International Journals Digital Communication and Analog Signals (Vol 2 Issue)

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International Journal of Digital
Communication and Analog Signals
International Journal of Digital Communication andAnalog Signals is a comprehensive journal that covers
all aspects of Digital Communication and their integration into recent technologies that are the focus of
ongoing research. Journal has a wider scope including all major advancement in the technology and design
that are related to Digital Communication andAnalog Signals.All articles presented here are peer-reviewed
and areofgood quality.
Focus and Scope oftheJournal
 Frequency division multiplexing (FDM)
 Time division multiplexing
 Pulse code modulation
 Quantization
 Delta modulation
 Voice and data integration
 Baseband transmission
 Analogue processing circuits
 Digital signal processing
 Analog-to-digital converter
 Magnetic tape and magnetic recording
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From the Editor's Desk
Dear Readers,
We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly
journal,InternationalJournalofDigitalCommunicationandAnalogSignals.This journal
is part of the Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, and is devoted to the scope
of present Digital Communication and Analog Signals issues, from theoretical aspects to
application-dependentstudiesandthevalidationofemergingtechnologies.
This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of International Journal of
Digital Communication and Analog Signals as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely
recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of
the Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering community, addressing researchers and practitioners
inthisarea.
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professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Electronics and
Telecommunication Engineering in general. Journals Pub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community
topublishedtheirpapers atexcellently,well-time&successfully.
International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog Signals focuses on original high-quality
research in the realm of Frequency division multiplexing (FDM), Time division multiplexing, Pulse code
modulation, Quantization, Delta modulation, Voice and data integration, Baseband transmission,Analogue
processingcircuits,Digitalsignalprocessingetc.
The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Electronics
and TelecommunicationEngineeringandsolutionsinthearea.
Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Electronics and
Telecommunication Engineering community. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who
supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this will be followed by many
others, reportingnewdevelopmentsinthefieldofElectronicsandTelecommunicationEngineering.
This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we
would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the
editorialstaffofJournalsPub,who supported us ateverystageoftheproject.
It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Electronics and
Telecommunication Engineering readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of
ElectronicsandTelecommunicationEngineering.
PuneetMehrotra
ManagingDirector

1. A Review Paper on OFDM: Basic Concept and Application
Nidhi, R.S. Singh, R. Kumar, V.K. Agrawal 1
2. Review – An Approach to Steganography Technique
Neha, Himanshu Monga 10
3. Particle Swarm Optimization to Enhance Low Resolution Images
M. R. Bichwe, D. Bichwe, S.R. Bichwe, S. Satija 17
4. A Brief Introduction to Holographic Memory
Rahul Sharma 22
5. Research and Implementation of QAM Signal Using Texas Instruments (TMS320C6713)
Syed Abdur Rauf Magrabi, Chatla Veeraiah 26
Contents

IJDCAS (2016) 1-9 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
International Journal of Digital Communication & Analog Signals
eISSN: 2455-0329
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
A Review Paper on OFDM: Basic Concept and Application
Nidhi, R.S. Singh*, R. Kumar, V.K. Agrawal
Department of Electronics and Communication, I M S Engineering College Ghaziabad, UP, India
ABSTRACT
The main objective of this paper, is to review the work already done associated with
channel estimation technique in Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
effectively mitigates the problem of inter symbol interference (ISI) caused by the delay
unfold of wireless channels. Therefore, it has been utilized in many wireless systems and
adopted by numerous standards. Throughout this paper, we have presented a
comprehensive survey on OFDM for wireless communications and their modulations
techniques to boost the performance of OFDM for communications, as well as channel
estimation and detection, time and frequency-offset estimation and correction, peak-to-
average power magnitude quantitative relation reduction, multiple-input multiple-output
(MIMO) techniques and applications of OFDM.
Keywords: CDMA, FDD, inter symbol interference, OFDM, TDD
INTRODUCTION
In a basic communication system, the
data is modulated onto one carrier
frequency. The available bandwidth is
then totally occupied by each symbol.
This type of system will cause inter-
symbol-interference (ISI) just in case of
frequency selective channel. The
fundamental plan of OFDM is to divide
the available spectrum into many
orthogonal subchannels so that every
narrowband sub channel experiences
nearly flat fading. The “flatness’
perceived by a narrowband channel
overcomes the frequency selective
fading.[1]
On the opposite hand,
modulating symbols at a really low rate
makes the symbols for much longer than
channel impulse response and thence
reduces the Directorate for ISI. Use of
appropriate error correcting codes
provides a lot of strength against
frequency selective fading. The insertion
of an additional guard interval between
consecutive OFDM symbols will cut
back the consequences of Directorate for
ISI even a lot of. The employment of
FFT technique to implement modulation
and demodulation functions makes it
computationally a lot of economical.
OFDM systems have gained associate
degree multiplied interest throughout the
last years. It is employed in the European
digital broadcast radio system, similarly
as in wired setting such as asymmetric
digital subscriber lines (ADSL). This
system is employed in digital subscriber
lines (DSL) to provide high bit rate over
a twisted-pair. Orthogonal frequency
division multiplexing (OFDM) is turning
into the chosen modulation technique for
wireless communications. OFDM can
provide large data rates with sufficient
robustness to radio channel impairments.
Many analysis centers within the world
have specialized groups operating within
the improvement of OFDM systems. In
associate degree OFDM theme, an
oversized variety of orthogonal,

