Static cone penetration test-basics
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This document describes the components and procedure of a static cone penetration test. It details the specifications of the Dutch cone used to measure tip resistance, including its base area, apex angle, diameter, and heights. It also describes the cylindrical sleeve used to measure frictional resistance, noting its area and height. The procedure involves pushing the cone into the ground at a rate of 10 mm/sec, then withdrawing the cone and pushing the sleeve onto the cone to drive them together. Results are recorded in a CPT log. Advantages include speed, economy, and detailed data collection while disadvantages are the inability to obtain soil samples and depth limitations.
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Recommended
Wash boring
For full course visit our website
https://www.machenlink.com/course/foundation-engineering/
Description
Wash boring is a fast and simple method for advancing holes in all types of soils.
Boulders and rock cannot be penetrated by this method.
The method consists in first driving a casing through which a hollow drill rod with a sharp chisel or chopping bit at the lower end is inserted.
Water is forced under pressure through the drill rod which is alternately raised and dropped and also rotated.
The resulting chopping and jetting action of the bit and water disintegrate the soil.
The cutting is forced up to the ground surface in the form of soil − water slurry through the annular space between the drill rod and the casing.
The change of soil stratification could be guessed from the rate of progress and the colour of wash water.
The samples recovered from the wash water are almost valueless for interpreting the correct geotechnical properties of soil.
For full course visit our website :
https://www.machenlink.com/course/foundation-engineering/
Follow #MachenLink
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/machenLink/
Linkedin: https://www.linkedin.com/company/machenlink/
Twitter: https://twitter.com/MachenLink
Standard Penetration Test (SPT)
For full course visit our website :
https://www.machenlink.com/course/foundation-engineering/
Description:
This test (IS: 2131 – 1981) is performed in a clean hole, 100 to 150 mm in diameter.
A casing or drilling mud is used to support the sides of the hole.
This test is most commonly used for cohesionless soil which can not be easily sampled.
Useful for determining the relative density and the angle of shear resistance.
It can also be used to determine the unconfined compressive strength of cohesive soil.
The test shall be made,…
At every change in stratum
At intervals not more than 1.5 m
If the number of blows for 150mm exceeds 50 it is taken as a refusal and the test is discontinuous
For full course visit our website :
https://www.machenlink.com/course/foundation-engineering/
Follow #MachenLink
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/machenLink/
Linkedin: https://www.linkedin.com/company/machenlink/
Twitter: https://twitter.com/MachenLink
Standard penetration test (spt)
The standard penetration test (SPT) involves driving a split spoon sampler into the ground using a 140 lb hammer dropped 30 inches. The number of blows required to penetrate each 6 inch interval is recorded, and the penetration resistance value N is the sum of the blows over the second and third intervals. This test is commonly used to obtain bearing capacity and estimate soil properties like density and shear strength. It is performed whenever the soil stratum changes and at intervals of no more than 1.5 meters.
Standard Penetration Test
The document summarizes the standard penetration test (SPT), a common in situ geotechnical testing method. It describes the basic procedure, which involves driving a split spoon sampler into subsurface soils using a hammer, and recording the number of blows required for each increment of penetration. Corrections are made to SPT values to account for overburden pressure and dilatancy. Empirical correlations are presented relating SPT values to properties like density, shear strength, and consistency of cohesionless and cohesive soils. Both advantages like being inexpensive and quick, and limitations like lack of precision are discussed.
Permeability of Soil
This presentation includes Definition of Permeability, measurement of Permeability, Validity of Darcy's law, Darcy's Law, Methods of Finding Permeability, factors affecting permeability, Permeability of Stratified Soil
Class 8 Triaxial Test ( Geotechnical Engineering )
The document summarizes laboratory tests conducted on sand and clay soils, including triaxial compression tests and unconfined compression tests. It describes the test procedures, equipment used, and how to analyze the results to determine soil shear strength parameters. Specifically, it outlines how to conduct a consolidated drained triaxial test on sand under three confining pressures and an unconfined compression test on clay to measure the undrained shear strength. Graphs and calculations of stress, strain, and shear strength are presented.
