International Journal of Thermal Energy and Applications vol 2 issue 2

International Journal of
Thermal Energy &
Applications
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¬ International Journal of Thermal Energy and
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 Thermal and non-thermal processes
 Thermal energy conversion/storage materials and/or systems
 Thermochemical processes; thermal management/control
 Novel cooling technologies
 Thermochemical Storage for Concentrating Solar Power Plants
 Enhanced Heat Transfer in Phase Change Thermal Energy Storage System
 Thermodynamic energy
 Thermal interface materials
 Ocean thermal energy
 Energy Control Systems
 Exothermic reaction and endothermic reactions
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Dr. Balaram Kundu
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
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India
Dr. Harishankar Chandra
Vishwavidyalaya Engineering College,
Lakhanpur (CG) Sarguja University,
Ambikapur (CG), India
Dr. Jahar Sarkar
Indian Institute of Technology, Varanasi, India
Dr. Nataraj J. R
R.V. College of Engineering, Bangalore, India
Qingsong Wang
State Key Laboratory of Fire Science,
University of Science and Technology of China,
China
Dr. Ramjee Repaka
Indian Institute of Technology, Ropar,
India
Dr. K J Sreekanth,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mar
Baselios College of Engineering & Technology,
University of Kerala, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
Dr. Veeredhi Vasudeva Rao
Department of Mechanical and Industrial
Engineering, College of Science Engineering
and Technology, University of South Africa
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Universiti Teknologi Petronas, 31750 Tronoh,
Perak, Malaysia
Dr. Chitranjan Agrawal
College of Technology and Engineering,
MPUAT, Udaipur, India

From the Editor's Desk
Dear Readers,
We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly
journal, International Journal of Thermal Energy and Applications. This journal is part of
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from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging
technologies.
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Applications as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of
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PuneetMehrotra
ManagingDirector

1. Experimental Study of Biomass Gasification in a Downdraft Gasifier Using Different Feedstocks
Henok Mekonnen 1
2. Thermodynamic Analysis on Performance of CAV Propulsion
C. Chinglenthoiba, V. Balaji, B. Abbas, A. Madhan Kumar 11
3. Research Insight of Novel Cooling Technologies in Industries
Priyanka Garg 15
4. Life Cycle Assessment of 100 kWp Grid Connected Rooftop Solar Photovoltaic
(SPV) System Installed at Poornima University, Jaipur
Pratish Rawat, Ashwani Kapoor 19
5. Simulation and Performance Analysis of Stand-Alone PV System by Using Pvsyst
Rahul Saraswat, Ravita Saraswat 27
Contents

IJTEA (2016) 1-10 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
International Journal of Thermal Energy and Applications
Vol. 2: Issue 2
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Experimental Study of Biomass Gasification in a Downdraft
Gasifier Using Different Feedstocks
Henok Mekonnen*
School of Mechanical Engineering, Jimma Institute of Technology, Jimma University, Ethiopia
ABSTRACT
The primary interest of this research work is to study the gasification properties of different
biomass feedstock materials which are easily available in Ethiopia. An experimental
investigation is undertaken using different feedstock materials. The experiments are being
carried out for some selected biomass materials which are charcoal, sawdust, coffee husk
and a mixture of sawdust and coffee husk. The effects of the type of biomass used and
moisture content on the final syngas composition and the gas production rate are studied.
The amount and nature of tar produced while gasifying the different feedstock is also
examined. A comparison of the literatures and experimental works is done and is validated.
Keywords: biomass, feedstock, gasification, fossil fuels, gasifier, moisture, thermocouple
INTRODUCTION
Today’s world is facing a serious problem
related to energy and environment. Due to
the rapid growth of world’s population,
and vast and rapid human activities as a
result of technological development,
modernization and competition, today’s
world energy demand is extremely high.
As a result, fossil fuels which have been
utilized for many centuries are getting
rapidly depleted, while their price is
drastically escalating to a level which
worsens the world’s unstable and
unjustified economy, particularly the poor
countries like Ethiopia. Another equally
important and related issue to be addressed
is environmental concern. Planet earth is
simply reacting for the aggressive effects
of dangerous gaseous emissions, which are
the byproducts of combustion of fossil
fuels, which is too loud to be unnoticed.
Among the most common sources of
energy which are distinguished as
renewable, biomass is a very well-known
candidate. There are well developed
thermo-chemical and bio-chemical
conversion practices to extract energy
from biomass materials. Direct
combustion, gasification and liquefaction
are the possible thermo-chemical
conversion methods whereas anaerobic
digestion (biogas), fermentation and
extraction rely on biochemical conversion
of biomass materials.
Gasification is a thermo-chemical
conversion process in which dry or liquid
biomass is converted into a gaseous fuel
(synthetic gas or syngas). This process is
accomplished through devices called
gasifiers. Updraft, downdraft, fluidized
bed and entrained bed are the various
conventional types of gasifiers with
different designs. Gasification involves
four major sub-processes: Drying,
Pyrolysis, Combustion and Reduction,
which are undertaken in the respective
zones of the gasification unit. In the drying
zone, the water within the fuel is removed

