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1. Treatment of Wastewater From Pulp and Paper Industry—Special Reference to Aerated Lagoon
Akshey Bhargava, Prachi Bhajipale 1
2. Technological Options for the Treatment of Pulp and Paper Waste Water
Akshey Bhargava, Pratiksha Dave 8
3. Yamuna River Degradation Due to Heavy Metals in Delhi-NCR: A Review
Rohit Rathi 19
4. Waste Water Treatment by Using Garlic Extract as a Natural Coagulant
Sonal Jain 24
5. Global Water Resources With Special Reference to India
Akshey Bhargava, Pratiksha Dave 32
Contents
IJWRE (2016) 1-7 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
International Journal of Water Resources Engineering
eISSN: 2456-1606
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Treatment of Wastewater From Pulp and
Paper Industry—Special Reference to Aerated Lagoon
Akshey Bhargava1
, Prachi Bhajipale2,3
1
Department of Civil Engineering, Global Institute of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad, India
2
Environmental Sciences, Human Health & Ecosystems, UK
3
Pollution Control Technology, Bharati Vidyapeeth, India
ABSTRACT
Pulp and Paper industry in India has made tremendous strides during the last 60 years and is
one of the largest industry in India. Most of the industries, with a few exceptions, are
integrated Pulp and Paper mills using Kraft or Sulphate process of pulping. The water
consumption and consequently waste water discharge is enormous in Pulp and Paper
industry and accordingly pose serious problems on the receptor environment. This warrants
adequate treatment of wastewater including recycling of treated wastewater to reduce overall
pollution load on the environment. Though there are various treatment technologies
available to treat the wastewater from Pulp and Paper industry but the authors in the present
paper have adopted and designed Aerated Lagoon along with pre and post treatment systems.
Keywords: aerated lagoon, pulp and paper industry, wastewater,
INTRODUCTION
Paper is basic commodity in our daily life
– our means of packaging, recording and
communication. Water is one of the raw
material used in large quantities in the
manufacture of Pulp and Paper. The entire
process, right from washing of raw
material to the drying of sheets of paper,
water is required in one form or the other.
As the end product paper is free from
water, all most all water, which is used
during manufacturing process, reappears
as waste water.[1–3]
Manufacturing of pulp requires large
quantity of water which is used in chipper
house, pulp processing and screening,
washing and thickening of pulp, bleaching
and in paper machine. Water is also used
to generate power and steam. Thus without
reuse of water, the amount of waste water
is enormous.
Therefore, the maximum reuse of water
becomes one of the basic approach in the
effective reduction of waste water
quantities and pollution load.
In large units, for each ton production of
paper, water used is to the tune of 300 K.L
and waste water generation of about 250
K.L with BOD of the order of 200 mg/l.
However, small units with fibre recovery
system and recirculation arrangement of
water but without chemical recover
system, the combined wastewater effluent
is around 200 K.L/ ton of paper produced
with an average BOD of 700 mg/l.
Thus about 50 kg of BOD per ton of paper
produced is contributed by large integrated
pulp and paper industries whereas small
industries with no chemical recovery
system contribute 140 kg of BOD per ton
of paper produced.
IJWRE (2016) 8-18 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 8
International Journal of Water Resources Engineering
eISSN: 2456-1606
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Technological Options for the Treatment of Pulp and Paper
Waste Water
Akshey Bhargava1
, Pratiksha Dave2
1
Department of Civil Engineering, Global Institute of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad, India
2
Environmental Engineer Green Solutions, India
Abstract
Waste-water treatment is becoming even more important in the light of diminishing water
resources, increasing industrial, domestic and agriculture water usage and consequently
waste-water disposal and its costs along with stricter discharge regulations that have
lowered permissible contaminant levels in waste streams. The treatment of waste-water for
reuse and disposal is particularly important for water scarce states like Rajasthan,
Maharashtra, and other states in India where water availability is highly critical. Pulp and
Paper industry requires enormous water in different processes and consequently generate
significant waste water effluents. Such a significant quantity of effluent needs to be treated
adequately to avoid damage to receptor environment. Various methods have been tried to
treat the waste water from pulp and paper industries on laboratory scale, pilot plant and on
field. The authors of the present paper have elaborated physical and chemical treatment
methods along with biological, irrigation and land treatment and advanced waste water
treatment methods to treat the pulp and paper industry effluents.