Bearing capacity of soil
1) The document discusses soil bearing capacity, which refers to the capacity of soil to support loads applied to the ground without failing.
2) Important factors in soil bearing capacity include the stability of foundations, which depends on the bearing capacity of soil beneath and the settlement of soil.
3) The document outlines several key terminologies used in soil bearing capacity such as ultimate bearing capacity, net ultimate bearing capacity, net safe bearing capacity, and more.
4) Several methods to increase the bearing capacity of black cotton soil are described, including increasing foundation depth, chemical treatment, grouting, compaction, drainage, and confining the soil.
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This document discusses different types of pavements and factors considered in pavement design. It describes flexible and rigid pavements, and notes that pavement refers to the top road surface layer, including sub-base and base layers below. The objectives of pavement are to transfer wheel loads, prevent water entry into subgrades, and provide a smooth surface. Factors in design include traffic load, subgrade soil, design life, climate, materials, drainage, and geometry. The CBR test method is explained for evaluating subgrade strength.
Recommended
Wash boring
For full course visit our website
https://www.machenlink.com/course/foundation-engineering/
Description
Wash boring is a fast and simple method for advancing holes in all types of soils.
Boulders and rock cannot be penetrated by this method.
The method consists in first driving a casing through which a hollow drill rod with a sharp chisel or chopping bit at the lower end is inserted.
Water is forced under pressure through the drill rod which is alternately raised and dropped and also rotated.
The resulting chopping and jetting action of the bit and water disintegrate the soil.
The cutting is forced up to the ground surface in the form of soil − water slurry through the annular space between the drill rod and the casing.
The change of soil stratification could be guessed from the rate of progress and the colour of wash water.
The samples recovered from the wash water are almost valueless for interpreting the correct geotechnical properties of soil.
For full course visit our website :
https://www.machenlink.com/course/foundation-engineering/
Follow #MachenLink
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/machenLink/
Linkedin: https://www.linkedin.com/company/machenlink/
Twitter: https://twitter.com/MachenLink
Standard Penetration Test (SPT)
For full course visit our website :
https://www.machenlink.com/course/foundation-engineering/
Description:
This test (IS: 2131 – 1981) is performed in a clean hole, 100 to 150 mm in diameter.
A casing or drilling mud is used to support the sides of the hole.
This test is most commonly used for cohesionless soil which can not be easily sampled.
Useful for determining the relative density and the angle of shear resistance.
It can also be used to determine the unconfined compressive strength of cohesive soil.
The test shall be made,…
At every change in stratum
At intervals not more than 1.5 m
If the number of blows for 150mm exceeds 50 it is taken as a refusal and the test is discontinuous
For full course visit our website :
https://www.machenlink.com/course/foundation-engineering/
Follow #MachenLink
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/machenLink/
Linkedin: https://www.linkedin.com/company/machenlink/
Twitter: https://twitter.com/MachenLink
Standard penetration test (spt)
The standard penetration test (SPT) involves driving a split spoon sampler into the ground using a 140 lb hammer dropped 30 inches. The number of blows required to penetrate each 6 inch interval is recorded, and the penetration resistance value N is the sum of the blows over the second and third intervals. This test is commonly used to obtain bearing capacity and estimate soil properties like density and shear strength. It is performed whenever the soil stratum changes and at intervals of no more than 1.5 meters.
Standard Penetration Test
The document summarizes the standard penetration test (SPT), a common in situ geotechnical testing method. It describes the basic procedure, which involves driving a split spoon sampler into subsurface soils using a hammer, and recording the number of blows required for each increment of penetration. Corrections are made to SPT values to account for overburden pressure and dilatancy. Empirical correlations are presented relating SPT values to properties like density, shear strength, and consistency of cohesionless and cohesive soils. Both advantages like being inexpensive and quick, and limitations like lack of precision are discussed.
