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Rajiv Gandh Technical University,
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Mahavidyalaya Bhupatinagar, Purba Medinipur
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Far Eastern Federal University, Russian
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Neijing Normal University, Department of
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Department of Physics, Thruvalluvar College
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Department of Computational Physics, School of
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Ranchi University,
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Batman University,
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Department of Physics, Thoubal College,
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National Institute of Food Technology,
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DAV University,
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From the Editor's Desk
Dear Readers,
We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly
journal, International Journal of Solid State Materials. This journal is part of the physics,
and is devoted to the scope of present physics issues, from theoretical aspects to
application-dependentstudiesandthevalidationofemergingtechnologies.
This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of International Journal of
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Amorphous oxide semiconductors, Photovoltaics,Advanced materials for CMOS, Novel devices, Thin films,
Crystalstructure,Quasicrystals, Spinglasses, High-temperaturesuperconductivity.
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It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Solid State Materials readers
and willstimulatefurtherresearchintothevibrantareaofsolidstatematerials.
PuneetMehrotra
ManagingDirector

1. Structure of the Proton Drip Line Nucleus 17F
R. Bhattacharya, P. Banerjee, K. Krishan 1
2. The Effect of Electromagnetic Field on Spectral Statistics of Quantum Optical Model
H. Sabri 9
3. Adding New Chemical Dopants to Wafer Chips for Attaining Better Performances
Saeid Zoghi 15
4. Modeling Quantum Cellular Automata Cell Using Time Dependent Schrodinger Wave
Equation With Hermite Polynomial.
E.N. Ganesh 22
5. Synthesis and Characterization of Ibuprofen-CuO Nanoparticles
E. Ramachandran, D. Alice Rajabai, E. Kandasamy alias Kumar 35
6. Mechanical Studies and Thermal Kinetics of Paracetamol Crystals
S. Ramukutty, E. Ramachandran 43
7. Spectral and Magnetic Moment Studies of Mixed Ligand Complexes of Hydroxamic Acids
With Potassium Hexathiocyanato Chromium (III) Tetra Hydrate
Ajay Agarwal, Virendra Mishra, Babita Agarwal, Rahul Pathak 48
Contents

IJSSM (2016) 1-8 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
International Journal of Solid State and Materials
Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Structure of the Proton Drip Line Nucleus 17
F
R. Bhattacharya1
*, P. Banerjee2
, K. Krishan2
1
University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
2
Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, 1/AF Bidhan Nagar, Kolkata, India
Abstract
The odd a proton drip line nucleus 17
F has been studied in a semi-microscopic model which
couples proton quasi particle motion to the vibrational motion of the neighbouring even-even
18
Ne core. The experimentally observed low lying excitation spectrum, electric quadru pole
moment, magnetic dipole moment, B(E1) and B(E2) values have been fairly well reproduced.
The calculated rms radius of the first excited state is well reproduced and is found to be
larger than that of the ground state which agrees with the experimental observation.
PACS number(s): 21.60 Ev, 27.20 +j
Keywords: excitation spectrum, proton, semi-microscopic
INTRODUCTION
With the advent of radioactive ion beam
facilities, new experimental data
concerning exotic nuclei are becoming
available. Some of the exotic nuclei show
halo structures which has generated a lot
of interest, in recent times, among various
theoretical and experimental groups.
Experimental investigations have shown
the enhancement of sub-barrier fusion
cross-section in reactions involving exotic
nuclei,[1,2]
which is thought to be related to
the sizes and structure of such nuclei. Thus
the understanding of the structure of such
nuclei is of utmost importance to the study
of various phenomena involving these
nuclei. It is well known that the very low
binding energy of the last unpaired
nucleon is responsible for the large matter
radii of one-nucleon halo nuclei. A number
of one-neutron halo nuclei have been
identified and studied in recent times. In a
similar way, one-proton halo nuclei ought
to exist except for the fact that the proton
wave function, unlike the neutron wave
function, is squeezed due to the Coulomb
barrier. The nucleus 17
F may be a good
candidate for a proton halo nucleus since
the binding energy of the last proton is
only 0.60 MeV. Experimental studies[3–5]
have revealed that the spin-parity of the
ground state of 17
F is 5/2+
and has
spectroscopic strength equal to 0.93. The
first excited state is known to be ½+
, with a
dominant 2s1/2 single particle (s.p.)
configuration having binding energy equal
to 0.1 MeV. However, the root mean
square (rms) radius of the ground state is
3.78 fm whereas that of the first excited
state, at 500 keV excitation, is observed to
be 5.33 fm.[6]
Considering the ground state
and the first excited state to be pure single
particle configurations of 1d5/2 and 2s1/2,
respectively, the rms radii of the last
proton, using Harmonic Oscillator wave
functions, turn out to be the same, which is
contrary to the experimental findings. This
indicates that coupling of the odd proton
motion and that of the core may modify
the wave function of 17
F sufficiently to
affect the rms radius of the ground state
and that of the first excited state. The
neighbouring even-even cores for this
nucleus are 16
O and 18
Ne.[6]
The first, 16
O,