International Journal Digital Communication and Analog Signals
eISSN: 2455-0329
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Review – An Approach to Steganography Technique
Neha, Himanshu Monga*
Jan Nayak Ch. Devi Lal Vidyapeeth, Haryana, India
ABSTRACT
Steganography is the technique that provides the base for secure communication. It is the art
of hiding information in some other means of false medium for making a possible secure
communication. The information to be hidden can be of any form such as text, image and
video etc. and so the cover medium. Unlike cryptography, in steganography after the data is
successfully hidden it is not even visible to the eavesdropper or the intruder which makes this
technique safer and secure to follow. This review includes all about the major steganography
techniques in spatial and transformational domain keeping the main focus on image
steganography.
Keywords: cover image, frequency domain, LSB, spatial domain, stego-image
INTRODUCTION
Steganography is the art of hiding
information in any other cover medium.
The word steganography is derived from
the Greek words “steganos” and “graphie”
meaning “concealed writing”. This
technique isn’t a modern one, it was used
from the ancient times. The cover medium
can be any such as text, image or video. In
ancient times people used wax tablets as a
cover medium, used invisible inks, or
encrypt the information with some codes
and many more ancient techniques were
used those days.
In this digitalized era techniques have
changed but the purpose always remained
the same. So the cover mediums were also
changed to digital mediums like image,
video etc. In general any digital means can
be used to hide the information, but at the
same time the digital means with high
degree of redundancy is more suitable.
Here redundancy is with respect to the
redundant bits that can be altered without
being noticed.
This need is served by a digital image
which has high redundancy. An image can
be a color image or grayscale image. A
color image consists of three planes, red,
green, and blue and each plane is
composed of M x N pixels and with pixel
values of 0–255, whereas a grayscale
image consists of only one plane with
pixel values ranging from 0 to 128.
Video is another digital medium that
supports steganography. Videos are
considered more than images for hiding
due to their high degree of spatial and
temporal redundancy. Generally a video
can be visualized a sequence of images
running per second. A normal video
consists of 25 frames per second. When
compared with image steganography the
probability of detection of hidden data in a
video is less, but however there are also
different attacks that can be applied on
each single frame of a video like changing
frame rates, lossy compression,
interchanging the formats and addition or
deletion of the frames during video
processing. In case of video the hiding

eISSN: 2455-0329
Vol. 2: Issue 2
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Particle Swarm Optimization to Enhance Low Resolution Images
M.R. Bichwe1
*, D. Bichwe2
, S.R. Bichwe1
, S. Satija1
1
Kavikulguru Institute of Technology and Science, Ramtek, India
2
Guru Nanak Institute of Engineering and Technology, Nagpur, India
ABSTRACT
In digital image processing enhancement of low resolution images is always a priority field.
Construction of high resolution image from low resolution images by using discrete wavelet
transform (DWT) to decompose the input low resolution image into several sub band images.
The resolution of surveillance video frames can be improved by interpolation between pixels
to generate a moderate enhancement. A hybrid novel method is used to enhance low
resolution images of different categories. It basically merges the frequency domain and
nature inspired optimization algorithm to produce optimum results Particle swarm
optimization (PSO) is used to generate a better high resolution image.
Keywords: DWT, interpolated, particle swarm optimization, visual, resolution images
INTRODUCTION
In the field of digital image processing,
low resolution images are common found
problem. Construction of high resolution
image from low resolution images by
using discrete wavelet transform (DWT) to
decompose the input low resolution image
into several subband images.
The high frequency sub band are passed
through a Non local means filter to cater
for the artifacts generated by DT-CWT.
The resolution of surveillance video
frames can be improved by interpolation
between pixels to generate a moderate
enhancement. Introduces a hybrid novel
method to enhance low resolution images
of different categories.[1]
It basically merges the frequency domain
and nature inspired optimization algorithm
to produce optimum results. The algorithm
used here is particle swarm optimization
(PSO), which is combined with DWT and
IDWT in subsequent stages to result in
desired output.
TECHNIQUE/ALGORITHM
Enhancement of low resolution images is
always a priority field of DSP (digital
image processing). DWT is used to
decompose the input low resolution image
into different sub bands.
In order to gain the high resolution image,
the estimated high frequency sub bands
(LH, HL, HH) is then summed up with
interpolated output image of the frequency
domain.[2]
Particle swarm optimization
(PSO) is used to generate a better high
resolution image (Figure 1).

