International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics & Analysis vol 2 issue 1

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International Journal of
Mechanical
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International Journal of
Mechanical Dynamics & Analysis
International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics & Analysis is concerned with the recent advancement in
mechanical dynamics and analysis. Both experimental and theoretical papers are welcome, journal also
publish editorial reviews, short communication and comparative data analysis in the related fields of
mechanical dynamics. The focus of the journal is on various aspects of the matter, structural and network
dynamics,as wellas thepracticalaspectsofthetheoryandapplicationoftheresearch.
Focus and Scope oftheJournal
! Turbine engineering and turbine-generator
! Aerodynamics
! Nonlinear dynamics, structural dynamics
! System dynamics
! Structural dynamics
! Computational fluid dynamics
! Electro hydrodynamics
! Nonlinear dynamics and network dynamics
! Condensed matter dynamics
! Quantum condensed matter dynamics
! Ultrafast electron dynamics
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Chhavi Goel
Shrawani Verma

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS
Dr. K. R. Sivadas
Sree Narayana Gurukulam College of
Engineering, Kadayiruppu, India
Dr. Wang Wei
Tianjin University, China
Dr. Mark Ovinis
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Petronas Bandar Seri
Iskandar, Perak,
Malaysia
Dr. Dinesh Singh G. Thakur
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Defence Institute of Advanced Technology,
DRDO, Ministry of Defence, Girinagar,
Pune, India
Dr. Nikhil Dev Garg
YMCA University of Science & Technology,
Faridabad, Haryana, India

From the Editor's Desk
Dear Readers,
We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly
journal, International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics & Analysis. This journal is part of
the Engineering Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Mechanical Dynamics &
Analysis issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the
validationofemergingtechnologies.
This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs Mechanical Dynamics &
Analysis as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific
and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Mechanical Engineers community,
addressing researchersand practitionersinthisarea.
The core vision of International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics & Analysis in Journals Pub is to
propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and
professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Mechanical Dynamics &
Analysis in general. Journals Pub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to published their papers
atexcellently,well-time&successfully.
International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics & Analysis focuses on original high-quality research in the
realm of Industrial automation, Factory automation, Building automation, Robotics, Hydraulics and
pneumatics,Manufacturingautomation,Systemintegrationetc.
The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Mechanical
Dynamics&Analysisandsolutionsinthearea.
Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Mechanical
Dynamics & Analysis community. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported
the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others,
reportingnewdevelopmentsinthefieldofMechanicalDynamics&Analysis.
This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we
would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the
editorialstaffofJournalsPub,who supported us ateverystageoftheproject.
It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Mechanical readers and will
stimulatefurtherresearchintothevibrantareaofMechanicalDynamics &Analysis.
PuneetMehrotra
ManagingDirector

1. Vibration in Turbine Blades: Review of Techniques
Nikhil Dev 1
2. Mathematical Model Development for Turbine Blade Vibration Analysis
Nikhil Dev Garg 6
3. A Brief Review on Potential Flow Solver Techniques Used for Studying Stalling Conditions of the Aircraft
Wings in Multiple-Lifting-Surface Configuration
V.K. Gurushankar, P. Garg 20
4. A Short Description of Flow Mechanism of a Swimming Fish
Nibha Singh 28
5. Highlights on Improvement of Performance Characteristics of Nanofluids by
Enhanced Heat Transfer Process
Priyanka Garg 30
Contents

IJMDA (2015) 1–5 © JournalsPub 2015. All Rights Reserved Page 1
International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics & Analysis
Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Vibration in Turbine Blades: Review of Techniques
Nikhil Dev*
Mechanical Engineering Department, YMCA University of Science and Technology, Faridabad, Haryana, India
Abstract
In the present work a review on the vibrational analysis of turbine blades is present so that
different techniques of blade vibration analysis may be compared. The value of natural
frequency for any steam and turbine blade increases with the bending mode. At the root, blade
is fixed, so the value of natural frequency at the root is low. As it proceeds from root to tip value,
natural frequency increases. From the discussion presented in this work, it can be concluded
that the variational method is a simple method, which yields good vibration characteristics.
The results obtained by the variational approach are found very encouraging and this method
can further be applied to more complex vibratory problems. Method of variational makes the
base to find the natural frequency of beam vibrating in bending-bending mode. Further it is
also observed that the values only for single value of breadth taper and depth taper.
Researchers can observe the effect of breadth taper on natural frequency while keeping the
depth taper constant. In the similar manner the effect of depth taper on natural frequency while
keeping the breadth taper constant can be observed.
Keywords: blade, natural frequency, beam, vibration
INTRODUCTION
Blades are vital part of the turbo machine
either steam or gas turbine. Even the
failure of a single blade may shut down
the whole power generation plant and it,
thus, may leads to a big economic loss in
terms of power generation. [1–3]
The cost
of turbine based projects runs into millions
of rupees and needs many months for
completion even if expert labour is
available. Any process that can reduce this
expenditure of time, money and man hours
is very much needed and it may be
adoption of computational efforts also. [4–6]
Thus, it has become essential to perform
vibration analysis of the gas or steam
turbine blade theoretically or
computationally. Accurate prediction of
the natural frequency of tapered blade is of
considerable importance at the design
stage of turbo machines to avoid any
resonant conditions leading to the
consequent failure of the blade due to
fatigue while during their operation. [7–9]
Condition of resonance is due to matching
in the blade natural frequency and
excitation frequency. If these both the
frequencies are resonating then their
amplitude will increase. This leads to
turbine blade failure. [10–13]
The accurate
prediction of natural frequency for the

