release, and age rating. It is a convention of film posters to include institutional information to inform the audience. Common elements of institutional information featured in billing blocks include the director, lead actors, production company, distributor logo, and age rating.
This document discusses water supply and drainage systems. It covers the types of water supply sources and drainage systems, including public mains, private wells, and different types of private drainage like surface water drainage, greywater drainage, and foul water drainage. It also discusses best practices for drainage pipe installation, materials, sewage treatment, and regulations.
Week 01 Preliminaries Works, Soil Investigate & Ground Water Controlnik kin
The document discusses site preparation for construction projects, including site investigation, soil investigation, and ground water control. Site investigation involves collecting data about the site, including topography, hydrology, and existing infrastructure. Soil investigation determines site suitability and foundation design through methods like trial pits, augers, and sampling. Ground water control includes temporary dewatering methods like sumps and wellpoints, and permanent barriers like grouted membranes, contiguous piling, and diaphragm walls. Preliminaries works establish temporary facilities and ensure safety/compliance for a construction project.
Manifestation and remediation of alkali aggregate reactionmurugavel raja
The document discusses alkali aggregate reaction (AAR), which occurs when highly alkaline cement reacts with certain aggregates containing silica or carbonate minerals. This can cause expansion and cracking of concrete. The two main types are alkali-silica reaction (ASR) and alkali-carbonate reaction (ACR). ASR was first identified in California in the 1930s and has caused damage in structures worldwide. Remediation methods include using low-alkali cement, avoiding reactive aggregates, controlling moisture, and treating affected concrete with lithium compounds which can stop further ASR cracking.
This document discusses the construction of flexible pavements. It begins by introducing the types and components of flexible and rigid pavements. The key components of flexible pavement include the subgrade, sub-base course, base course, binder course, and surface course. It then describes the construction process for each layer, including preparing and compacting the subgrade, placing and compacting the granular sub-base and base courses, applying prime coats and tack coats, and paving the asphalt binder and surface courses. In comparison, rigid pavements are constructed as a solid slab that distributes loads differently than the layered system of flexible pavements.
This document describes the vane shear test procedure used to determine the undrained shear strength of soft clays. Key details include:
- The test involves inserting vanes into an undisturbed clay specimen and rotating them at a uniform rate until failure to measure the undrained shear strength.
- Calculations are done to determine the shear strength from the torque measurement, using the vane diameter and height.
- The test can also measure soil sensitivity by remolding the soil after the initial test and measuring the reduction in strength.
It contains detailed information about a Gravity Dam........it also conataims the information in brief & pictures giving a clear view of the Gravity Dams...........It also contains formulas with details of their terms.........
The document provides information about soil exploration/site investigation. It discusses the objectives, stages, methods, and importance of soil exploration. Some key points:
- Soil exploration involves determining the soil profile and properties at a construction site. It aims to select suitable foundations and construction methods.
- The stages include initial site reconnaissance, preliminary exploration with simple tests, and detailed exploration with complex in-situ and laboratory tests.
- Common exploration methods include excavating trial pits, drilling boreholes using augers, wash boring, rotary drilling, and percussion drilling. Samples are collected and tested.
- A report is prepared providing details of the exploration process and results, as well as foundation and construction recommendations
1. Site Investgation.pptxDebre Markos University Technology College Departmen...teseraaddis1
Soil Exploration
“ The process of exploring to characterize or define small scale properties of substrata at construction sites is unique to geotechnical engineering.
In other engineering disciplines, material properties are specified during design, or before construction or manufacture, and then controlled to meet the specification. Unfortunately, subsurface properties cannot be specified; they must be deduced through exploration.” Charles H. Dowding (1979).
The document discusses various methods of soil exploration including borings, test pits, and geophysical methods. It describes the objectives of soil exploration as determining the suitable foundation type, bearing capacity, and other factors. The key methods discussed are displacement boring, wash boring, auger boring, rotary drilling, percussion drilling, and continuous sampling boring. Each method is suited to different soil conditions and provides varying sample quality and depth capability.
The document discusses various methods of soil exploration including borings, test pits, and geophysical methods. It describes the objectives of soil exploration as determining the suitable foundation type, bearing capacity, and other factors. The key methods discussed are displacement boring, wash boring, auger boring, rotary drilling, percussion drilling, and continuous sampling boring. Each method is explained along with its suitable soil conditions, advantages, and limitations.
This document provides an overview of foundation engineering and soil exploration. It discusses what a foundation and foundation engineering are, as well as the different types of foundations. It also defines what soil is and explains the process of soil exploration. Various methods of soil exploration are described, including test pits, boreholes, and field tests like the standard penetration test. The stages of subsurface investigation are outlined. Finally, it covers sampling methods and the importance of obtaining both disturbed and undisturbed samples for laboratory testing.