Keywords: paper, pulp, waste water
INTRODUCTION
The pulp and paper industry uses large
amounts of water in pulp preparation,
bleaching water, boiler feed water and
cooling system water and subsequently has
to treat significant volumes of wastewater
and sludge. Therefore, effective water
management including streamlined
consumption and recycling can have a
direct effect on the plant’s production,
performance and environmental impact.
Pulp and paper industries generate
varieties of complex organic and inorganic
pollutants depending upon the type of the
pulping process. A state-of-art of treatment
processes and efficiencies of various
wastewater treatment is presented and
critically reviewed in this paper.[1]
Main
emphasis is given to physico-chemical,
aerobic and anaerobic wastewater
treatment. In pulp and paper mill
wastewater treatment aerobic treatment
includes activated sludge process, aerated
lagoons and aerobic biological reactors.
UASB, fluidized bed, anaerobic lagoon
and anaerobic contact reactors are the
main technologies for anaerobic
wastewater treatment. It is found that the
combination of anaerobic and aerobic
treatment processes is much efficient in
the removal of soluble biodegradable
organic pollutants.
Color can be removed effectively by
fungal treatment, coagulation, chemical
oxidation, and ozonation.
IJWRE (2016) 19-23 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 19
International Journal of Water Resources Engineering
eISSN: 2456-1606
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Yamuna River Degradation Due to Heavy Metals in Delhi-NCR:
A Review
Rohit Rathi*
Department of Civil Engineering, MNIT Allahabad, India
ABSTRACT
Yamuna river, which is a heart river for Delhi-NCR, is the most-polluted river in the country.
Highly populated Delhi-NCR pollute the river Yamuna in all aspects weather we talk about
domestic or industrial waste; which I turn affect in increasing significance for ecological,
evolutionary, and environmental reasons. Mythologically Yamuna River is associated with
the Hindus but apart it fulfills the need of people in other way as well. The water quality is
degraded day by day due to various unwanted activities of human beings. Contaminated
water contains various hazardous toxic substances which are non-degradable; various heavy
metals like lead, copper, cadmium, chromium, zinc, etc. were accumulated in the river and
leads to disturb flora-fauna [BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand, Dissolved Oxygen (DO)]
with human life as well.
Keywords: bioaccumulate, BOD, DO
INTRODUCTION
The other name of Yamuna River is
Jamuna, and it is the major tributary of the
Ganges River. Yamuna is 1376 km long
which flows solely through India, crossing
three states: Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh
and Haryana.
The Yamuna contributes most of its part to
the border between the states of Himachal
Pradesh and Uttarakhand and later on its
course between the states of Haryana and
Uttar Pradesh. 80% people dependent on
the water of the Yamuna along with rapid
population growth, the Yumuna has
developed into one of the most polluted
rivers in the world.
There are many interesting cities on
Yamuna’s way too like Delhi or the city of
Taj called Agra, where the world-
renowned Taj Mahal is located.[1]
IMPORTANCE OF YAMUNA
WATER AND DEGRADATION OF
YAMUNA RIVER
River Yamuna is one of the biggest rivers
to flows through the world's largest river
basin- the Ganges river basin. A
population of millions people depends on
this river, which is spread over nearly huge
square kilometers. The most ancient
known civilizations is the river basin. But
according to the studies done by
government and international studies are
now suggesting that this river system
which has had religious, political and
ecological importance is now going to be
dead.
The government of India claims on its
website that the river Yamuna does not
have a single drop of natural water after it
flows through Delhi. The United Nations
website in one of its report declares it as a
dead river.[2–4]
IJWRE (2016) 24-31 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 24
International Journal of Water Resources Engineering
eISSN: 2456-1606
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Waste Water Treatment by Using Garlic Extract as a Natural
Coagulant
Sonal Jain*
Department of Biotechnology, Banasthali, Rajasthan, India
ABSTRACT
Coagulation is the process of removal of very fine particles by forming bigger flocs in the
water. But this process is not much efficient in waste water treatment as in the treatment of
drinking water. This is because of adding chemical coagulant for the treatment of waste
water. Use of chemicals in treatment of dyeing waste water causes formation of non-
biodegradable sludge. To avoid this we made an attempt in the treatment of water by using
plant based natural coagulant. Here we tried garlic, as natural coagulant for the treatment.
The extract of garlic was obtained and it was used in this process. The result was found in a
greater efficiency in the removal of hazardous chemical composition present in the dyeing
waste water. From the result, it was obtained that 96% of COD and 93% of BOD has been
achieved. Also the iron and chromium have been removed 100%.