IJSSM (2016) 9-14 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 9
Vol. 2: Issue 1
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The Effect of Electromagnetic Field on Spectral Statistics of
Quantum Optical Model
H. Sabri*
Department of Physics, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
Abstract
In this paper, we have considered the spectral statistics of two-level atoms which interacting
with a single mode of a quantized electromagnetic field in the nearest neighbor spacing
distribution framework. The Berry- Robnik distribution and Maximum Likelihood estimation
technique are used for analyses. An obvious relation between the strength of the fields and
the chaocity degrees of considered systems is reported. Also, our results show a transition
between regular and chaotic limits due to the variation of mean photon number in the 0-200
region.
Keywords: maximum likelihood estimation (MLE), quantized electromagnetic field, spectral
statistics, two-level atoms
INTRODUCTION
The microscopic many-body interaction of
particles in Fermi systems is rather
complicated. Several theoretical
approaches to the description of the
Hamiltonian which are based on the
statistical properties of its discrete levels
are applied for solutions of realistic
problems. For a quantitative measure for
the level of chaoticity in the numerous
body forces, the statistical distributions of
the spacing between the closest
neighboring levels were acquainted in
connection with the purported random
matrix theory (RMT). The fluctuation
properties of quantum frameworks with
fundamental established classical chaotic
behavior and time reversal symmetry
relate with the expectations of the gaussian
orthogonal ensemble (GOE) of random
matrix theory.
Despite what might be expected,
integrable frameworks lead to level
variances that are very much depicted by
the Poisson distribution, i.e., levels act as
though they were uncorrelated.[1-9]
The
information on customary and chaotic
nuclear movement accessible from
exploratory information is fairly restricted,
on the grounds that the examination of
energy levels requires the learning of
adequately huge unadulterated sequences,
i.e., sequential levels test all with the same
quantum numbers (J, π) in a given nucleus.
This implies, one needs to consolidate
diverse level plans to set up the
arrangements and perform a critical factual
study.
An interesting example for quantum chaos
field is the most basic quantum optical
model of a two level atom which
interacting with a single mode of a
quantized electromagnetic field.[10-21]
Such
systems under some special initial
conditions such as strong coupling
between the field and atom show
irregularity which is inconsistent with the
results of Graham et al[11]
and Ku.[12]
In