IJTEA (2016) 11–14 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 11
Vol. 2: Issue 2
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Thermodynamic Analysis on Performance of CAV Propulsion
C. Chinglenthoiba*
, V. Balaji, B. Abbas, A. Madhan Kumar
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mahendra Engineering College Namakkal, Affiliated to Anna
University, Chennai, India
ABSTRACT
There are significant achievements in air-breathing propulsion. A number of commercial
engines have received. Under ideal reversible isothermal conditions, this energy could be
entirely converted to mechanical work. For example, the F135 and F136 Joint Strike Fighter
engines are both conducting full engine ground tests. By multi-stage expansion with inter-
stage heating the expansion process is brought closer to the isothermal ideal.
Keywords: CAV, isothermal compression, thermodynamic analysis
INTRODUCTION
Thermodynamic Analysis
Ulf Bossel had done thermodynamic
analysis. At 20°C 300 liter tank filled with
air at 300 bar carries 51 MW of energy.
Under ideal reversible isothermal
conditions, this energy could be entirely
converted to mechanical work.
However, under isentropic conditions (no
heat is exchanged with the environment)
not more than 25 MW become useful.
By multi-stage expansion with inter-stage
heating the expansion process is brought
closer to the isothermal ideal.[1–3]
The analysis is extended to the
compression of air. Again, the ideal
isothermal compression is approached by
multi-stage processes with inter-cooling.
By this approach energy demand for
compression is reduced to acceptable
levels and system pressure and
temperature are kept within safe limits.
Design of a Low Pressure Air Engine for
Third World Use
Wood et al.[4]
used low pressure stirling
engine to produce 4KW of shaft work. The
engine is burn rice husks for fuel.
The main advantage of this application is
that it is fired by rice husks instead of
expensive and difficult to obtain petroleum
based fuels.
Performance Study on Three-Stage
Power System of Compressed Air
Vehicle Based on Single-Screw
Expander
Wei et al had proposed new compressed-
air engine system based on three-stage
single screw expander was proposed to
improve the performance of power system.
Three different structure styles were
presented, and the studies on the power
performance and the distribution of
expansion ratios between stages were
carried out by programming and
mathematical modeling of each style
(Figures 1–3).

Vol. 2: Issue 2
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Research Insight of Novel Cooling Technologies in Industries
Priyanka Garg*
Department of Physics, University of Madras, India
ABSTRACT
Underground substations reflected the shortcomings in the traditional cooling technologies
which evolved the need for a novel Oil-Evaporative liquid cooling technology. The new
cooling technology has a two-step cooling system, which could effectively pass heat energy
from thermal sources to radiators on the ground through phase change of evaporative liquid
in an oil-evaporative cooler. The unique characteristics of the evaporative liquid have
proven their efficiency, reliability and excellent cooling effect with small volume and require
less area for installation. Based on the experimental data, the novel Oil-Evaporative liquid
cooling system could be specifically designed for use in future.
Keywords: cooling technology, electromagnetic driver, high-efficiency, infrastructure,
energy consumption
INTRODUCTION
The concept is based on behavior of
dielectrics, pumping mechanisms and
other methods to put cool liquid in touch
with hot electrical components without
shorting out the entire data infrastructure
in a shower of sparks. Microsoft recently
provided the game by pitching an entire
data module into the ocean where it can
take benefit of cool seawater directly, as
opposed to building an extensive piping
system to serve inland resources.
The futuristic technologies have their own
problem such as, how to make the best use
of traditional air-cooling systems so
bequest the data environments for an
upgraded heavy workload. For that, we
have to turn to a number of start-ups with
all new the idea. With data center cooling
technologies, the dirt and bacteria that
collect on critical handling systems require
a costly and complex cleaning process.
The system uses a key UV light
wavelength (254 nm, or UV-C) that not
only disintegrates organic materials by
destroying their molecular bonds but also
sterilizes components to prevent future
contamination. The operating cost is less
than 1 percent that of powering a typical
AC system, while installation is about ten
cents per cfm (cubic feet per minute).[1,2]
With global data demands on the rise with
no end in sight, efficient cooling should
become a top priority given the already
poor impression that the data industry has
engendered via its energy consumption. In
that light, even small gains in today’s
inefficient air-cooling systems will be
welcome.
COOLING TECHNOLOGIES FOR
ELECTRONIC DEVICES
Computer/Mobile Devices
Two new technologies for removing heat
from electronic devices could help future
generations of laptops, PDAs, mobile
phones; telecom switches and high-
powered military equipment keep their
cool in the face of growing power
demands.