Keywords: coagulation, Garlic extract, natural coagulant, water treatment
INTRODUCTION
Dyeing industry is one of the highly
developing industries in India. Many
districts like Tirupur have dyeing
industries as the backbone of their city
development. In this scenario, the waste
water releasing from these industries forms
a major environmental problem. As this
industry consumes a large volume of water
for the coloring and bleaching of clothes,
the water consumed in this industry
became waste at the end of the process.
This water contains highly hazardous
chemicals which are discharged directly
into the river or sewer lines that are
hazardous to the environment. So in order
to prevent this, treatment of this waste
water is essential. For this purpose, some
treatment plants are established in the city
itself. In these plants, processes such as
aeration, sedimentation, coagulation,
filtration, reverse osmosis, etc., are
followed. Among these processes
coagulation is the most important because
it can remove very finely suspended
particles also. For the removal of
suspended particles, some chemical
coagulants are added to the waste water in
this process. The addition of chemical
coagulants results in the formation of non-
biodegradable sludge.
The plant based coagulant mechanisms are
used for treatment of wastewater which
can be easily processed.[1]
The distillery
waste water is treated with bean extract in
the coagulation process. The distillery
waste water is highly polluted it is most
crucial environmental issue.[2]
The
performances of strychnos potato ram seed
extract as primary coagulant are
comparable with the performance of
alum.[3]
The evaluation of cactus and
hyacinth bean peels as natural coagulants
have also been used to treat the industrial
wastewater like textile mill wastewater.[4]
IJWRE (2016) 32–39 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 32
International Journal of Water Resources Engineering
eISSN: 2456-1606
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Global Water Resources With Special Reference to India
Akshey Bhargava1
, Pratiksha Dave2
1
Department of Civil Engineering, Global Institute of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad, India
2
Environmental Engineer Green Solutions, India
ABSTRACT
The global water resources are facing and are likely face serious challenges in the time to
come on account of rapid increase in population, urbanization, industrialization and
supporting agriculture. More than a billion people currently live in water-scarce regions,
and as many as 3.5 billion might experience water scarcity by 2025.Moreover, Increasing
pollution contaminate freshwater along with coastal aquatic ecosystems. Further to this,
climate change is responsible to shift precipitation patterns and enhance glacial melt,
altering water supplies and intensifying floods and drought. It would be evident that 97% of
the water on the Earth is salt water and only three percent is fresh water out of which slightly
over two thirds of this is frozen in glaciers and polar ice caps whereas the remaining
unfrozen freshwater is found mainly as groundwater, with only a small fraction present above
ground or in the air. The world population was 6.2 billion in the year 2000 whereas by 2050
there is likely to be an additional 3.5 billion people as per U.N. estimates and most of this
growth is expected to be in developing countries which already suffer water stress It thus
tends to indicate that water demand will increase unless there are corresponding increases in
water conservation coupled with recycling and reuse of this vital resource. The authors of the
present paper focuss on status of global resources of water with special reference to India
partly to provide a base and partly to evolve well thought strategy for managing the water
resources.
Keywords: management, planning, water resource
INTRODUCTION
Water is an important and challenging
resource which requires special attention
in terms of its conservation, resource
planning and management along with
recycling, reuse and sustainability. It is
essential for human civilization, living
organisms, and natural habitat and is being
used for drinking, cleaning, agriculture,
transportation, industry, recreation, and
animal husbandry, producing electricity
for domestic, industrial and commercial
use.
However, due to lack of integrated water
resource management and ignorance, its
adverse impact has started in many
countries and if proper attention is not
paid, it is going to assume alarming
situation in times to come.