The document discusses various methods for soil exploration including test trenches, auger borings, rotary drilling, and geophysical methods. It also discusses soil sampling techniques for obtaining both disturbed and undisturbed samples. Common stages in a site investigation are described including desk studies, field investigations, laboratory testing, and reporting. The purpose of soil investigations is to determine subsurface soil conditions to influence foundation design and construction.
This document discusses various methods of soil exploration and investigation. It describes common stages of site investigation including desk study, site reconnaissance, field investigations using methods like test pits, auger and wash boring, rotary drilling, and geophysical methods. It discusses purposes of soil investigation including selection of foundation type and construction methods. The document also covers soil sampling techniques for obtaining both disturbed and undisturbed samples, as well as various laboratory tests performed on soil samples.
soil mechanics and foundation engineering for btech civil engineering fourth ...BhupeshPant7
This document discusses methods of soil exploration, including test trenches and pits, auger and wash boring, rotary drilling, and geophysical methods. The main purposes of soil investigation are to determine subsurface soil conditions and features that may influence construction design and costs. Common investigation methods described are test pits, auger boring using hand augers and mechanical augers, wash boring using pressurized water, and rotary drilling. The document also mentions soil sampling methods to obtain disturbed and undisturbed soil samples.
About Subsurface investigation, Depth of foundation, Significant depth, Types of investigation, Steps involved, Methods of boring, Types of samples and samplers, Core recovery and RQD.
The document discusses various methods for soil exploration including test trenches, auger borings, rotary drilling, and geophysical methods. It also discusses soil sampling techniques for obtaining both disturbed and undisturbed samples. A variety of laboratory tests are outlined to fully characterize soil and rock properties including classification, shear strength, permeability, consolidation, compaction, and chemical testing. The results of a soil investigation are used for foundation design and construction planning.
This document discusses subsurface investigation methods for foundation engineering. It describes various site investigation techniques including site reconnaissance, preliminary exploration using hand augers, detailed exploration using wash boring and rotary drilling, and collecting disturbed and undisturbed soil samples. The objectives of site investigation are to determine soil properties, groundwater levels, soil stratigraphy and select suitable foundation types and construction methods. Proper site investigation is important for foundation design and predicting soil behavior.
Site investigation involves determining the soil layers and properties beneath a proposed structure. It helps select the foundation type, evaluate load capacity, estimate settlement, and identify potential issues. The exploration program uses methods like boreholes, test pits, and probes to characterize soil stratification, strength, deformation, and groundwater. Proper planning is needed to obtain reliable data at minimum cost.
The document discusses site investigation methods for assessing soil conditions, which include topographic surveys, soil exploration techniques like test pits and boreholes, in-situ tests, and collecting representative soil samples. The goal of the investigation is to determine soil properties and stratigraphy, groundwater conditions, and suitability of the site for construction in order to inform design and construction and address potential problems. The extent and methods used depend on factors like site conditions, project nature, time and budget available for the investigation.
Lecture about foundation engineering.pptxambipathi1986
This document discusses site investigation and subsoil exploration methods for foundation engineering. It describes the objectives of site investigation as determining surface and subsurface conditions to assess site suitability and aid in design. Key methods discussed include reconnaissance, maps, aerial photography, test pits, auger borings, wash borings, rotary drilling, and percussion drilling. The spacing and depth of borings depends on the structure type and importance, soil conditions, and previous investigations. The goal is to characterize soil/rock strata, groundwater, and obtain samples to inform foundation design.
The document discusses soil exploration methods including test pits, auger and wash boring, rotary drilling, and geophysical methods. It describes common stages of site investigation such as desk study, field investigations including preliminary and detailed ground investigation, laboratory testing, and report writing. Various purposes of soil investigation are provided such as selection of foundation type, design of foundations, and planning of construction techniques. Different methods of investigation like test pits, boring, wash boring, and rotary drilling are explained. [END SUMMARY]
The document discusses the three stages of site investigation: 1) a desk study involving collecting existing information about the site, 2) a walk-over survey to confirm and further investigate information from the desk study, and 3) a ground investigation using techniques like boreholes and trial pits to obtain detailed soil information. The walk-over survey involves inspecting six areas of the site, while the ground investigation provides soil classification, profiles, and parameters needed for foundation design. Understanding the groundwater conditions is also important, as a high water table can increase construction costs and risks.
Subsoil exploration involves laboratory and field investigations to assess soil properties at a site. It determines the nature, depth, and thickness of soil strata as well as groundwater conditions and engineering properties. Methods include test pits, boreholes using augers or drilling, in-situ tests like SPT and CPT, and geophysical methods such as seismic refraction and electrical resistivity testing. The results are used to select appropriate foundation types and determine bearing capacity.