Vol. 2: Issue 2
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Life Cycle Assessment of 100 kWp Grid Connected Rooftop Solar Photovoltaic (SPV)
System Installed at Poornima University, Jaipur
Pratish Rawat*
, Ashwani Kapoor
Assistant Professor, Mechanical Department, Poornima University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
ABSTRACT
In the present study, Life cycle assessment of 100 kWp grid connected rooftop solar
photovoltaic system is carried out which is installed at Poornima University, Jaipur, India
(Latitude: 260
55” and Longitude 750
46”). The size and cost of PV system is estimated and
evaluated from basic mathematical expressions and on the basis of this carbon credit, energy
payback time (EPBT) and normalized greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions were evaluated and
are presented in this paper. The per unit cost of electricity generated by 100 kWp rooftop
solar photovoltaic system is Rs. 3.37/kWh neglecting subsidy and considering subsidy it is
found to be Rs. 2.36/kWh. The energy payback time is found to 2.34 years for 30 years life of
solar PV plant. The results obtained have also been compared with other solar PV systems.
Keywords: life cycle assessment, solar energy, solar rooftop PV plant, solar photovoltaic
INTRODUCTION
The photovoltaic (PV) system on the roof
of the academic block of Poornima
University, Jaipur serves as another model
for the installation of PV systems in
institutional sector, which could play a
major role in energy self-sufficiency and
security while solving the nation’s
greenhouse gas emission problem. The
purposes of the plant were:
(1) To provide renewable electricity to
the University
(2) To support research and provide
system performance data.
The solar PV systems are one of the most
promising and cost-effective substitute for
diesel generators in developing countries
like India. In India most of the people
lives in rural and remote areas where
either the grid is not present or electricity
is not available all the time. The
authorities in Spain are supporting a rural
electrification project of 65 sites with 50
kWp Solar PV systems [1]. A 1 kWp
SAPV system was implemented in Jordon
to supply power to houses for 24 hours
[2]. For climatic conditions of Dhaka
Bhuiyan and Asgar had designed a Solar
PV system for 4 h of operation per day for
a residential area [3].
Electricity generation from any source
involves some form of harmful air
emissions and the comparison of
environmental advantages attained from
the use of renewable energy requires the
implementation of life cycle assessment
(LCA). A study of product from cradle to
grave is called LCA (Life cycle
assessment) of the product. LCA aims in
analysis of the environmental impacts of
products [4, 5]. The production of
electricity from solar PV system also
consumes energy and materials which are
responsible for the release of air
emissions. In the present study, life cycle
cost analysis (LCA), energy payback time
(EPBT) and unit cost of electricity
generated from the Solar PV system are
discussed. The carbon credit earned from

IJTEA (2016) 27–31 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 27
Vol. 2: Issue 2
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Simulation and Performance Analysis of Stand-Alone PV System
by Using PVsyst
Rahul Saraswat1*
, Ravita Saraswat2
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Poornima University, Jaipur, India
2
School of Renewable Energy and Efficiency, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, India
ABSTRACT
Electrical energy is necessary for everyone in this world. But demand of electricity is
increasing day by day so which cannot be meeting by fossil fuels. Fossil fuels are not
environmental friendly. So it is high time to produce the electricity by renewable energy
sources for sustainable development. Solar energy is enough to produce the electricity, but
the performance of solar photovoltaic cell is depends upon the geographical location and
technology. This paper presents the analysis of stand-alone PV system of Jaipur by using
PVsyst. The results show the total amount of electrical energy generated by the system, total
losses and efficiency of the system.
Keywords: efficiency, losses, performance ratio, solar module, solar radiation
INTRODUCTION
Photovoltaic cell is device which directly
converts the solar energy into electricity.
Photovoltaic cells are made up of
semiconductor materials [1]. Photovoltaic
cell converts the electricity in clean and
efficient way. To utilize the solar energy
efficiently, it is necessary to simulate the
system for efficient energy yield.
The aim of this paper is and to design and
simulate a solar photovoltaic stand-alone
system to meet the energy requirements of
a small load in Jaipur, India using PVsyst
software.
MODELING OF PV SYSTEM
The electrical circuit of typical PV cell
characteristics is depicted in Figure 1. In
this, solar generated current, diode current,
the shunt resistance and shunt leakage
current are connected in parallel
furthermore in series with internal
resistance developed in the circuit during
the operation of the system.
The difference parameters of the
photovoltaic cell indicated in the
equivalent circuit are expressed by the
following mathematical expressions.
I= IL- Id- Ish (1)
where I = PV output current, IL = Solar
generated current in amp, Id = Diode
current in amp, and Ish = Shunt leakage
current in amp.
Fig. 1. Equivalent circuit of solar PV cell.

International Journal of Thermal Energy and Applications vol 2 issue 2

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