Permeability of Soil
This presentation includes Definition of Permeability, measurement of Permeability, Validity of Darcy's law, Darcy's Law, Methods of Finding Permeability, factors affecting permeability, Permeability of Stratified Soil
Class 8 Triaxial Test ( Geotechnical Engineering )
The document summarizes laboratory tests conducted on sand and clay soils, including triaxial compression tests and unconfined compression tests. It describes the test procedures, equipment used, and how to analyze the results to determine soil shear strength parameters. Specifically, it outlines how to conduct a consolidated drained triaxial test on sand under three confining pressures and an unconfined compression test on clay to measure the undrained shear strength. Graphs and calculations of stress, strain, and shear strength are presented.
Bearing capacity of soil
1) The document discusses soil bearing capacity, which refers to the capacity of soil to support loads applied to the ground without failing.
2) Important factors in soil bearing capacity include the stability of foundations, which depends on the bearing capacity of soil beneath and the settlement of soil.
3) The document outlines several key terminologies used in soil bearing capacity such as ultimate bearing capacity, net ultimate bearing capacity, net safe bearing capacity, and more.
4) Several methods to increase the bearing capacity of black cotton soil are described, including increasing foundation depth, chemical treatment, grouting, compaction, drainage, and confining the soil.
Pavement
This document discusses different types of pavements and factors considered in pavement design. It describes flexible and rigid pavements, and notes that pavement refers to the top road surface layer, including sub-base and base layers below. The objectives of pavement are to transfer wheel loads, prevent water entry into subgrades, and provide a smooth surface. Factors in design include traffic load, subgrade soil, design life, climate, materials, drainage, and geometry. The CBR test method is explained for evaluating subgrade strength.
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This document discusses different types of in-situ soil tests used for subsurface exploration, including penetrometer tests. It describes the standard penetration test (SPT), which involves driving a split-spoon sampler into the soil using blows from a hammer. It also discusses the static cone penetration test (SCPT) and dynamic cone penetration test (DCPT), which measure soil resistance during penetration. SPT values are corrected based on overburden pressure and dilatancy. DCPT can identify soil variability but is not suitable for cohesive soils or depths with rod friction. SCPT and DCPT provide continuous resistance profiles without boreholes.
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The document summarizes information about the cone penetration test (CPT), a method used to determine geotechnical engineering properties of soils. It provides a brief history of the CPT, describing how it has evolved from a mechanical cone in the 1930s to electric cones in the 1960s. It then explains that the CPT involves pushing a cone tip into the ground to continuously measure resistance, and describes the components of the CPT device and how the test is conducted. Finally, it outlines the advantages and disadvantages of the CPT and how the results can be used to evaluate soil types, densities, and shear strengths for foundation design purposes.
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The document discusses shear strength of soils. It defines shear strength as the soil's resistance to shearing stresses and deformation from particle displacement. Shear strength depends on cohesion between particles and frictional resistance, as modeled by the Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion. Laboratory tests like direct shear and triaxial shear tests are used to determine the shear strength parameters (c, φ) that describe a soil's failure envelope.
Lateral earth pressure
This document discusses lateral earth pressure and provides details on Rankine's theory and graphical methods for determining active and passive earth pressures. It explains that lateral earth pressure is exerted by soil on retaining structures and depends on whether the structure is stationary or moving towards/away from the soil mass. Rankine's theory assumes dry, homogeneous soil and a vertical wall. Rebhann and Culmann's graphical methods can be used to locate the failure plane and determine the magnitude and direction of lateral earth pressures based on the soil's friction angle and the structure's orientation.
proctor test and compaction
The Proctor compaction test is used to determine the optimal moisture content and maximum dry density of soils. It involves compacting soil samples in a mold using a standardized compactive effort at different moisture contents. The dry density is measured for each sample to create a compaction curve showing the relationship between dry density and moisture content. The peak of the curve indicates the optimum moisture content and maximum dry density, which represent the conditions when the soil is most dense and has the highest load-bearing capacity. The test is important for determining how to properly compact soils in the field.
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Geophysical methods such as seismic refraction and resistivity testing provide non-invasive subsurface investigation over large areas more quickly and cheaply than traditional boring and testing. However, geophysical results require interpretation and are less definitive. Both methods are important, with geophysical testing used for initial screening and borings to accurately determine soil properties. Seismic refraction uses shock waves to determine layer velocities and depths, while resistivity measures subsurface resistivity variations related to moisture, compaction, and material to infer stratigraphy.