Foundation and its functions
Essential requirements
Sub soil exploration and Site exploration
Methods of site exploration
Settlement of foundations
Causes of failure of foundation and remedial measures
STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND DURABILITY PROPERTIES OF GEOPOLYMER CONCRETEAbhilash Chandra Dey
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the durability of geopolymer concrete compared to ordinary Portland cement concrete when exposed to seawater. Two geopolymer concrete mixes using 8M and 14M sodium hydroxide solutions and one ordinary Portland cement concrete mix were prepared. Beams and cylinders made with each concrete mix were partially submerged in seawater and an accelerated corrosion test was performed on the reinforced beams by applying a voltage to induce corrosion. The time until cracking occurred due to corrosion was recorded and used to evaluate the durability performance of the different concrete mixes. The test results indicate that geopolymer concrete exhibited better resistance to chloride attack compared to ordinary Portland cement concrete.
This document provides a summary of a book on concrete bridge design according to BS 5400. The book aims to provide guidance on applying the limit state design code for concrete bridges by explaining its clauses and comparing them to previous design standards. It discusses analysis methods, loadings, material properties, design criteria, and worked examples to illustrate the code's application to bridge elements like beams, slabs, foundations and composite construction.
The document provides design details for a box culvert with internal dimensions of 3m x 3m. It includes specifications for parameters like live load, soil unit weight, concrete strength, reinforcement sizes and spacing. The design considers three load cases - dead and live load from outside with no water pressure inside; dead and live load from outside with water pressure inside; and dead load with water and earth pressure from outside. Moment distribution is used to calculate bending moments in the members under different load combinations. Reinforcement is designed to resist these bending moments.
ANALYSIS & DESIGN OF G+3 STORIED REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDING Abhilash Chandra Dey
This document provides an analysis and design summary for a G+3 storied reinforced concrete building project. It outlines the aims, requirements, methodology, codes, and steps used for the structural design. Load combinations are defined according to Indian codes for gravity, seismic, and limit state design. Analysis was performed using STAAD Pro software, including modal analysis and equivalent static analysis. Results such as member forces, reactions, and concrete quantities are presented and compared to hand calculations. The summary provides an overview of the process and outcomes of analyzing and designing the main structural elements of the multi-story building.
This document provides details on various concrete surface finish techniques and materials. It discusses stucco/cement plaster finishes applied in scratch, brown, and finish coats. Other concrete finishes discussed include rubbed finish, brushed finish, tooled finish, sand-blasted finish, exposed aggregate finish, steel-troweled finish, and integral colored-cement finish. Granolithic and terrazzo floor finishes are also summarized. The document concludes with sections on tile finishes including cement tile, ceramic tile, and resilient floor finishes such as asphalt and vinyl tiles and sheets.
The document is a memorandum from the Government of Odisha Works Department announcing revisions to the Schedule of Rates for 2014 for 13 undivided districts in Odisha. It states that market prices for materials and labor rates have increased, necessitating an update to the existing Schedule of Rates. The new Schedule of Rates-2014 and supporting analysis are effective immediately and will be made available online. Various departments are copied on the memorandum for information and necessary action regarding implementation and circulation of the new rates.
The document discusses the key concepts in Indian contract law such as contract, agreement, offer, acceptance, consideration, capacity to contract, free consent, and validity of contracts.
Some key points covered are:
1. A contract is an agreement that is enforceable by law. There must be an offer and acceptance, intention to create a legal relationship, consideration, free consent and capacity to contract for an agreement to become a valid contract.
2. Essentials of a valid contract include offer, acceptance, intention to create legal relations, consideration, capacity of parties, free consent, lawful object and possibility of performance.
3. Consent is said to be free only when not caused by coercion
Project planning and control by b.c.punmia and k.k.khandelwal civil enggforallAbhilash Chandra Dey
The document discusses the history of chocolate, describing how it originated from cacao beans grown by the Olmecs and Mayans in Mexico and Central America. It then explains how Spanish conquistadors brought cacao beans back to Europe in the 16th century, where it eventually became popular as a drink among the elite. Over time, chocolate became widely consumed in powder and solid forms across Europe and North America.
This document provides an overview of a book containing 200 questions and answers on practical civil engineering works. The book is intended to arouse interest in graduate engineers, assistant engineers, and engineers regarding technical aspects of civil engineering projects. It covers topics like bridge works, concrete structures, drainage works, earthworks, piers/marine structures, roadworks, pumping stations, reclamation works, water retaining structures, pipe jacking/microtunneling, piles/foundations, and general civil engineering questions. The author's goal is to explain the reasoning behind common engineering practices to help readers better understand the underlying principles.
