This is about types of shear failure in soil, describe all the three types of the bearing capacity failure of soil.
This is prepared by (Abdullah Kawkas Galaly) a student in civil engineering department at Salahaddin University in Erbil-Kurdistan region.
This is about types of shear failure in soil, describe all the three types of the bearing capacity failure of soil.
This is prepared by (Abdullah Kawkas Galaly) a student in civil engineering department at Salahaddin University in Erbil-Kurdistan region.
PLATE LOAD TEST
PRESUMPTIVE SAFE BEARING CACACITY
PLATE LOAD TEST APPARATUS / EQUIPMENT
PLATE LOAD TEST PROCEDURE
CALCULATION OF BEARING CAPACITY FROM PLATE LOAD TEST
For vedo link
Https://youtu.be/BUMd7CKcBV8
For full course visit our website :
https://www.machenlink.com/course/foundation-engineering/
Description:
This test (IS: 2131 – 1981) is performed in a clean hole, 100 to 150 mm in diameter.
A casing or drilling mud is used to support the sides of the hole.
This test is most commonly used for cohesionless soil which can not be easily sampled.
Useful for determining the relative density and the angle of shear resistance.
It can also be used to determine the unconfined compressive strength of cohesive soil.
The test shall be made,…
At every change in stratum
At intervals not more than 1.5 m
If the number of blows for 150mm exceeds 50 it is taken as a refusal and the test is discontinuous
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About Subsurface investigation, Depth of foundation, Significant depth, Types of investigation, Steps involved, Methods of boring, Types of samples and samplers, Core recovery and RQD.
A method of testing soils by pressing a cone of standard dimensions into the soil under a known load and measuring the penetration. (extensive investigation and research in construction site).
TERZAGHI’S BEARING CAPACITY THEORY
DERIVATION OF EQUATION TERZAGHI’S BEARING CAPACITY THEORY
TERZAGHI’S BEARING CAPACITY FACTORS
Download vedio link
https://youtu.be/imy61hU0_yo
PLATE LOAD TEST
PRESUMPTIVE SAFE BEARING CACACITY
PLATE LOAD TEST APPARATUS / EQUIPMENT
PLATE LOAD TEST PROCEDURE
CALCULATION OF BEARING CAPACITY FROM PLATE LOAD TEST
For vedo link
Https://youtu.be/BUMd7CKcBV8
For full course visit our website :
https://www.machenlink.com/course/foundation-engineering/
Description:
This test (IS: 2131 – 1981) is performed in a clean hole, 100 to 150 mm in diameter.
A casing or drilling mud is used to support the sides of the hole.
This test is most commonly used for cohesionless soil which can not be easily sampled.
Useful for determining the relative density and the angle of shear resistance.
It can also be used to determine the unconfined compressive strength of cohesive soil.
The test shall be made,…
At every change in stratum
At intervals not more than 1.5 m
If the number of blows for 150mm exceeds 50 it is taken as a refusal and the test is discontinuous
For full course visit our website :
https://www.machenlink.com/course/foundation-engineering/
Follow #MachenLink
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/machenLink/
Linkedin: https://www.linkedin.com/company/machenlink/
Twitter: https://twitter.com/MachenLink
About Subsurface investigation, Depth of foundation, Significant depth, Types of investigation, Steps involved, Methods of boring, Types of samples and samplers, Core recovery and RQD.
A method of testing soils by pressing a cone of standard dimensions into the soil under a known load and measuring the penetration. (extensive investigation and research in construction site).
TERZAGHI’S BEARING CAPACITY THEORY
DERIVATION OF EQUATION TERZAGHI’S BEARING CAPACITY THEORY
TERZAGHI’S BEARING CAPACITY FACTORS
Download vedio link
https://youtu.be/imy61hU0_yo
INSITU TESTING Foundation Engineering Lecture NotesBahzad5
INSITU TESTING Foundation Engineering Lecture Notes
Foundation Design - Insitu Testing
Lecturer's: Dr. Zina Dawood
Erbil Polytechnic University
Civil Engineering Department
#Foundation
Common Insitu Tests
•Standard Penetration Test
•Cone Penetration Test
•Pressuremeter Test
•Dilatometer Test
•Vane Shear test
•Plate Load Test
Introduction
•Insitu tests are carried out to aid determination of design parameters for foundation design which provide mostly indirect measurements of the design parameters.
•Published correlations are used to transform the indirect measurements to design parameters.
•A statistical approach is also required to study both spatial distribution of a measured parameter on site as well as its variability with depth / ground strata.
•It is essential that the limitations of the insitu tests and the conditions and ground type they can test is considered so as to avoid misinterpretation of the data obtained.