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1. Plate load tests are conducted to determine the ultimate bearing capacity of soil and settlement under a given load by applying loads to circular or square steel plates embedded in an excavated pit.
2. The test setup involves excavating a pit below the depth of the proposed foundation, placing the test plate with a central hole at the bottom, and applying load using a hydraulic jack while measuring settlement.
3. The results provide the subgrade modulus, ultimate bearing capacity divided by a safety factor to determine the safe bearing capacity, and insight into foundation behavior and allowable settlement for design.
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The document discusses soil properties testing and investigation methods. It outlines the typical project sequence which includes site research, field reconnaissance, exploration, laboratory investigations, and reporting. Common objectives are to identify surface conditions, determine subsurface soil profiles, locate groundwater, recover samples, and conduct lab/field testing. Field tests discussed include standard penetration testing, cone penetration testing, vane shear testing, and plate load testing. Laboratory tests examine properties like moisture content, density, plasticity, gradation, shear strength, consolidation, and swelling. The results of these investigations and tests are used to evaluate soil bearing capacity and foundation design.
Vane shear test
This document describes the vane shear test procedure used to determine the undrained shear strength of soft clays. Key details include:
- The test involves inserting vanes into an undisturbed clay specimen and rotating them at a uniform rate until failure to measure the undrained shear strength.
- Calculations are done to determine the shear strength from the torque measurement, using the vane diameter and height.
- The test can also measure soil sensitivity by remolding the soil after the initial test and measuring the reduction in strength.
Types of samplers used in soil sampling
There are two types of soil samples:
1. Disturbed samples - The natural structure of the soil is modified or destroyed during sampling.
2. Undisturbed samples - The natural structure and properties of the soil remain preserved.
Soil sampling devices include open drive samplers, piston samplers, and rotary samplers. Open drive samplers use thin-walled tubes that are pushed into the soil to collect undisturbed samples. Piston samplers also use thin-walled tubes but have a piston inside to prevent excess soil from entering and maintain sample integrity. Rotary samplers have an outer rotating barrel and inner stationary tube to collect annular ring samples.
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Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
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This document provides information on field compaction techniques and procedures. It discusses the commonly used ground improvement technique of soil compaction through external effort to reduce air volume. It describes field compaction methods using rollers, tampers, vibratory probes and blasting. Case studies are presented on using vibro-stone columns to improve bearing capacity of ash pond for construction of a power plant. Procedures for relating field and laboratory compaction test results are also summarized.
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This document provides information on the standard penetration test (SPT), including the instruments, procedures, corrections, and applications. It describes that the SPT is commonly used to evaluate the in-situ properties of cohesionless soils. The key instruments are a split spoon sampler, drive-weight assembly with a 63.5 kg hammer, and cathead. The procedure involves drilling a borehole, driving the sampler with the hammer, and recording the number of blows to penetrate each 15 cm interval. Corrections are made to account for overburden pressure, dilatancy effects, and hammer energy efficiency. The SPT provides useful correlations to estimate properties like relative density, friction angle, and strength.
Bearing capacity of Soil
1. Load-settlement curves for footings on dense sand or stiff clay show a pronounced peak and failure occurs at very small strains, with sudden sinking or tilting and surface heaving of adjoining soil.
2. For medium sand or clay, failure starts at a localized spot and migrates outward gradually, with large vertical strains and small lateral strains. Failure planes are not clearly defined.
3. Failure zones for footings on slopes do not extend above the horizontal plane through the base, and failure occurs when downward and upward pressures are equal.
Bearing capacity theory is code ,vesic ,hansen, meyerhof, skemptons( usefulse...
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Soil penetration tests
This document discusses different types of in-situ soil tests used for subsurface exploration, including penetrometer tests. It describes the standard penetration test (SPT), which involves driving a split-spoon sampler into the soil using blows from a hammer. It also discusses the static cone penetration test (SCPT) and dynamic cone penetration test (DCPT), which measure soil resistance during penetration. SPT values are corrected based on overburden pressure and dilatancy. DCPT can identify soil variability but is not suitable for cohesive soils or depths with rod friction. SCPT and DCPT provide continuous resistance profiles without boreholes.