International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog Signals
eISSN: 2455-0329
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
A Brief Introduction to Holographic Memory
Rahul Sharma*
Maharana Pratap Group of Institutions, Institute of Technology and Sciences, Lucknow, India
ABSTRACT
Since the leap of civilization from stone age to now that being the industrial and pro digital
age mankind has made leaps and bounds of progress in various domains of science and
technology. Light has been the backbone for various devices enabling data reading and
storage for more than two and a half decades. It all started with the introduction of C.D
which could store about 700 MB of data and operated at moderate speeds and with
technological upgradation came the DVD which could store about 17 GB of data and could
operate at higher speeds around 10 Mbps and in the same category came Blu-ray Discs in
2006 with enhanced storage and speeds around 54 GB and 36 Mbps respectively But with the
future requirements of greater speed and storage capacities a greater and easier look ahead
is required. The plausible technology in this frame which utilizes 3d layers instead of the
conventional 2d technology is Holographic Data Storage.
Keywords: data, hologram, holographic, holographic memory, SLM
INTRODUCTION
Addressing the subject we hence proceed
towards the discussion of holography.
HOLOGRAPHY
A hologram is an agglomerate of
photosensitive material which records the
interference of two light sources. For
creating a hologram, laser light is first split
into two beams, a source beam and a
reference beam. The source beam is then
favorably impacted upon the
photosensitive material. The source beam
henceforth, interferes with the reference
beam in the interior of the material and the
resultant of this interference of laser light
is captured and recorded on the
photosensitive material, forming a
hologram. Once recorded, a hologram can
only be viewed by the reference beam. The
reference beam is projected into the
hologram at the exact angle as it was
projected during recording. When this
light strikes the recorded pattern, the
source beam is regenerated out of the
refracted light. Data of the source beam is
sent out of the hologram and can be
decoded suitably by optical sensors.
CREATING HOLOGRAM

eISSN: 2455-0329
Vol. 2: Issue 2
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Research and Implementation of QAM Signal Using Texas
Instruments (TMS320C6713)
Syed Abdur Rauf Magrabi*, Chatla Veeraiah
Assistant Professor, EEE Department, Sphoorthy Engineering College, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
ABSTRACT
During the last two decades the growth of digital communication and modulation techniques
are widely considered in real time application in order to transfer reliable information with
high data rate. Since digital modulation is resistible to noise people show interest in adopting
it. Though there is various modulation techniques QAM is one of the most commonly used
modulation. The QAM has higher efficiency power which results its application in mobile
communication. QAM is the combination of both amplitude and phase modulation. The
original 16-bit of data is modulated and sent through a channel. The noise was included and
retrieved the original data through demodulation. As there is increment in mobile and
telephone users, the bandwidth requirement for each user is mutually greater. Due to this
there is spectral congestion caused and drastic development has been taken in the field of
mobile communications. QAM multilevel modulation can offer an interesting solution to
current bandwidth restriction in microcellular networks. The conventional method of QAM
synthesis is analog. In this paper an attempt has been taken for the experimental synthesis of
16-Bit QAM by using principle of Direct Digital Synthesis (DDS) with the help of the Digital
Signal Processor (DSP) TMS320C6713. The composite QAM signal has been generated by
writing a program in the C language source file of Code Composer Studio (CCStudio)
Integrated Development Environment (IDE). Exploratory results for 16-bit QAM modulating
sequence are included.
Keywords: CCS, DAC and MATLAB, QAM, Texas Instruments (TMS320C6713)
INTRODUCTION
Direct Digital Synthesis (DDS) is a
method of generating an analog waveform,
usually a sine wave by producing a time
varying signal in digital form and then
doing a Digital-to-Analog (DAC)
conversion. As the operations within a
device are digital it can offer fast
switching between frequencies which
provides better optimization, resolution,
and operation over a broad spectrum of
frequencies.[1,2]
Code Composer Studio is
used to write necessary C- language and
Assembly level programs. CCStudio
delivers all of the host tools and runtime
software support for TMS320C6713 DSP
based real-time embedded applications.[3]
ASK, PSK and FSK are popular
modulation techniques used for Digital
Communication. On the basis of
modulating sequence if we vary the
amplitude and phase simultaneously, we
can have the combination of ASK and
PSK which results in Quadrature
Amplitude Modulation (QAM). DDS
based sinusoid generation and ASK
implementation on Texas Instruments
TMS320C6713 is well discussed in
refs.[4,5]
In this present work we have
experimentally generated a QAM signal on

International Journals Digital Communication and Analog Signals (Vol 2 Issue)

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