IJSSM (2016) 15–21 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 15
Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Adding New Chemical Dopants to Wafer Chips for Attaining
Better Performances
Saeid Zoghi*
Department of Applied Chemistry, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran
Abstract
Real crystals vary to the ideal one in that they possess imperfections or defects.[1]
Some
defects, due to impurity dopant atoms, are absolutely necessary for the creating devices in the
crystal. Other crystalline defects may be useful if they present in moderate density. Most of
them however are undesirable, regardless of the density in which they may be found in the
crystal. Different forms of defects in single-crystal and their basic structures, mechanisms of
their formation are described by, S. Wolf and R. N. Tauber, in great detail.[2]
Unwanted
crystalline defects and impurities can be introduced during process of silicon crystal growth
or subsequent wafer fabrication processes. These defects and impurities, some are
undesirable because of both can degrade device characteristics and overall gain. Gettering is
the process whereby impurities concentrations are lessen in the device segment of the wafer
by system of localizing them in discrete, predefined sections of the wafer where they cannot
disturb device demonstration. The organization of metal contamination is one of the greatest
significant features and constraints of effective integrated circuit manufacture. Gettering has
extended as a significant part of the silicon fabrication procedure. Simply, gettering is a
stand-by course whereby metal contamination is reduced inoffensive in the event of a letdown
of method contamination management. This paper shields particular of the essential
principles that motivate this significant skill and confers about numerous methods to the
problematic, prominence the problems related with each of them.
Keywords: crystal manufacturing, impact of chemical dopants, silicon fabrication process
INTRODUCTION
All gettering techniques are based on the
fundamental physical principles of non-
equilibrium (relaxation) gettering and
equilibrium (segregation) gettering. In
relaxation gettering techniques, such as
gettering by silicon oxide precipitates
heterogeneous precipitation sites are
intentionally formed in the regions away
from the device surface. For example,
oxide-precipitate regions beneath denuded
zones (DZs) can be prepared during wafer
manufacturing. The relaxation gettering
process requires impurity super saturation,
which typically occurs during a cooling
from high temperatures.[1,2]
Any mobile and supersaturated impurity
will quickly precipitate (“relax”) in regions
of the silicon wafer with high
concentrations of precipitation sites (e.g.,
at silicon oxide precipitates in the bulk).
On the contrary, the device/surface region
is depleted of oxygen (and therefore is
called the denuded zone) by a prior out-
diffusion heat treatment. Hence the DZ
contains a low oxide-precipitate density
and thus few nucleation sites, resulting in
slow precipitation of supersaturated
impurities. This difference in precipitation
rates creates a dissolved-impurity
concentration gradient, which causes
diffusion of supersaturated impurities

Vol. 2: Issue 1
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Modeling Quantum Cellular Automata Cell Using Time
Dependent Schrodinger Wave Equation With Hermite
Polynomial
E.N. Ganesh*
Electronics Communication Engineering, Department, Saveetha Engineering College, Chennai, India
Abstract
Quantum cellular automata (QCA) is an innovative skill in the nanometer scale and has been
measured as unique of the substitute to CMOS technology. QCA have a great potential in the
development of circuits with high space density and low heat dissipation and allow the
advancement of faster computers with lower power consumption. This paper discuss about
modeling of simple QCA wire using hermite polynomials by solving Schrodinger equation
thereby finding kink energy and tunneling energy of QCA Cell. The polarization value of the
output QCA cell (two cell QCA Wire) is derived by statistical method and expected
polarization of output QCA cell can be found theoretically. Simulations are performed for
device parameters with different temperature and it was found that coulombic interaction is
more for two cell QCA wire than four and three cell QCA wires due to shorter range.
Stability is more for shorter QCA wire than three and four cell QCA wires. The effect of
inter-dot distance and cell to cell distance of QCA cell on output QCA cell is analyzed and it
is concluded that equal distance of quantum dots within the cell and also between the two
QCA cells with equal distance in dots arrangement will give maximum polarization value.
Keywords: majority gate, majority voting scheme, statistical quantum treatment method,
quantum cellular automata
INTRODUCTION
Quantum Dot Cellular Automata
Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) is
an emerging technology that offers a
revolutionary approach to computing at
nano-level.[1]
Quantum dots are
nanostructures created from standard semi
conductive materials.
These structures are modeled as quantum
wells. They exhibit energy effects even at
distances several hundred times larger than
the material system lattice constant.
A dot can be visualized as well, Once
electrons are trapped inside the dot, it
requires higher energy for electron to
escape. The fundamental unit of QCA is
QCA cell created with four quantum Dots
positioned at the vertices of a square.[2,3]
The electrons are quantum mechanical
particles; they are able to tunnel between
the dots in a cell.
The electrons in the cell that are placed
adjacent to each other will interact; as a
result the polarization of one cell will be
directly affected by the polarization of its
neighboring cells.
Figure 1 shows quantum cells with
electrons occupying opposite vertices.