Cone Penetration Test
The document summarizes information about the cone penetration test (CPT), a method used to determine geotechnical engineering properties of soils. It provides a brief history of the CPT, describing how it has evolved from a mechanical cone in the 1930s to electric cones in the 1960s. It then explains that the CPT involves pushing a cone tip into the ground to continuously measure resistance, and describes the components of the CPT device and how the test is conducted. Finally, it outlines the advantages and disadvantages of the CPT and how the results can be used to evaluate soil types, densities, and shear strengths for foundation design purposes.
Design and construction of well foundations
Well foundations are commonly used for transferring heavy loads to deep soil strata for bridges. They have a large cross-sectional area and can take large vertical and horizontal loads. Designing well foundations involves determining the depth, shape, size, and type based on factors like minimum grip length and permissible base pressures. Common well foundation types include open, box, and pneumatic caissons. Precautions during construction like uniform dredging are important to avoid tilting and shifts. Well foundations are a low-cost and trusted option for bridge construction due to their high success rates and long life spans, though sinking can be time consuming.
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The document provides information on shallow foundations, including definitions, design criteria, methods for determining bearing capacity, and modes of failure. It discusses Prandtl's analysis, Rankine's analysis, and Terzaghi's bearing capacity theory. Terzaghi's theory assumes a shallow strip footing fails along a composite shear surface through five zones: an elastic zone under the footing, two radial shear zones, and two linear shear zones forming a triangular shape. The theory is used to derive an expression for ultimate bearing capacity considering the soil's shear strength properties.
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The document discusses shear strength of soils. It defines shear strength as the soil's resistance to shearing stresses and deformation from particle displacement. Shear strength depends on cohesion between particles and frictional resistance, as modeled by the Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion. Laboratory tests like direct shear and triaxial shear tests are used to determine the shear strength parameters (c, φ) that describe a soil's failure envelope.
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This document discusses lateral earth pressure and provides details on Rankine's theory and graphical methods for determining active and passive earth pressures. It explains that lateral earth pressure is exerted by soil on retaining structures and depends on whether the structure is stationary or moving towards/away from the soil mass. Rankine's theory assumes dry, homogeneous soil and a vertical wall. Rebhann and Culmann's graphical methods can be used to locate the failure plane and determine the magnitude and direction of lateral earth pressures based on the soil's friction angle and the structure's orientation.
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The Proctor compaction test is used to determine the optimal moisture content and maximum dry density of soils. It involves compacting soil samples in a mold using a standardized compactive effort at different moisture contents. The dry density is measured for each sample to create a compaction curve showing the relationship between dry density and moisture content. The peak of the curve indicates the optimum moisture content and maximum dry density, which represent the conditions when the soil is most dense and has the highest load-bearing capacity. The test is important for determining how to properly compact soils in the field.
Geophysical methods of soil/Foundation testing
Geophysical methods such as seismic refraction and resistivity testing provide non-invasive subsurface investigation over large areas more quickly and cheaply than traditional boring and testing. However, geophysical results require interpretation and are less definitive. Both methods are important, with geophysical testing used for initial screening and borings to accurately determine soil properties. Seismic refraction uses shock waves to determine layer velocities and depths, while resistivity measures subsurface resistivity variations related to moisture, compaction, and material to infer stratigraphy.
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1. Plate load tests are conducted to determine the ultimate bearing capacity of soil and settlement under a given load by applying loads to circular or square steel plates embedded in an excavated pit.
2. The test setup involves excavating a pit below the depth of the proposed foundation, placing the test plate with a central hole at the bottom, and applying load using a hydraulic jack while measuring settlement.
3. The results provide the subgrade modulus, ultimate bearing capacity divided by a safety factor to determine the safe bearing capacity, and insight into foundation behavior and allowable settlement for design.