This document provides an overview of traditional building materials used in civil engineering constructions, including stones, bricks, cement, lime, and timber. It describes the different types of stones based on their geological formation (igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic), physical structure (stratified, unstratified, foliated), and chemical composition (silicious, argillaceous, calcareous). The key properties of stones that determine their suitability for construction are discussed, such as strength, texture, density, appearance, hardness, porosity, weathering resistance, and ease of dressing. Common stones used in India like granite, trap, basalt, slate, marble, sandstone, and laterite are compared in terms of
This document provides tips and advice for preparing for and attending a job interview. It emphasizes the importance of being on time, dressing appropriately, researching the company, practicing interview questions, and having the right materials prepared. The key points are to make a good first impression, be prepared, and sell yourself as the best candidate for the job.
This document discusses various types and causes of cracks in buildings. It classifies cracks as either structural or non-structural and further categorizes them based on their width. Common causes of cracks include moisture movement, thermal variation, excessive loading, and foundation settlement. Plastic shrinkage, bleeding, delayed curing, and use of poor quality materials can lead to cracks in concrete before it hardens. Thermal expansion and contraction from temperature changes is another major cause of cracks. Various remedial measures are proposed to prevent or reduce cracking in structures.
seminar report on concrete using of cementitios supplymentary materialAbhilash Chandra Dey
This document is a seminar report on investigating low-cost concrete using industrial waste as supplementary cementitious material. It was presented by Abhilash Chandra Dey to fulfill the requirements for a Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering from Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Sambalpur, India. The report discusses using hypo sludge and fly ash as partial replacements for cement in concrete mixes at various percentages. It describes designing an M20 grade concrete mix based on Indian standards as the control mix, and mixes replacing 10-40% of cement with industrial waste. The report presents results on the workability, compressive strength, and cost of the various mixes to determine the optimum replacement level.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELijaia
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Rainfall intensity duration frequency curve statistical analysis and modeling...bijceesjournal
Using data from 41 years in Patna’ India’ the study’s goal is to analyze the trends of how often it rains on a weekly, seasonal, and annual basis (1981−2020). First, utilizing the intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curve and the relationship by statistically analyzing rainfall’ the historical rainfall data set for Patna’ India’ during a 41 year period (1981−2020), was evaluated for its quality. Changes in the hydrologic cycle as a result of increased greenhouse gas emissions are expected to induce variations in the intensity, length, and frequency of precipitation events. One strategy to lessen vulnerability is to quantify probable changes and adapt to them. Techniques such as log-normal, normal, and Gumbel are used (EV-I). Distributions were created with durations of 1, 2, 3, 6, and 24 h and return times of 2, 5, 10, 25, and 100 years. There were also mathematical correlations discovered between rainfall and recurrence interval.
Findings: Based on findings, the Gumbel approach produced the highest intensity values, whereas the other approaches produced values that were close to each other. The data indicates that 461.9 mm of rain fell during the monsoon season’s 301st week. However, it was found that the 29th week had the greatest average rainfall, 92.6 mm. With 952.6 mm on average, the monsoon season saw the highest rainfall. Calculations revealed that the yearly rainfall averaged 1171.1 mm. Using Weibull’s method, the study was subsequently expanded to examine rainfall distribution at different recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, and 25 years. Rainfall and recurrence interval mathematical correlations were also developed. Further regression analysis revealed that short wave irrigation, wind direction, wind speed, pressure, relative humidity, and temperature all had a substantial influence on rainfall.
Originality and value: The results of the rainfall IDF curves can provide useful information to policymakers in making appropriate decisions in managing and minimizing floods in the study area.
Digital Twins Computer Networking Paper Presentation.pptxaryanpankaj78
A Digital Twin in computer networking is a virtual representation of a physical network, used to simulate, analyze, and optimize network performance and reliability. It leverages real-time data to enhance network management, predict issues, and improve decision-making processes.
3. The Purpose of Site
Investigation1. The site investigation is aimed at providing
sufficient reliable subsurface information
for most economical, satisfactorily safe
foundation for the proposed structure.
2. The site investigation should reveal
sufficient subsurface information for the
design and construction of a stable
foundation safe from both collapse and
detrimental movements.
4. The Scope of Site
Investigation
Topography
Soil profile
Ground-water
condition
5. The Stages of Site
Investigation
In general, a site investigation
program should comprise four
stages, i.e. :
Desk study and site
reconnaissance,
Preliminary ground investigation,
Detailed ground investigation,
Monitoring
6. Desk study and site
reconnaissance
The desk study is the first stage of the site
investigation process which involves
researching the site to gain as much
information as possible, both geological and
historical.
A good starting point is to use Ordinance
survey maps which allow the selection of
the site by obtaining accurate grid
reference through the maps.