Standard Penetration Test (SPT)
•One of the most basic forms of testing yet quite powerful in terms of its applicability for a wide range of soils.
• It can be applied in exploratory holes and repeated at any depth required, mostly once per metre or 1.5m depth tending to be less frequent if within same geological unit.
•Applicable for most soils such as; gravels, sands, silts and clays or mixed soils.
•The test method involves dropping a hammer of approximately 63.5kg onto a set of steel rods sunk into the exploratory hole from a standard drop height of 762mm.
•The first set of number of blows required for 150mm penetration of the tip of the test assembly is disregarded as the ‘seating blows’.
•The test is continued with measurement of two further sets of 150mm penetrations for which the number of blows are also measured. The total number of blows from these two latter sets of penetration (300mm) is called the SPT value (or simply N).
Cone Penetration Test (CPT)
•Two types of cones;
–Mechanical cone.
–Electric cone.
•This test is carried out on its own from ground surface by penetrating the cone with a telescopic set of rods using a trucked or crawler mounted machine.
•The rate of penetration of the cone is constant and typically 20mm per second. This can also be reduced to a value of 10mm per second.
•Nowadays Electric Cone is the industry standard
•With the Electric Cone two important measurements are carried out;
–Cone tip resistance, qc,
–Cone sleeve friction, fc or fs.
•The friction ratio is calculated as;
•Fr is commonly used to help classification of the ground using correlations.
•This test is especially useful for obtaining lateral earth pressure coefficient and shear modulus of soils.
•The test can be carried out in an exploratory hole as well as using a self-boring PMT rig.
#Foundation
م.36
مبادرة
#تواصل_تطوير
المحاضرة السادسة والثلاثون من المبادرة مع
الاستاذ الدكتور/ محمد حسنين ربيع
عميد كلية هندسة المطرية جامعة حلوان
استاذ ميكانيكا التربة والأساسات
بعنوان
استكشاف التربة بالطرق المتقدمة
Advanced Soil Investigation
التاسعة مساء بتوقيت مكة المكرمة الأربعاء 22يوليو2020
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Determination of undrained shear strength of cohesive soil using lab vane shear test.
1. The formula for shear strength is based on following assumptions:
● Shearing Strength in the Horizontal and Vertical directions are the same.
● At the peak value, Shear Strength is equally mobilized at the end surface as well as at the center,
● The shear surface is cylindrical and has a diameter equal to the diameter of the vane.
2. The test gives the undrained strength of the soil. The undisturbed and remolded strength obtained are also useful for evaluating the sensitivity of soil. The data acquired from vane shear test can be used to determine: Undrained shear strength, Evaluate rapid loading strength for total stress analysis, Sensitivity of soil to disturbance, Analysis of stability problems with embankment on soft ground.
3. With increase in water content undrained shear strength decreases for given soil sample.
4. It is a quick test so it can be assumed as an undrained test.
Determination of undrained shear strength of cohesive soil using lab vane shear test.
1. The formula for shear strength is based on following assumptions:
● Shearing Strength in the Horizontal and Vertical directions are the same.
● At the peak value, Shear Strength is equally mobilized at the end surface as well as at the center,
● The shear surface is cylindrical and has a diameter equal to the diameter of the vane.
2. The test gives the undrained strength of the soil. The undisturbed and remolded strength obtained are also useful for evaluating the sensitivity of soil. The data acquired from vane shear test can be used to determine: Undrained shear strength, Evaluate rapid loading strength for total stress analysis, Sensitivity of soil to disturbance, Analysis of stability problems with embankment on soft ground.
3. With increase in water content undrained shear strength decreases for given soil sample.
4. It is a quick test so it can be assumed as an undrained test.
Apparatus for Aggregate Impact Test
The apparatus as per IS 2386 (Part IV) - 1963 consists of
(i) A testing machine weighing 45 to 60 kg and having a metal base with a painted lower surface of not less than 30 cm in diameter. It is supported on a level and plane concrete floor of a minimum 45 cm thickness. The machine should also have provisions for fixing its base.
(ii) A cylindrical steel cup of internal diameter 102 mm, depth 50 mm and minimum thickness 6.3 mm.
(iii) A metal hammer or tup weighing 13.5 to 14.0 kg the lower end being cylindrical in shape, 50 mm long, 100.0 mm in diameter, with a 2 mm chamfer at the lower edge and case hardened. The hammer should slide freely between vertical guides and be concentric with the cup. Free fall of the hammer should be within 380±5 mm.
(iv) A cylindrical metal measure having an internal diameter of 75 mm and depth of 50 mm for measuring aggregates.