Vol. 2: Issue 1
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Synthesis and Characterization of Ibuprofen-CuO Nanoparticles
E. Ramachandran1
*, D. Alice Rajabai1
, E. Kandasamy alias Kumar2
1
Department of Physics, Thiruvalluvar College, Papanasam, Tamilnadu, India
2
Department of Gastroenterology, Government Medical College, Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu, India
Abstract
RS-ibuprofen-CuO nanodrug crystals were prepared by microwave irradiation. The
nanoparticles were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction method. Morphology of the
nanoparticles was analyzed by Scanning electron microscopy. The Fourier transform
infrared spectrum (FTIR)s of the nanoparticles was compared with bulk ibuprofen. Optical
bandgap energy of ibuprofen-CuO nanoparticles was determined from UV–Vis spectrum.
Keywords: FTIR, ibuprofen, microwave irradiation, nanomedicine, SEM
INTRODUCTION
Nanotechnology is a multidisciplinary
field that involves science and
engineering. Nanomaterials are used in
various sectors like biology, medicine,
agriculture, pharmacy, etc. Nanoparticles
(NPs) may be classified as organic and
inorganic NPs. Nanotechnology is opening
new therapeutic opportunities for agents
that cannot be used effectively as
conventional formulations due to poor
bioavailability or drug instability.[1]
Nanotechnology and personalized
medicine are two of the most rapidly
emerging areas of biomedical research, as
well as two of the most promising
technologies for improving health care and
health outcomes.[2]
Personalized medicine
is often summarized as targeting the right
medicine at the right dose to the right
patient.[3]
One of the most interesting
capabilities in nanomedicine is the
functionalization of NPs. Functionalization
involves altering properties of NP through
chemical or physical modifications that are
applied to achieve a desired effect.[4]
Metal NPs are of much importance due to
their high specific surface area and high
fraction of surface atoms[5]
and metal
oxide NPs have been expected to find
many applications.[6,7]
Hence, their
physicochemical characteristics were
studied by many researchers.[8,9]
Copper
and silver are the most interesting
elements for various biomedical
applications such as: anti-inflammatory,
anti-proliferative and bactericidal
effects.[10,11]
It also offers selection of
radioisotopes, suitable for nuclear imaging
and radiotherapy.[12]
Also combination of
conventional drugs such as: antibiotics,
anti-inflammatory and other drugs with
suitable metal NPs will improve the
efficacy of the drugs and may help for the
creation of templates for such
formulations.
NPs are prepared from methods such as
co-precipitation, microemulsion, thermal
decomposition, solvothermal,
sonochemical, microwave irradiation,
chemical vapour deposition, combustion,
carbon arc, laser pyrolysis and green
synthesis. Among these methods, the
microwave synthesis is a simple and an

Vol. 2: Issue 1
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Mechanical Studies and Thermal Kinetics of Paracetamol
Crystals
S. Ramukutty, E. Ramachandran*
Department of Physics, Thiruvalluvar College, Papanasam, India
Abstract
Single crystals of paracetamol were crystallized by slow solvent evaporation method.
Monoclinic form of the crystal was confirmed using single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis.
Microhardness of the crystal was analyzed as a function of the applied load. Kinetic analysis
was made from the thermogravimetric analysis/differential thermal analysis (TGA/DTA) data
using Coats-Redfern (CR) relation. Thermodynamic parameters were also determined.
Arrhenius equation for paracetamol is k = 0.32 × 105
e–89703/RT
mol–1
s–1
.
Keywords: crystals, paracetamol, thermogravimetric
INTRODUCTION
Hardness of a material is a function of the
rigidity of crystal network which exists
between the molecules or atoms of the
material. It characterizes the resistance to
its penetration. It also characterizes the
intensity of the atomic bonds, structure and
crystallization. In pharmaceutical research,
thermal analysis is one of the most
frequently used techniques to establish the
thermal stability, shelf life period, purity
level and to determine the kinetic
parameters.
Paracetamol (p-hydroxyacetanilide) is a
well known commonly used pain relief
drug. It is used in many conditions such as
headache, muscle aches, arthritis,
backache, toothaches, cold and fever.
Enormous research articles were reported
in the characterization and crystallization
of paracetamol.[1–8]
Mechanical[9–11]
and
thermal studies of few drugs[12–14]
are
reported by the authors recently. Thus, in
this series the thermal kinetic and
mechanical analysis were carried out.
Presently paracetamol crystals were
crystallized by slow evaporation method.
The grown crystal was confirmed using
single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis.
Hardness of the material was tested using
Vickers hardness measurement. Thermal
analysis was carried out to estimate the
thermal stability and decomposition.
Kinetic analysis was made using CR
relation.
CRYSTALLIZATION
Paracetamol was purchased from Glaxo
SmithKline Pharmaceuticals Ltd.
(Mumbai, India). 2.5% w/v of paracetamol
solution was prepared using
water/methanol (1:1 ratio).
The filtered solution was transferred to
crystal growth vessels, and the
crystallization was carried out by
controlled evaporation method in a
cryogenic constant temperature water bath,
initiating from a constant ambient
temperature (27 °C) and setting a
decreasing sequence of temperature.