In addition to present maps, old maps are
used to gain historical information such as
former uses of the site; concealed mine
workings; in filled ponds; old pits; disused
quarries; changes in potential landslide
areas, etc.
7. The source of information that useful in
desk study:
1. Geological map
Geological maps are probably most important source of
information as these give and excellent indication of the sort
of ground conditions like to be encountered.
2. Aerial photography
Aerial photography is another extremely useful source of
information on topography and ground conditions.
3. Records of previous investigation
Records of previous investigation reports also helpful in a
desk study. The many sources of site investigation data
include previous company and Public Works Departement.
8. The reconnaissance phase of a site
investigation
This site investigation is done through
a site visit or walk-over survey.
Important evidences to look for are
site lay out, surface condition, climate
and hazards water levels, etc.
Generally the desk study and
reconnaissance is aimed at the
feasibility study of the being planned.
If the desk study shows that the site is
feasible for the structure, then
preliminary investigation should
follows.
9. Preliminary Investigation
Preliminary Investigation is aimed at predicting the
geological structures, soil profiles and the position of
ground water table by geophysical method or by
making a few boreholes.
The investigation should give information on the
existence on ground structures that may need closer
examination: for example,
1. The extent of disturbed strata,
2. The location and extend of natural cavities and mine
workings.
3. Fractures and river crossings or alluvial areas that may have
buried soft material or pet, their liability to cause
subsidence, surface movements or instability
4. Information on suitability of soil for fills work, ground water
condition and the possibility of flooding should be provided
at this stage.
10. Detailed Investigation
At this stage, the extent of the test, number and
depth of boreholes, selection of appropriate
equipment for field testing and the choice of
laboratory testing are made.
Soil exploration consists of three steps:
1. Boring and in-situ testing,
2. Sampling,
3. Laboratory testing.
11. Monitoring
Monitoring during construction and maintenance
period is required whether the expectations of the
proceeding investigation have been realize.
No one can ensure that the soil parameters used
for design is the most representative of the soil
conditions at the site unless the response is
observed.
Field observation can help for early diagnosis and
redemption of any problem that might be
encountered during construction.
Among the measurement made during the
monitoring stage are the settlement,
displacement, deformation, inclination, and pore
water pressure.
12. Steps of Soil Exploration
A. BORING
Soil borings are the most common method of
subsurface exploration in the field. A bore hole is
used to determine the nature of the ground in a
qualitative manner and then recover disturbed and
undisturbed samples for quantitative examination.
Some types of borings are hand/mechanical auger
borings, wash borings, percussion drilling, rotary
drilling, and core borings. An auger is a screw-like
tool used to bore a hole.
Some augers are operated by hand: others are power
operated
13. Hand/Mechanical Auger
Hand augers may be used for boring to
a depth of about 6 m.
Power augers may be used for boring
to a depth of about 10 to 30 m.
As the hole is bored a short distance,
the auger may be lifted to removed
soil. The removed soil can be used for
field classification and laboratory
testing, but it must not be considered
as an undisturbed soil sample.
Power auger set with a drill rig can be
used to obtain samples from deeper
strata. Some rigs can be used to drill a
hole to 100 m depth.
14. Wash Boring
Wash borings consists of simultaneous drilling and
jetting action. A hole is bored through a casing by using
a drilling bit.
Jetting action is accomplished by pumping water
downward through the drilling bit to soften the soil.
Samples taken using the wash boring methods are
disturbed sample.
15. Percussion Drilling
Percussion Drilling is the process of
making boreholes by striking the soil
then removing it.
The tools are repeatedly dropped
down the borehole while suspended by
wire from the power winch.
Water is circulated to bring the soil
cuttings to the ground surface.
A casing and a pump are required to
circulate the water.
16. Rotary Drilling
Rotary Drilling uses rotation of the
drill bit with the simultaneous
application of pressure to advance the
hole.
This method is the most rapid method
of advancing a hole in soil and rock.
Drilling mud may be needed to prevent
soil cave-in.
Sample obtained from drilling by this
method is relatively less disturbed as
compared to samples obtained by the
preceding methods.
21. B. SAMPLING
Sampling refers to the taking of soil sample
from bored hole.
There are two types of samples:
1. Disturbed samples
This sample are usually needed for index
properties of soil.
2. Undisturbed samples
This sample are usually needed for determining the
engineering properties such as shear strength and
consolidation characteristic of the soil.
22. The sampling procedures varies according to the type of
strata in which the investigation takes place.
Undisturbed samples are normally needed for clays at
every 1.5 m depth or change of stratum.
If undisturbed sample cannot be retrieved at a specific
depth, then bulk samples should be taken.
Undisturbed sample are not practically for sand and
gravel due to the lack of cohesion.
Bulk samples to be taken every 1 m or every change of
stratum while alternate disturbed and undisturbed
samples should be taken for silt layer at 0.75 m
intervals.