International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics & Analysis
Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Mathematical Model Development for Turbine Blade Vibration
Analysis
Nikhil Dev Garg*
Mechanical Engineering Department, YMCA University of Science and Technology, Faridabad, Haryana, India
Abstract
Accurate prediction of the natural frequency of tapered steam turbine blade is of
considerable importance at the design stage of turbo machines to avoid any resonant
conditions leading to the consequent failure of blade due to fatigue. In the present work
mathematical modelling of the turbine blade is presented while considering potential energy
and kinetic energy. The applications of steam turbine blades and gas turbine blades are
increasing with time as the power generation industry is growing at a very fast rate.
Therefore, computational analysis at design stage is helpful to minimize the cost of design
and in return cost of production.
Keywords: body forces, complementary energy, strain energy, surface traction, variational
functional
INTRODUCTION
A lot of different studies have been
performed in power plant system
developments. Dev et al[1]
developed a
computational methodology for the
assessment of dual pressure non-reheat
combined-cycle power plant with change
in drum pressure. A GTA based
methodology was also proposed by Dev et
al [2]
for the evaluation of combined cycle
power plant. Thermodynamic analysis of a
combined heat and power system was
carried out to study the effect of different
parameters on power plant performance by
Dev et al. [3]
Attri et al.[4,9,21,42,43,57]
developed
methodology based upon ISM and graph
theory for the performance evaluation of
different types of the systems. Dev et al. [5,
6]
developed a methodology for the
analysis of combined cycle power plant
performance based upon the combination
of graph theory and matrix method. For
the performance evaluation CCPP system
was divided into six sub-systems. [7, 8]
These sub-systems were developed in such
a way that all of them were
interdependent.[9,10]
In literature it is also
reported that the system structure
developed for the performance evaluation
for a power plant or some other type of
organization can be extended for the
evaluation of other performance
parameters.[11,12]
The decision making methodology
developed for performance evaluation of
combined cycle power plant was extended
for the evaluation of reliability and
efficiency. [13-15]
Dev et al. [16]
proposed
that reliability is dependent upon the sub-
systems. It is the reliability of individual
components which affect the reliability of
macro-system. Therefore, it is rudiment to
consider all of the sub-systems and their
interlinking while evaluating the reliability
of any system such as combined cycle

International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis
Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
A Brief Review on Potential Flow Solver Techniques Used for
Studying Stalling Conditions of the Aircraft Wings in Multiple-
Lifting-Surface Configuration
V.K. Gurushankar1*
, P. Garg2
1
Department of Aerospace Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore, India
2
University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Abstract
Of the many phases of flight conditions encountered in mid-air, there is seldom anything
more frightening than stall as the forces acting on flight post-stall quickly renders aircraft as
a huge aluminum structure obeying the commands of gravity. In the present work, a short
review of literature related to time to time efforts being made in order to understand the flow
behavior over the aircraft wings in multiple lifting surface configuration and the stall
characteristics of formation flight using various potential flow solver techniques.
Keywords: wing, unsteady aerodynamics, potential flow, stall, formation flight, VLM,
decambering approach, lift.
INTRODUCTION
In the first course of aerodynamics, the
idea is acquainted with the motion of a
body in air medium and the way it
interacts with the air flow. This basic
thought presides over the other
principles in regard to the subject
matter. Over past a century there have
been numerous ventures passed on to
understand the mystery behind the flow
structure and its tendency to get hold of
the body under consideration.
The content available for the study of
aerodynamics stands on the works of
many who had the strong intuition
about the flow maneuverability. The
credit for early development of wing
theory is highly reserved for the
pioneers namely, Frederick W.
Lanchester, Francis Wenham, Ludwig
Prandtl, Glauert, Helmholtz, Max
Munk, Albert Betz, V. M. Falkner and
many others. As the physicists realized
the changes in flow behavior explained
through fluid mechanics especially,
hydrodynamics point of view, the desire
to obtain the optimum numerical
techniques was encouraged for precise
modeling of the flow.
IMPROVEMENTS IN PRANDTL’S
LIFTING LINE THEORY
An article by E. Pakalnis [22] (2004),
gives an account of numerous
developments in calculation method of
wing characteristics. With a spur of
moment, the fluid mechanics as a whole
was revolutionized soon after the
remarkable presentation by Ludwig
Prandtl [37] on boundary layer concept
on 8 August, 1904. Although, the
vortex theory of wings was first
expressed by Frederick W. Lanchester
[37] in his two-volume work, Aerial
Flight in 1907, but it was soon
discarded. Later, Ludwig Prandtl37 in
1918–1919, confirmed the correctness