The hydrologic cycle moves enormous
quantity of water around the globe but in
fact much of the world’s water has little
potential for human use because 97.5% of
all water on earth is saline water whereas
majority of remaining 2.5% freshwater lies
deep and frozen in Antarctica and
Greenland and hardly about 0.26% fresh
water available in rivers, lakes, soils and
shallow aquifers which are readily usable
for human need.[1–4]
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International Journal of Water Resources Engineering Vol 2 Issue 2

  • 1. Mechanical Engineering Chemical Engineering Architecture Applied Mechanics 5 more... 1 more... 2 more... 2 more... 5 more... Computer Science and Engineering Nanotechnology « International Journal of Solid State Materials « International Journal of Optical Sciences Physics Civil Engineering Electrical Engineering Material Sciences and Engineering Chemistry 5 more... 4 more... 3 more... Biotechnology 3 more... Nursing « International Journal of Immunological Nursing « International Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing « International Journal of Neurological Nursing « International Journal of Orthopedic Nursing « International Journal of Oncological Nursing 5 more... 4 more... Subm it Your A rticle2017 International Journal of Water Resources Engineering Jul–Dec 2016 IJWRE www.journalspub.com eISSN: 2456-1606
  • 2. International Journals Publisher JournalsPub is a multi-disciplinary international journal boosting innovative & eminence research work by Division of Dhruv Infosystems Pvt. Ltd. Launched in 2014 under the support and guidance by our Honorable EditorialBoard Members from renownedinstitutes. ObjectivesofJournalsPub  JournalsPub is international scholarly journal that publishes peer reviewed journal in the frontier areas of AppliedSciences,MedicalandEngineering.  JournalsPub publishes Original Research Papers, Review Papers, Popular Articles, Short Communications&CaseStudy.  Publishingspecialissues on Proceedingsof Conferences,SeminarsandSymposia.  JournalsPub Publishes issues twice a year (bi-annually) in English-language which is available online (openaccess)andinprintedversionwithagoaltopromoteanextensiveacademicawareness.  JournalsPub desires to set a good benchmark in the publishing industry by launching more than 100+ new International Journals to help the scientific community to enhance communication within the research communities and maintain a balance between the existing and emerging interdisciplinary technologies.  JournalsPub aims to provide quality research articles for Academic Researchers, Industrial Professionals, Engineers, Scientists, Professors, etc. working in the areas of Applied Sciences, Medical andEngineeringtocontributeandcommunicateinnovativework. SalientFeatures  An umbrellaof 100+ journalsthatcoversAppliedSciences,MedialandEngineeringArena.  The first and one of the rapidly emerging publication website in Country as well as overseas for its excellenceandexposure.  Universaltransmissionandreflectivity.  ARigorous, Fast andConstructivePeerReviewProcess  SpeedyPublicationof Manuscripts  EminentEditorialBoardMembersfromrenownedorganizations.  FreeRegistration,OnlineSubmission, Processing, Publication&OnlineAccessofManuscripts.  Thejournalpublishesnovelresearcharticleswithemphasison theoreticalandexperimentalwork. International Journal of Water Resources Engineering
  • 3. JournalsPub (Division of Dhruv Infosystems Private Ltd.) having its Marketing office located at Office No. 4, First Floor, CSC pocket E Market, Mayur Vihar Phase II, New Delhi-110091, India is the Publisher of Journals. Statements and opinionsexpressedintheJournalreflecttheviews oftheAuthor(s) andarenottheopinionofJournalsPub unlessso stated. Subscription Information and Order Cost of Journal National Subscription Rs. 3000/-perJournal(includes2 printissues), SingleIssue copypurchaseRs.1800/copy International Subscription OnlineOnly- $99, PrintOnly-$149 (includes2printissues) Online+ Print-$199(includes2printissues +onlineaccessof publishedbackvolumes) To purchaseprintcompilationof backissues pleasesendyourqueryatinfo@journalspub.com Subscription must be prepaid. Rates outside the India include speed delivery charges. Prices subject to change without notice. Mode of Payment:At par cheque, Demand draft, and RTGS (payment to be made in favor of Dhruv Infosystems Pvt. ltd., payableatDelhi/NewDelhi. OnlineAccess Policy A). ForAuthors: In order to provide maximum citation and wide publicity to the authors work, JournalsPub also have OpenAccess Policy; Authors who would like to get their work open access can opt for Optional Open Access publication at nominal cost as follows: India,SARC andAfricanCountries:INR 1500 includingsinglehardcopyofAuthor's Journal. OtherCountries:USD 200includingsinglehardcopyofAuthor's Journal. B.) ForSubscribers: Online access will be activated within 72 hours of receipt of the payment (working days), subject to receipt of correct informationonuser details/StaticIPaddress of thesubscriber. The accesswillbeblocked: If the user requests for the same and furnishes valid reasons for blocking due to technical issue. Misuse of the access rights as pertheaccesspolicy. Advertising and Commercial Reprint Inquiries: JournalsPub with wide circulation and visibility offer an excellent media for showcasing/promotion of your products/services and the events-namely, Conferences, Symposia/Seminars etc.These journals have very high potential to deliver the message across the targeted audience regularly with each published issue. The advertisements on bulk subscriptions, gift subscriptions or reprint purchases for distribution etc. are also very welcome. LostIssue Claims:Pleasenotethefollowingwhen applyingfor lostor missingissues: Claims for print copies lost will be honored only after 45 days of the dispatch date and before publication of the next issue as perthefrequency. Tracking id for the speed post will be provided to all our subscribers and the claims for the missing Journals will be entertainedonlywiththeproofs whichwillbeverifiedatboththeends. Claimsfiledduetoinsufficient(or nonotice)of changeof address willnotbehonored. Change ofAddress of Dispatch should be intimated to JournalsPub at least 2 months prior to the dispatch schedule as per thefrequencyby mentioningsubscriberID andthesubscriptionID. Refundrequestswillnotbeentertained. LegalDisputes AllthelegaldisputesaresubjectedtoDelhiJurisdictiononly. If you haveanyquestions,pleasecontactthePublicationManagementTeam: info@journalspub.com;Tel:+910120-4347644.