Vol. 2: Issue 1
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Spectral and Magnetic Moment Studies of Mixed Ligand
Complexes of Hydroxamic Acids With Potassium
Hexathiocyanato Chromium (III) Tetra Hydrate
Ajay Agarwal*
, Virendra Mishra, Babita Agarwal, Rahul Pathak
B.S.A College of Engineering and Technology, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
Abstract
Some hydroxamic acids eg. [L1=3,4,5-trimethoxy benzohydroxamic acids (TMBHA), L2= N-
phenyl–3,4,5-trimethoxy benzohydroxamic acid (NPTMBHA), L3=3,4-dimethoxy
benzohydroxamic acid (DMBHA) and L4=N-phenyl-3,4-dimethoxy benzohydroxamic acid
(NPDMBHA) prepared and reacted with L’=Potassium hexathiocynato chromium (III) tetra
hydrate K3[Cr(SCN)6]4H2O. The mixed ligand complexes of hydroxamic acids characterized
with the help of repeated melting point identification, by I.R.studies, magnetic moment, molar
conductance and by elemental analysis(C, H and N).The geometry of complexes were found
to be octahedral .On the basis of these facts the structure of the metal complexes found to be
K2 [M(L’)4(L1)], K[M(L’)2(L2)2], K[M(L’)2(L3)2] and K[M(L’)2(L4)2].
Keywords: hydroxamic acids, mixed ligand complexes, potassium hexathiocynato chromium
(III),
INTRODUCTION
Hydroxamic acids were discovered in 1869
by Lossen.[1]
Most of the hydroxamic acids
have biological and biocidal activities[1-8]
In
recent years it has become evident that these
weak acids possesses other type of
biological activities[9]
,because the biological
activities of hydroxamic acids have been
mainly attributed to their complexing
properties towards transition metals,[10-13]
food additives, antibiotic, antagonist, tumor
inhibitors, antifungal agents,anticancer,
antifungal and antibacterial activity,
toxilogical, pharmacological importance and
their –NO releasing properties. Hydroxamic
acids have bivalent coordination mode i.e.,
through the oxygen of deprotonated
hydroxamic acids and through carbonyl
oxygen atom (O,O) resulting in the
formation of mononuclear complexes. The
introduction of secondary coordinating
group like thiocynate does not change the
coordination behavior of coordination (O,O)
as bridging bis-chealating ligand. Very
scanty work has been done with the Cr (III)
metal with hydroxamic acids. The
importance of chromium in mammalian
metabolism has been studied greatly. Diet
deficient in chromium develops a visible eye
lesion, which causes opacity, hence keeping
the above facts in mind, we thought it is
worthwhile to isolate some new complexes
of hydroxamic acids with Cr (III) and
thiocynate group as bridging chelating
ligand. Chromium compounds enhanced the
action of insulin; outstanding activity is
manifested by the chromium complexes
extracted from the brewer’s yeast and pork
kidney powder. These acts as a co-factor in
insulin and facilitating the metal –insulin
tissues interaction forming ternary
complexes.
1. .

International Journal of Solid State Materials vol 2 issue 1

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International Journal of Solid State Materials vol 2 issue 1