International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics and Automation
Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
A Short Description of Flow Mechanism of a Swimming Fish
Nibha Singh
C.C.S. University, Meerut, India
INTRODUCTION
Fish is nature’s archetypal swimmer.
Past study of interspecific variation in
the swimming speed of fishes has
focused on internal physiological
mechanisms that may limit the ability
of locomotors muscle to generate
power. In this paper, we approach the
question of why some fishes are able to
swim faster than others from a
hydrodynamic perspective, using the
technique of digital particle image
velocimetry which allows measurement
of fluid velocity and estimation of wake
momentum and mechanical forces for
locomotion. Swimming and flying
animals generate fluid-dynamic forces
by flapping flexible appendages such as
wings or fins.
The stresses generated by motions of
these structures can be resolved into
vertical forces that support an animal’s
weight and horizontal forces that
provide thrust for forward motion. Both
aerial and aquatic animals that propel
themselves with wing-like appendages
generate these vertical and horizontal
forces. Aerial animals, which must
support their weight, generate a larger
net upward force than aquatic animals,
which often generate vertical forces that
cancel over a stroke. Despite such
differences, the principles governing
fluid flow around a flapping appendage
remain the same. The key issues
involve understanding how the motion
and shape of an appendage determine
the timing and magnitude of forces
derived from the various fluid stresses.
FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR
PERFORMANCE OF A
SWIMMING FISH
Leah Mendelson and Alexandra H.
Techet investigated the structure and
strength of the wake in three
dimensions to determine how
hydrodynamic force varies in two
species that differ markedly in
maximum swimming speed. The fish
exhibits forward swimming and turning
behaviors at speeds between 0.9-1.5
body lengths/second. Results show
clearly isolated and linked vortex rings
in the wake structure, as well as the
thrust jet coming off of a visual hull
reconstruction of the fish body.
With a clear and classic relationship
between form and function, fish have
evolved to survive in challenging
environments and persist unrivaled by
biomimetic swimming robots. The
design of vehicles, such as those
developed by Barrett et al. (1999), Fish
et al. (2003), and Epps et al. (2009), can
be significantly improved with detailed
quantitative analysis of the momentum
transfer between the fish and the fluid
during swimming behaviors. Fish
swimming behavior is inherently three-
dimensional (3D), with multifarious fin
and body motions and fin-wake
interactions. The complexity of these
swimming behaviors suggests that 3D
rendering, with sufficient spatial and
temporal resolution, is necessary to
simultaneously capture the relevant
kinematics and hydrodynamics to
facilitate the quantification of
propulsive performance.
1. t 18),2393-241pp.

International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis
Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Highlights on Improvement of Performance Characteristics of
Nanofluids by Enhanced Heat Transfer Process
Priyanka Garg
University of Madras, Tamil Nadu, India
INTRODUCTION
Nanofluids are potential heat transfer
fluids with enhanced thermophysical
properties and heat transfer
performance can be applied in many
devices for better performances (i.e.
energy, heat transfer and other
performances). In the present paper,
highlights are made on different
problems that occur with the use of
nanofluids and how their performance
characteristics can be improved by
enhancing heat transfer process.
Nanofluids
Nanofluids consist of a base fluid
enriched with nano size particles (less
than 100 nm). Nanofluids are
characterized by an enrichment of a
base fluid like Water, Ethylene glycol
or oil with nanoparticles in variety of
types like Metals, Oxides, Carbides,
Carbon. Mostly commonly recalled
Nanofluids could be typified as TiO2
in water, CuO in water, Al2O3 in
water, ZnO in Ethylene glycol.
Today Nanofluids have got wide
range of potential applications in
transportation, power generation, solar
water heating, nuclear, space,
microelectronics, fuel cells,
biomedical, industrial cooling and
many areas where heat removal is
involved.
All the applications of nanofluids are
largely because of enhanced thermal
conductivity.
Production of Nanofluids
There are mainly two methods of
nanofluid production, described in the
following:
a) Two-step technique – In the
two-step technique, the first step is the
production of nanoparticles and the
second step is the dispersion of the
nanoparticles in a base fluid. Two-step
technique is advantageous when mass
production of nanofluids is
considered, because at present,
nanoparticles can be produced in large
quantities by utilizing the technique of
inert gas condensation. The main
disadvantage of the two-step
technique is that the nanoparticles
form clusters during the preparation of
the nanofluid which prevents the
proper dispersion of nanoparticles
inside the base fluid.
b) One-Step Technique – One-
step technique combines the
production of nanoparticles and
dispersion of nanoparticles in the base
fluid into a single step. There are
some variations of this technique. In
one of the common methods, named
direct evaporation one-step method,
the nanofluid is produced by the
solidification of the nanoparticles,
which are initially gas phase, inside
the base fluid. The dispersion
characteristics of nanofluids produced
with one-step techniques are better
than those produced with two-step
technique. The main drawback of one-
step techniques is that they are not

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