Undisturbed sample may be possible for soft rock such
as chalks and marls.
23. A sampling program should be consistent with
the required accuracy of design and the scale of
the structures.
Disturbed sample can be obtained from auger
boring, core boring, split spoon sampler in
standard penetration test (pit and trench, and
some types of sampler such as thick walled
sampler, displacement sampler, and
Beggemann sampler.
Undisturbed sample are generally required
during a detail subsurface exploration to
provide specimens for laboratory testing.
24. If a test pit is available in clay soil, an undisturbed
sample may be obtained by simply carving a sample
very carefully out of the side of the test pit. Such a
sample should then be coated with paraffin wax and
placed in an airtight container.
A more common method of obtaining an undisturbed
sample is to push a thin tube into the soil, thereby
trapping the undisturbed sample inside the tube and
then to remove the tube and the intact sample.
The most popular tube is the open drive sampler while
the recommended sampler for the soft soil is the piston
sampler.
25. Several types of piston samplers are available, for
instance the fixed piston sample, free piston sampler,
and restraint sampler.
The term undisturbed is considered relative because
the process of extracting the sample from a depth in
soil, transporting the samples to laboratory and
preparing the specimen for testing my introduce
disturbance that can cause the result of laboratory
testing will not be representative of in-situ condition.
To ensure the quality of the sample, some step should
be taken after obtaining the undisturbed sample
appropriate tube.
26. Immediately after the tube containing the sample is
brought to the ground surface, the ends of the tube
should be sealed with paraffin wax.
After sealing the tube, the following data should be
attached to the sampling tube:
1. Project name,
2. Name of drilling operator,
3. Date of the sampling,
4. Borehole number and sample number,
5. Depth of sample.
27. Care should be taken during shipment and
stored of the sealed tube for testing in the
laboratory because these processes may result
in serious sample disturbance.
On arrival at the laboratory, it is important to
check the conditions of the samples and
compare them with the states recorded in the
field.
The samples should be stored in a room where
the temperature and humidity are kept
constant and similar to the in situ-conditions.
28. Visual inspection of undisturbed samples should be made to ensure that
there is:
1. no visible distortion of strata in the sample,
2. no opening or softening of the material,
3. specific recovery ratio (SRR) should not be less than 95%,
4. area ratio (Ar) should be less than 15 %.
29. The SSR and Ar can be defined as follows:
SSR = length of undisturbed sample recovered from the tube
Length of the tube
(2.1)
Where, Di = inside diameter and
Do = outside diameter
%1002
1
2
1
2
x
D
DD
A o
r
−
=
(2.2)
30. IN SITU TESTING
In some cases the data obtained from
sampling and laboratory testing is less reliable
than those from in-situ testing. Moreover,
sampling can be more expensive than in-situ
testing or sounding.
Therefore, the program of sampling may be
planned in combination with in-situ testing.
Common types of field testing include the
standard penetration test (SPT), cone
penetration test (CPT), vane shear test (VST),
pressure meter test (PMT), and dilatometer
test (DMT).
31. STANDARD PENETRATION
TEST (SPT)
The standard penetration test (SPT) is a
dynamic test and is a measure of the density
of the soil. The SPT is carried out in a
borehole by lowering the split spoon sampler
of about 650 mm length, 50 mm external
diameter, and 35 mm internal diameter
(Figure 2.5), and driving it using repeated
blows by a freely dropped hammer at falling
height of 765 mm.
There are two types of hammer : automatic
trip hammers and slip-rope-hammers but the
standard weight of the hammer is 63.5 kg
(Figure 2.8).
The test procedure is standardized in ASTM D
1586.
32. The blow count is made in three steps of 150
mm. The strength of the soil is measured by
the number of blow count of the last 300 mm
penetration denoted as N blows/300 mm.
The blow count (N) may be corrected by field
conditions such as,
a) energy used for driving the rod into the soil (Em),
b) Variations in the test apparatus (Cs and CR),
c) Size of drilling hole (CB)
The values of Em, Cs, CR, and CB depend on the
SPT equipment.
33. Many of the correlations developed based on hammer that have an
efficiency of 60%, the results of other hammer should be corrected to this
efficiency factor. Thus :
N
CCCE
N RSBm
6.0
60 = (2.3)
34. The SPT data may also be influenced by overburden pressure, thus the N
value should be corrected to a standard effective overburden pressure
(σ’o).
For a standard energy and effective overburden pressure of 100 kPa, the
corrected N value (Terzaghi et al, 1996, and Liao and Whitman, 1986) is:
5.0
'
100
'
==
o
N NNCN
σ
(2.2)
35. The SPT test should be halted when soil shows some
refusal i.e. when more than 50 blows are required to
penetrate any 150 mm increment or 100 blows are
obtained for 30 mm penetration or if 10 successive
blow produce no advance in the penetration.