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The document discusses soil properties testing and investigation methods. It outlines the typical project sequence which includes site research, field reconnaissance, exploration, laboratory investigations, and reporting. Common objectives are to identify surface conditions, determine subsurface soil profiles, locate groundwater, recover samples, and conduct lab/field testing. Field tests discussed include standard penetration testing, cone penetration testing, vane shear testing, and plate load testing. Laboratory tests examine properties like moisture content, density, plasticity, gradation, shear strength, consolidation, and swelling. The results of these investigations and tests are used to evaluate soil bearing capacity and foundation design.
Vane shear test
This document describes the vane shear test procedure used to determine the undrained shear strength of soft clays. Key details include:
- The test involves inserting vanes into an undisturbed clay specimen and rotating them at a uniform rate until failure to measure the undrained shear strength.
- Calculations are done to determine the shear strength from the torque measurement, using the vane diameter and height.
- The test can also measure soil sensitivity by remolding the soil after the initial test and measuring the reduction in strength.
Types of samplers used in soil sampling
There are two types of soil samples:
1. Disturbed samples - The natural structure of the soil is modified or destroyed during sampling.
2. Undisturbed samples - The natural structure and properties of the soil remain preserved.
Soil sampling devices include open drive samplers, piston samplers, and rotary samplers. Open drive samplers use thin-walled tubes that are pushed into the soil to collect undisturbed samples. Piston samplers also use thin-walled tubes but have a piston inside to prevent excess soil from entering and maintain sample integrity. Rotary samplers have an outer rotating barrel and inner stationary tube to collect annular ring samples.
Geotechnical Engineering-II [Lec #15 & 16: Schmertmann Method]
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
Compaction
This document provides information on field compaction techniques and procedures. It discusses the commonly used ground improvement technique of soil compaction through external effort to reduce air volume. It describes field compaction methods using rollers, tampers, vibratory probes and blasting. Case studies are presented on using vibro-stone columns to improve bearing capacity of ash pond for construction of a power plant. Procedures for relating field and laboratory compaction test results are also summarized.
Soil investigation
The thorough study of site investigation from map study to report preparation in Foundation engineering
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This document provides information on the standard penetration test (SPT), including the instruments, procedures, corrections, and applications. It describes that the SPT is commonly used to evaluate the in-situ properties of cohesionless soils. The key instruments are a split spoon sampler, drive-weight assembly with a 63.5 kg hammer, and cathead. The procedure involves drilling a borehole, driving the sampler with the hammer, and recording the number of blows to penetrate each 15 cm interval. Corrections are made to account for overburden pressure, dilatancy effects, and hammer energy efficiency. The SPT provides useful correlations to estimate properties like relative density, friction angle, and strength.
Bearing capacity of Soil
1. Load-settlement curves for footings on dense sand or stiff clay show a pronounced peak and failure occurs at very small strains, with sudden sinking or tilting and surface heaving of adjoining soil.
2. For medium sand or clay, failure starts at a localized spot and migrates outward gradually, with large vertical strains and small lateral strains. Failure planes are not clearly defined.
3. Failure zones for footings on slopes do not extend above the horizontal plane through the base, and failure occurs when downward and upward pressures are equal.
Bearing capacity theory is code ,vesic ,hansen, meyerhof, skemptons( usefulse...
Bearing capacity theory is code ,vesic ,hansen, meyerhof, skemptons ( usefulsearch.org) (useful search)
Bearing capacity of shallow foundations by abhishek sharma
elements you should know about bearing capacity of shallow foundations are included in it. various indian standards are also used. Bearing capacity theories by various researchers are also included. numericals from GATE CE and ESE CE are also included.
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Bearing capacity theory is code ,vesic ,hansen, meyerhof, skemptons( usefulse...
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Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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- 2. INTRODUCTION Cone Sleeve Driving force Procedure Interpretation of results
- 3. CONE (DUTCH CONE) Base area = 10 cm2 Apex angle = 600 To measure tip resistance Related to un-drained shear strength
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- 7. CYLINDRICAL SLEEVE Area = 150 cm2 Height ~ 13.4 cm To measure frictional resistance
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- 13. ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES Speed Economy Detailed & precise data Soil sample not obtained Depth limited Most useful in coarser, permeable soils ie: sands