  • 4. International Journal of Water Resources Engineering International Journal of Water Resources Engineering is a peer-reviewed journal that emphasize on hydropower engineering, hydrodynamics, water conservation, river restoration and other major water resource engineering disciplines. Journal publishes both original research articles and high impact comprehensivereviewarticlesofthefield. Focus andScopeoftheJournal  Hydrology and hydraulic engineering  Hydropower engineering  Hydrodynamics and hydrometeorology  Water conservation  River restoration  Storm water management and flood protection  Groundwater protection and utilization  Rural water management  Geographical information systems  Water quality and conservation International Journals of Water Resources Engineering is published twice a year (bi-annual) by JournalsPub an imprint of Dhruv Infosystems Pvt. Ltd., India. The outlooks stated in the articles do not essentially reflect of the publisher. The publisher does not endorse the quality or value of the advertised/sponsored products described therein. Please consult full prescribing information before issuing a prescription for any products mentionedinthispublication. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval or transmitted in any form without written permissiontothepublisher. To cite any of the material contained in this journal, in English or translation, please use the full English reference at the beginning of each article. To reuse any of the material, please contact JournalsPub (info@journalspub.com).
  • 5. PUBLICATION MANAGEMENT TEAM INTERNAL MEMBERS Associate Manager Chairman Mr. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director, JournalsPub, New Delhi Hidam Renubala Ankita Singh Deepika Bhadauria Rekha Rani Commissioning Editors Dr. Chhavi Goel Manisha Dhoble
  • 6. EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Prof. A. F. M. Saiful Amin Department of Civil Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering And Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh Dr. Rahisuddin Ahmed Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India Dr. Sohail Ayub Department Of Civil Engineering, Z. H. College, Aligarh (Uttar Pradesh), India Dr. Mujahid Faiyaz Hussain Shram Sadhna Trust's College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon, India Dr. Dalchand Jhariya Department of Applied Geology National Institute of Technology, Raipur (Chhattisgarh), India Dr. Siby John Department of Civil Engineering, PEC University of Technology, Chandigarh, India Dr. Tarun Kumar Lohani Department of Civil Engineering, Orissa Engineering College, Bhubaneswar, India Dr. M. V. Molykutty Department of Civil Engineering, B. S. Abdur Rahman University, Chennai, India Dr. Sohail Ayub Civil Engineering Department, Z. H. College, Faculty of Engg. & Technology, India Sonal Jain Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali University, India Dr Akshey Bhargava Professor, Global Institute Of Engineering and Technology, A.P, India, Prerna Sharma Assistant Professor, Department of Basic and Applied Science, School of Engineering, G D Goenka University, India Amandip Singh Assistant Professor, Dept. of Research and Planning, Xavier Institute of Social Service, Ranchi, India Manjeet Singh Research Engineer, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India Gobinath Ravindran Department of Civil Engineering, Jay Shriram Group of Institutions, Tirupur (Tamil Nadu), India Amarsinh Babanrao Landage Assistant Professor in Civil Engineering Department,Govt. College of Engineering, Karad Tal. Karad, Dist. Satara, Mahrashtra, India
  • 7. From the Editor's Desk Dear Readers, We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly journal, International Journal of Water Resources Engineering. This journal is part of the Engineering Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Water Resources Engineering from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies. This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Water Resources Engineering as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Engineering Science community,addressing researchersandpractitionersinthisarea. The core vision of International Journal of Water Resources Engineering in Journals Pub is to propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Concrete Technology in general. Journals Pub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to published their papers at excellently, well-time & successfully. International Journal of Water Resources Engineering focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Hydrology and hydraulic engineering, Hydropower engineering, Hydrodynamics and hydrometeorology, Water conservation, River restoration, Storm water management and flood protection, Groundwaterprotectionand utilization,Ruralwatermanagement,etc. The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Water ResourcesEngineeringandsolutionsinthearea. Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Water Resources Engineering community. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting newdevelopmentsinthefieldofWaterResourcesEngineering. This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the editorialstaffofJournals Pub,who supported us ateverystageoftheproject. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for engineering readers and will stimulatefurtherresearchintothevibrantareaofWaterResourcesEngineering. PuneetMehrotra ManagingDirector
  • 8. 1. Treatment of Wastewater From Pulp and Paper Industry—Special Reference to Aerated Lagoon Akshey Bhargava, Prachi Bhajipale 1 2. Technological Options for the Treatment of Pulp and Paper Waste Water Akshey Bhargava, Pratiksha Dave 8 3. Yamuna River Degradation Due to Heavy Metals in Delhi-NCR: A Review Rohit Rathi 19 4. Waste Water Treatment by Using Garlic Extract as a Natural Coagulant Sonal Jain 24 5. Global Water Resources With Special Reference to India Akshey Bhargava, Pratiksha Dave 32 Contents
  • 9. IJWRE (2016) 1-7 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1 International Journal of Water Resources Engineering eISSN: 2456-1606 Vol. 2: Issue 2 www.journalspub.com Treatment of Wastewater From Pulp and Paper Industry—Special Reference to Aerated Lagoon Akshey Bhargava1 , Prachi Bhajipale2,3 1 Department of Civil Engineering, Global Institute of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad, India 2 Environmental Sciences, Human Health & Ecosystems, UK 3 Pollution Control Technology, Bharati Vidyapeeth, India ABSTRACT Pulp and Paper industry in India has made tremendous strides during the last 60 years and is one of the largest industry in India. Most of the industries, with a few exceptions, are integrated Pulp and Paper mills using Kraft or Sulphate process of pulping. The water consumption and consequently waste water discharge is enormous in Pulp and Paper industry and accordingly pose serious problems on the receptor environment. This warrants adequate treatment of wastewater including recycling of treated wastewater to reduce overall pollution load on the environment. Though there are various treatment technologies available to treat the wastewater from Pulp and Paper industry but the authors in the present paper have adopted and designed Aerated Lagoon along with pre and post treatment systems. Keywords: aerated lagoon, pulp and paper industry, wastewater, INTRODUCTION Paper is basic commodity in our daily life – our means of packaging, recording and communication. Water is one of the raw material used in large quantities in the manufacture of Pulp and Paper. The entire process, right from washing of raw material to the drying of sheets of paper, water is required in one form or the other. As the end product paper is free from water, all most all water, which is used during manufacturing process, reappears as waste water.[1–3] Manufacturing of pulp requires large quantity of water which is used in chipper house, pulp processing and screening, washing and thickening of pulp, bleaching and in paper machine. Water is also used to generate power and steam. Thus without reuse of water, the amount of waste water is enormous. Therefore, the maximum reuse of water becomes one of the basic approach in the effective reduction of waste water quantities and pollution load. In large units, for each ton production of paper, water used is to the tune of 300 K.L and waste water generation of about 250 K.L with BOD of the order of 200 mg/l. However, small units with fibre recovery system and recirculation arrangement of water but without chemical recover system, the combined wastewater effluent is around 200 K.L/ ton of paper produced with an average BOD of 700 mg/l. Thus about 50 kg of BOD per ton of paper produced is contributed by large integrated pulp and paper industries whereas small industries with no chemical recovery system contribute 140 kg of BOD per ton of paper produced.