The N values can be correlated with the relative
density of the soil, and internal friction angle of
cohesionless soil (Table 2.1).
Even though not reliable for cohesive soil, relationship
between the N value and the consistency and the
undrained shear strength of cohesive soil was also
developed (Table 2.2)
37. Table 2.2
SPT
N
(blows/300 mm)
Undrained shear
strength
Cu
(kPa)
Consistency
2
2 – 4
4 – 8
8 – 15
15 – 30
> 30
10
10 – 25
25 – 50
50 – 100
100 – 200
> 200
Very soft
Soft
Medium
Stiff
Very stiff
Hard
38. CONE PENETRATION TEST
(CPT)
The CPT is used widely in Europe and other parts of
the world because of its versatility. The procedure
has been standardized in ASTM D3441.
Basic parts of this equipment include a cone to
measure the tip resistance and skin friction of soil,
some rods, and measuring devices.
Two type of cone currently available are mechanical
cone and electric cone. Both have two parts , a 35.7
mm diameter cone shaped tip with a 60o apex angle
and 35.7 mm diameter and 133.7 mm long
cylindrical sleeve.
Piezocone is equiped with a pore pressure transducer
to measure pore pressure.
In recent year, the CPT or CPTU is supplemented by
additional sensors, such as seismic cone, lateral
stress sensing, and electrical resistivity for
estimating in situ porosity or density.
39. Cone penetration test carried out by mechanically or
hydraulically pushing a cone into the ground at a
constant speed (20mm/sec) while measuring the tip
resistance and friction.
The cone penetration test measures the tip resistance
(designated as qc in kgf/cm2
) and the friction resistance
(fs in kgf/cm).
Friction ratio (Fr) represents the ratio between the
friction resistance and the cone resistance in
percentage which is very useful in the estimation of soil
type.
For piezocone, pore pressure (ub in kgf/cm2) is
measured along depth of penetration.
Cone Penetration Test (CPT)
Procedures
40. The parameters obtained from cone
penetration test can be correlated with
relative density, soil classification, and
unconfined compression strength,
sensitivity of clay, degree of over-
consolidation, pile design parameter,
bearing capacity and settlement.
Figure 2.12 shows a commonly used
correlation between cone resistance,
friction ratio, and the soil classification
developed by Robertson and Campanella
in 1983.
41. The cone penetration resistanace can be
related to the undrained shear strength (cu) of
cohesive soil by the following equation:
In which σ’o is the overburden pressure and Nk is
the cone factor which ranges from15 to 20
depending on the type cone used.
k
c
u
N
q
c 0'σ−
=
(2.5)
42. Another correlation based on CPT data is equal to 2.5 –
3.5 qc.
Other correlations relate the results of cone penetration
test with the N value from Standard penetration test.
43. VANE SHEAR TEST (VST)
Vane shear test is commonly used to measure the shear
strength and sensitivity of clay.
The equipment consists of four-bladed rectangular
vane, rotating rod, and measuring device.
44. Vane Shear Test (VST)
Procedures
The test is carried out in a borehole or
directly pushing the vane into the ground.
The vane rod is then rotated at a rate of
60/min, while the torque is read at
interval of 30 seconds.
After maximum torque is achieved, the
vane is rotated at a higher rate to obtain
the remolded strength of the soils
Measure parameters include the peak
torque (Tpeak), and residual torque (Tres).
45. The theoretical formula for relating the results
of vane shear test to the shear strength
parameters of the soil is :
Where: cu is the undrained shear strength of
soil, T is the maximum torque, d is the
diameter of the vane, and h is the height of the
vane.
+
=
62
32
dhd
T
cu
π
(2.6)
46. The test result may be affected by several
factors i.e. the disturbance due to vane
insertion, blade thickness, rate of rotation,
time lapse between insertion of the vane and
the beginning of the test, and possible
friction of the rod and surrounding soils.
Type of soil and strength anisotropy may also
affect the results.
Skempton recommended multiplying the vane
diameter by 1.05 for interpretation of
strength.
Bjerrum suggested a correction factor for the
shear strength of highly plastic clay obtained
from vane shear test (Figure 2.14)
47. Cohesive soils often lose some of their
shear strength if disturbed and most of
the soil samples obtained in the field are
subject to disturbance.
A parameter known as sensitivity
indicates the amount of strength lost by
soil as a result of thorough disturbance.
Vane shear test is usually performed to
predict the sensitivity of a cohesive soil
by repeating the test at the same point
after remolding the sample by completely
rotating the blade.
48. The first maximum torque represents the peak strength, while the second
maximum torque represent the residual strength of the soil.