(v) Tamping rod 10 mm in diameter and 230 mm long, rounded at one end.
(vi) A balance of capacity not less than 500g, readable and accurate up to 0.1 g.
The property of a material to resist impact is known as toughness. Due to movement of vehicles on the road the aggregates are subjected to impact resulting in their breaking down into smaller pieces. The aggregates should therefore have sufficient toughness to resist their disintegration due to impact. This characteristic is measured by the impact value test. The aggregate impact value is a measure of resistance to sudden impact or shock, which may differ from its resistance to gradually applied compressive load.
Procedure of Aggregate Impact Test
The test sample consists of aggregates sized 10.0 mm 12.5 mm. Aggregates may be dried by heating at 100-110° C for a period of 4 hours and cooled. (i) Sieve the material through 12.5 mm and 10.0mm IS sieves. The aggregates passing through 12.5mm sieve and retained on 10.0mm sieve comprises the test material. (ii) Pour the aggregates to fill about just 1/3 rd depth of measuring cylinder. (iii) Compact the material by giving 25 gentle blows with the rounded end of the tamping rod. (iv) Add two more layers in similar manner, so that cylinder is full. (v) Strike off the surplus aggregates. (vi) Determine the net weight of the aggregates to the nearest gram(W). (vii) Bring the impact machine to rest without wedging or packing up on the level plate, block or floor, so that it is rigid and the hammer guide columns are vertical. (viii) Fix the cup firmly in position on the base of machine and place whole of the test sample in it and compact by giving 25 gentle strokes with tamping rod. (ix) Raise the hammer until its lower face is 380 mm above the surface of aggregate sample in the cup and allow it to fall freely on the aggregate sample. Give 15 such blows at an interval of not less than one second between successive falls. (x) Remove the crushed aggregate from the cup and sieve it through 2.36 mm IS sieves until no further significant amount passes in one minute.
ACM, Real world everyday applications of computer science. History of Comp...Faizan Tanoli
ACM, (10 Points)
Real world everyday applications of computer science.
Software crises.
Information Technology.
History of Computers.
Generations of computers (Five Generations)
Field Report On Khewra Salt Mine | Report On Khewra Trip | Different Formatio...Faizan Tanoli
Field Report On Khewra Salt Mine | Report On Khewra Trip | Different Formations Of Salt Range Area | Geology | Earth Sciences | Paleontology | Stratigraphy
Lithology
Contacts
Phylum Mollusca
Five Classes Of Phylum Mollusca
Characteristics & Features Of Phylum Mollusca
Detail Presentation On Phylum Mollusca
Paleontology | Earth Sciences | Geology | Fossils Study | Biology
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
2. StandardPenetrationTest
(SPT)
Introduction:
The standard penetration test (SPT) is most commonly used in
cohesion less soils, and In-situ test which can’t be easily sampled.
This test is widely used to obtain the bearing capacity of soil, to
estimate the relative density of soils and approximate shear strength
parameters.
The test shall be made
At every change in stratum
At intervals not more than 1.5 m
‘’If the number of blows for 150mm exceeds 50 it is taken as a refusal
and the test is discontinuous’’
3. StandardPenetrationTest
(SPT)
Standard Penetration Test Tools:
1. Drilling Rig.
2. Split spoon (tube).
3. Drop hammer 65 kg (140 lbs ).
‘doughnut hammer’
4. Driving head (anvil).
5. Guiding rod.
6. Tripod.
7. Extension rods.
Guiding rod &
Drop hammer
Split Spoon
5. StandardPenetrationTest
(SPT)
1. Erect the tripod over the test hole and assemble the
unit.
2. Allow the spoon to rest on the bottom of the hole.
3. Drive the spoon with blows from the hammer falling
75 cm (30 inches), until either 45 cm (18 inches)
have been penetrated or 100 blows have been
applied.
Standard Penetration Test Procedure:
6. StandardPenetrationTest
(SPT)
4. Record the number of blows required to effect each
150 mm (6 inches) of penetration. The first 6 inches
(300mm) is considered as seating drive.
5. The number of blows required for the second and
third 150 mm (6 inches) of drive added is recorded
as the penetration resistance value N of the soil.
Standard Penetration Test Procedure:
8. StandardPenetrationTest
(SPT)
Formula:
q= 3.5 (N-3) [B+0.3/2B]Rw2Rd.
Where.
q= Allowable net pressure in T/m2.
N = Standard penetration number.
B = Breadth of footing in meters.
Rw2 = Water reduction factor= 0.5 [ 1+Z/B] .
Rd = Depth factor = l+D/B C or C= 2.0.
Z = Depth of water table below foundation level.