  • 10. IJWRE (2016) 8-18 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 8 International Journal of Water Resources Engineering eISSN: 2456-1606 Vol. 2: Issue 2 www.journalspub.com Technological Options for the Treatment of Pulp and Paper Waste Water Akshey Bhargava1 , Pratiksha Dave2 1 Department of Civil Engineering, Global Institute of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad, India 2 Environmental Engineer Green Solutions, India Abstract Waste-water treatment is becoming even more important in the light of diminishing water resources, increasing industrial, domestic and agriculture water usage and consequently waste-water disposal and its costs along with stricter discharge regulations that have lowered permissible contaminant levels in waste streams. The treatment of waste-water for reuse and disposal is particularly important for water scarce states like Rajasthan, Maharashtra, and other states in India where water availability is highly critical. Pulp and Paper industry requires enormous water in different processes and consequently generate significant waste water effluents. Such a significant quantity of effluent needs to be treated adequately to avoid damage to receptor environment. Various methods have been tried to treat the waste water from pulp and paper industries on laboratory scale, pilot plant and on field. The authors of the present paper have elaborated physical and chemical treatment methods along with biological, irrigation and land treatment and advanced waste water treatment methods to treat the pulp and paper industry effluents. Keywords: paper, pulp, waste water INTRODUCTION The pulp and paper industry uses large amounts of water in pulp preparation, bleaching water, boiler feed water and cooling system water and subsequently has to treat significant volumes of wastewater and sludge. Therefore, effective water management including streamlined consumption and recycling can have a direct effect on the plant’s production, performance and environmental impact. Pulp and paper industries generate varieties of complex organic and inorganic pollutants depending upon the type of the pulping process. A state-of-art of treatment processes and efficiencies of various wastewater treatment is presented and critically reviewed in this paper.[1] Main emphasis is given to physico-chemical, aerobic and anaerobic wastewater treatment. In pulp and paper mill wastewater treatment aerobic treatment includes activated sludge process, aerated lagoons and aerobic biological reactors. UASB, fluidized bed, anaerobic lagoon and anaerobic contact reactors are the main technologies for anaerobic wastewater treatment. It is found that the combination of anaerobic and aerobic treatment processes is much efficient in the removal of soluble biodegradable organic pollutants. Color can be removed effectively by fungal treatment, coagulation, chemical oxidation, and ozonation.
  • 11. IJWRE (2016) 19-23 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 19 International Journal of Water Resources Engineering eISSN: 2456-1606 Vol. 2: Issue 2 www.journalspub.com Yamuna River Degradation Due to Heavy Metals in Delhi-NCR: A Review Rohit Rathi* Department of Civil Engineering, MNIT Allahabad, India ABSTRACT Yamuna river, which is a heart river for Delhi-NCR, is the most-polluted river in the country. Highly populated Delhi-NCR pollute the river Yamuna in all aspects weather we talk about domestic or industrial waste; which I turn affect in increasing significance for ecological, evolutionary, and environmental reasons. Mythologically Yamuna River is associated with the Hindus but apart it fulfills the need of people in other way as well. The water quality is degraded day by day due to various unwanted activities of human beings. Contaminated water contains various hazardous toxic substances which are non-degradable; various heavy metals like lead, copper, cadmium, chromium, zinc, etc. were accumulated in the river and leads to disturb flora-fauna [BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand, Dissolved Oxygen (DO)] with human life as well. Keywords: bioaccumulate, BOD, DO INTRODUCTION The other name of Yamuna River is Jamuna, and it is the major tributary of the Ganges River. Yamuna is 1376 km long which flows solely through India, crossing three states: Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh and Haryana. The Yamuna contributes most of its part to the border between the states of Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand and later on its course between the states of Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. 80% people dependent on the water of the Yamuna along with rapid population growth, the Yumuna has developed into one of the most polluted rivers in the world. There are many interesting cities on Yamuna’s way too like Delhi or the city of Taj called Agra, where the world- renowned Taj Mahal is located.[1] IMPORTANCE OF YAMUNA WATER AND DEGRADATION OF YAMUNA RIVER River Yamuna is one of the biggest rivers to flows through the world's largest river basin- the Ganges river basin. A population of millions people depends on this river, which is spread over nearly huge square kilometers. The most ancient known civilizations is the river basin. But according to the studies done by government and international studies are now suggesting that this river system which has had religious, political and ecological importance is now going to be dead. The government of India claims on its website that the river Yamuna does not have a single drop of natural water after it flows through Delhi. The United Nations website in one of its report declares it as a dead river.[2–4]