Sensitivity of the soil can be calculated from (Equation 2.7).
res
peak
T
T
S =
(2.7)
49. The Range Of The
Sensitivity Of Clays
The sensitivity of most clays ranges between 2 and
about 4.
For sensitive clays, the sensitivity ranges from 4 to 8.
For extra sensitive clays, the sensitivity ranges from 8
to 16.
Quick clays, the sensitivity greater than 16.
50. Pressuremeter Test (PT)
Pressuremeter test is carried out to
estimate the soil type, and to measure
the undrained shear strength (cu),
modulus of horizontal sub-grade
reaction (Em), and insitu horizontal
stress in the ground (σho).
The equipment consists of a probe,
measuring unit, and cable (Figure
2.15).
The test is performed in a borehole by
pushing the probe into the ground and
loading it horizontally until it reaches
the limit pressure or capacity of the
device.
51. Normally the pressure increments are
between 5 and 14 kPa.
There are three types of pressure-meter
i.e. borehole pressure-meter, self-boring
pressure-meter, and push-in pressure-
meter.
The type of soil, the rate of expansion,
membrane stiffness and system
compliance, and size of drilling hole may
affect the results of the pressure-meter
test.
Pressure may also be corrected for the
resistance of the probe with the pressure
volumeter, and hydrostatic effects.
52. Dilatometer Test
The test is similar to the pressure-meter
test, but the measurement is made
through a blade with a stainless-steel
membrane mounted on one side of the
blade.
The test is carried out by pushing or
hammering a dilatometer blade into the
soil at rate between 10 – 30 mm/seconds,
while measuring penetration resistance
and then using gas pressure to expand the
membrane approximately 1.1 mm into the
soil
53. Various parameters can be measured by ,
dilatometer; among these is dilatometer modulus
as an estimate of elastic Young’s modulus (ED).
Calibration of membrane should be made at
ground surface before and after dilatometer test
for the gauge pressure necessary to suck
membrane against its support, and the pressure
necessary to moved it outward to the 1.10 mm
position.
The result may be affected by disturbance due to
blade insertion, blade thickness, membrane
stiffness and thickness, and the soil type.
54. Observation of Ground Water
Information on the groundwater level
and any artesian pressure in particular
strata is very important and should be
determined carefully during site
investigation.
Several problems related to the
presence of ground water table:
1. Shear strength of a soil may be reduced
below water table.
2. Foundation may be uplifted by the water.
3. Possibility of dewatering if the structure
should be constructed in dry conditions, etc.
55. The location of ground water table is usually
determined by measuring the depth of water
surface in a borehole after a suitable time lapse
because water table in boreholes may take some
time to stabilize depending on the permeability of
the soil.
Common practices is to measure the depth of
ground water table after drilling and covering the
hole with a small piece of plywood.
In soil with high permeability such as sand and
gravel, 24 hours is adequate for the water level to
stabilize.
In soil with low permeability such as silts and clay,
it may take several days for the water level to
stabilize.
In this case, measurement should be made at a
regular interval of time until it stabilizes.
56. For a regular condition, measurement can be made
using a tell tale, but if it is desirable to obtain the
water pressure in a particular strata, then a piezometer
should be utilized.
Ground water sample may be taken for chemical
analysis because some chemical may attack structural
material such as concrete and steel.
57. Laboratory Testing
In site investigation program, the
determination of soil properties is
generally made in soil mechanics
laboratory. To get a good quality of
testing results, the samples retrieved
from the ground should be tested as
soon as after arrival at laboratory.
Standard laboratory testing may be
grouped based on its purpose as shown
in Figure 2.18.
58. Laboratory Testing for
Undisturbed Samples
Undisturbed samples are needed for
more sophisticated laboratory test
such as;
1. Shear strength, include the unconfined
compression test, direct shear or shear
box test and Triaxial test under
unconsolidated undrained (UU),
consolidated undrained (CU), and
consolidated drained conditions (CD).
2. Consolidation test.
The consolidation test is usually
performed on standard oedometer cell.
59. Laboratory Testing for
Disturbed Samples
Disturbed samples are normally used
for determining index properties of
the soil such as;
1. The unit weight,
2. Specific gravity.
The samples also used for
classification test such as;
1. Sieve and hydrometer analysis to
obtained the particle size distribution,
2. Atterberg limit tests to find the
consistency of cohesive soil.
60. Soil Exploration Report
Soil exploration report should be presented upon
the completion of a soil exploration program.
The report should include the scope of
investigation, description of the proposed
structure, and general site conditions.
The report should present the general description
of soil strata, position of ground water table and
other information pertinent to the site.
The detail of field exploration should include the
number of borings, lay-out and depth of boring,
type of boring and other specifications of field
test conducted during the exploration.