  • 12. IJWRE (2016) 24-31 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 24 International Journal of Water Resources Engineering eISSN: 2456-1606 Vol. 2: Issue 2 www.journalspub.com Waste Water Treatment by Using Garlic Extract as a Natural Coagulant Sonal Jain* Department of Biotechnology, Banasthali, Rajasthan, India ABSTRACT Coagulation is the process of removal of very fine particles by forming bigger flocs in the water. But this process is not much efficient in waste water treatment as in the treatment of drinking water. This is because of adding chemical coagulant for the treatment of waste water. Use of chemicals in treatment of dyeing waste water causes formation of non- biodegradable sludge. To avoid this we made an attempt in the treatment of water by using plant based natural coagulant. Here we tried garlic, as natural coagulant for the treatment. The extract of garlic was obtained and it was used in this process. The result was found in a greater efficiency in the removal of hazardous chemical composition present in the dyeing waste water. From the result, it was obtained that 96% of COD and 93% of BOD has been achieved. Also the iron and chromium have been removed 100%. Keywords: coagulation, Garlic extract, natural coagulant, water treatment INTRODUCTION Dyeing industry is one of the highly developing industries in India. Many districts like Tirupur have dyeing industries as the backbone of their city development. In this scenario, the waste water releasing from these industries forms a major environmental problem. As this industry consumes a large volume of water for the coloring and bleaching of clothes, the water consumed in this industry became waste at the end of the process. This water contains highly hazardous chemicals which are discharged directly into the river or sewer lines that are hazardous to the environment. So in order to prevent this, treatment of this waste water is essential. For this purpose, some treatment plants are established in the city itself. In these plants, processes such as aeration, sedimentation, coagulation, filtration, reverse osmosis, etc., are followed. Among these processes coagulation is the most important because it can remove very finely suspended particles also. For the removal of suspended particles, some chemical coagulants are added to the waste water in this process. The addition of chemical coagulants results in the formation of non- biodegradable sludge. The plant based coagulant mechanisms are used for treatment of wastewater which can be easily processed.[1] The distillery waste water is treated with bean extract in the coagulation process. The distillery waste water is highly polluted it is most crucial environmental issue.[2] The performances of strychnos potato ram seed extract as primary coagulant are comparable with the performance of alum.[3] The evaluation of cactus and hyacinth bean peels as natural coagulants have also been used to treat the industrial wastewater like textile mill wastewater.[4]
  • 13. IJWRE (2016) 32–39 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 32 International Journal of Water Resources Engineering eISSN: 2456-1606 Vol. 2: Issue 2 www.journalspub.com Global Water Resources With Special Reference to India Akshey Bhargava1 , Pratiksha Dave2 1 Department of Civil Engineering, Global Institute of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad, India 2 Environmental Engineer Green Solutions, India ABSTRACT The global water resources are facing and are likely face serious challenges in the time to come on account of rapid increase in population, urbanization, industrialization and supporting agriculture. More than a billion people currently live in water-scarce regions, and as many as 3.5 billion might experience water scarcity by 2025.Moreover, Increasing pollution contaminate freshwater along with coastal aquatic ecosystems. Further to this, climate change is responsible to shift precipitation patterns and enhance glacial melt, altering water supplies and intensifying floods and drought. It would be evident that 97% of the water on the Earth is salt water and only three percent is fresh water out of which slightly over two thirds of this is frozen in glaciers and polar ice caps whereas the remaining unfrozen freshwater is found mainly as groundwater, with only a small fraction present above ground or in the air. The world population was 6.2 billion in the year 2000 whereas by 2050 there is likely to be an additional 3.5 billion people as per U.N. estimates and most of this growth is expected to be in developing countries which already suffer water stress It thus tends to indicate that water demand will increase unless there are corresponding increases in water conservation coupled with recycling and reuse of this vital resource. The authors of the present paper focuss on status of global resources of water with special reference to India partly to provide a base and partly to evolve well thought strategy for managing the water resources. Keywords: management, planning, water resource INTRODUCTION Water is an important and challenging resource which requires special attention in terms of its conservation, resource planning and management along with recycling, reuse and sustainability. It is essential for human civilization, living organisms, and natural habitat and is being used for drinking, cleaning, agriculture, transportation, industry, recreation, and animal husbandry, producing electricity for domestic, industrial and commercial use. However, due to lack of integrated water resource management and ignorance, its adverse impact has started in many countries and if proper attention is not paid, it is going to assume alarming situation in times to come. The hydrologic cycle moves enormous quantity of water around the globe but in fact much of the world’s water has little potential for human use because 97.5% of all water on earth is saline water whereas majority of remaining 2.5% freshwater lies deep and frozen in Antarctica and Greenland and hardly about 0.26% fresh water available in rivers, lakes, soils and shallow aquifers which are readily usable for human need.[1–4]
  • 14. Mechanical Engineering Chemical Engineering Architecture Applied Mechanics 5 more... 1 more... 2 more... 2 more... 5 more... Computer Science and Engineering Nanotechnology « International Journal of Solid State Materials « International Journal of Optical Sciences Physics Civil Engineering Electrical Engineering Material Sciences and Engineering Chemistry 5 more... 4 more... 3 more... Biotechnology 3 more... Nursing « International Journal of Immunological Nursing « International Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing « International Journal of Neurological Nursing « International Journal of Orthopedic Nursing « International Journal of Oncological Nursing 5 more... 4 more... Subm it Your A rticle2017 International Journal of Water Resources Engineering Jul–Dec 2016 IJWRE www.journalspub.com eISSN: 2456-1606