International Journal of Orthopedic Nursing vol 2 issue 1

International Journal of
Orthopedic Nursing
Jan – Jun 2016 IJOrN
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International Journals of
Orthopedic Nursing
International Journal of Orthopedic Nursing intends to help Nurses and Clinical staff involved in the areas
like Orthopedic surgery, degenerative diseases, orthopedic implants and trauma Care. It seeks to promote
knowledge in the area of practice, literature and education among Nurses. Journal seeks work that presents
innovationandpromisefutureresearchandOrthopedicnursing practice.
Focus andScopeoftheJournal
! Musculoskeletal system
! Sports injuries and musculoskeletal trauma
! Orthopedic surgery
! Degenerative diseases
! Children orthopedics
! Orthopedic nursing
! Orthopedic trauma
! Arthroscopy
! Orthopedic implants
! Fracture and physiotherapy
International Journals of Orthopedic Nursing is published twice a year (bi-annual) in India by JournalsPub -
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EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS
Dr. Ubahara Sahayaraj
Centre for Addiction Medicine, National
Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences
(Institute of National Importance), Bangalore,
India
Dr. Sutapa Agrawal
South Asia Network for Chronic Disease,
Public Health Foundation of India, Gurgaon
(Haryana),
India.
Dr. Sukhpal kaur
　　　National Institute of Nursing Education,
PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
Dr. Gowrishankar Potturi
Department of Allied Health Sciences, Allianze
College of Medical Sciences, Malaysia
Dr. Bimla Rani
Bharat College of Nursing, Punjab,
India
Dr. Kedar G Mehta
Department of Community Medicine,
GMERS Medical College, Gotri, Vadodara,
India
Dr. S. Vijayalakshmi
Vignesh Nursing College, Tiruvannamalai,
India
Dr Anuja Chauhan
Arni University, Kathgarh, Kangra,
(Himachal Pradesh), India
Dr. Arnel Banaga Salgado
Psychiatric Nursing and Psychology RAK
Medical and Health Sciences University,
United Arab Emirates
Dr. E. Sinu
Department of Psychiatry, Kasturba Medical
College, Manipal University, Manipal,
India
Dr. Jigar Mukesh Dhuvad
Government Dental College and Hospital,
Ahmadabad, India
Mr. Nitin Nayyar
Public Health Services & District Hospitals,
National Health Mission, Delhi State Health
Mission, New Delhi, India
Dr. Ramesh Kumari
Mai Bhago College of Nursing,
Tarn-Taran, India
Dr. Pragya Pathak
College of Nursing, All India Institute of
Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
Dr. Pierson Rathinaraj
Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Auckland
University of Technology (AUT)
Auckland- New Zealand
Dr. Pratibha Swamy
College of Nursing, NIMHANS,
Bangalore,
India
Dr. Smriti Arora
Rufaida College of Nursing, Jamia Hamdard,
New Delhi, India
Dr. Sushma Kumari Saini
National Institute of Nursing Education,
PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
Dr. Asha P. Shetty
Yenepoya Nursing College, Yenepoya
University, Deralakatte
Mangalore, India
Dr. Aman Moda
Goenka Research Institute of Dental Science,
Gandhinagar,
India

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS
Dr. Kawaljit Kaur
　　　　Department of Medical surgical Nursing,
Mai Bhago College of Nursing, Tarn Taran
(Punjab), India
Dr. Regina D Satvekar
Bharati Vidyapeeth, Deemed University,
College of Nursing, Sangli (Maharashtra),
India
Dr. Mala Thayumanavan
BGS Global Hospitals,
Bangalore, India
Dr. Christos F. Kleisiaris
Community Nursing, Technological
Educational Institute of Crete, Greece
Dr. Ioanna V. Papathanasiou
Nursing Department, Technological Educational
Institute of Thessaly, Greece
Dr. Vahitha.S.
College of Nursing, Jawaharlal Institute of Post
Graduate Medical Education & Research,
Puducherry, India
Prof. AArvin Babu
Mental health Nursing, Sree Abirami Hospital
and College of Nursing, Coimbatore, India
Achla Dagdu Gaikwad
Department of Nursing, NIMHANS,
Bangalore, India
Stella Sagaya Mary
Matha College of Nursing,
Nadu, India
Urmila D Bhardwaj
Faculty of Nursing, Hamdard University,
India
Naveen Herold Simon
Shri Venketeshwara University,
Gajrola, India
Sibin Joy Vayalil
Community Health Nursing Department,
Lourdes College of Nursing, kerala, India
Siva Jeya Anand T
Chitra College of Nursing, Kerala,
India
Prof. Dhanpal H.N.
Department of Psychiatric Nursing,
Smt. Nagarathnamma College of Nursing,
India

From the Editor's Desk
DearReaders,
We would like to present, with great pleasure, the Second Volume of a new scholarly
Journal, International Journal of Orthopedic Nursing. This Journal is part of the Applied
Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Nursing issues, from theoretical aspects to
application-dependentstudiesandthevalidationofemergingtechnologies.
This new Journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Nursing as an emerging
and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical
investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Nursing Science community, addressing researchers
and practitionersinthisarea.
The core vision of International Journal of Orthopedic Nursing in Journals Pub is to propagate novel
awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research
societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Nursing in general. Journals Pub acts as a
pathfinderfor thescientificcommunitytopublishedtheirpapers atexcellently,well-time&successfully.
International Journal of Orthopedic Nursing focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of
Orthopedic surgery, Musculoskeletal system, Sports injuries and musculoskeletal trauma, Degenerative
diseases, Children orthopedics, Orthopedic nursing, Orthopedic trauma, Arthroscopy, Orthopedic
implants, Fracture and physiotherapy. The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers
tosharethetechniquesofNursing and solutionsinthearea.
Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Nursing community.
We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative
platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the
fieldofNursing.
This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we
would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the
editorialstaffofJournalsPub,who supported us ateverystageoftheproject.
It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Nursing readers and will
stimulatefurtherresearchintothevibrantareaofNursing.
PuneetMehrotra
ManagingDirector

1. Techniques of Foot Reflexology
Cinu Abdeesso 1
2. Hip Dysplasia: Short Review Article
Sushant Kakkar 7
3. Rheumatoid Arthritis: Short Article
Guninder Kaur 9
4. Osteoporosis
Asha Nagpal 12
5. Pain Level Perception Among Orthopedic Surgery Patients
Mehak Arora 15
Contents

IJOrN (2016) 1–6 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
International Journal of Orthopedic Nursing
Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Techniques of Foot Reflexology
Cinu Abdeesso*
M.G.M.M.M.C. College of Nursing, Ring Road, Pathanamthitta, Kerala, India
Abstract
The restricted and complicated usage of pharmacological methods leads to the overwhelming
use of alternative or complementary therapy like foot reflexology. Reflexology is a natural
simple and painless treatment which helps harmonize the body functions and stimulate
organs and in turn provides relaxation to the body, improve circulation and promote a
general feeling of wellness. It works on the principle that there are reflexes on the soles of the
feet which correspond to every organ of the body. Application of gentle pressure on specific
reflex points of feet, hands or ear provides relaxation and overall wellbeing of the body.
Reflexologists say these reflex points are the gateways to the vital energy centers within the
body. Everyday life stresses of human body can block these energy centers. The application
of pressure to these pressure points clears the energy centers and restores the balance of the
body.
Keywords: longitudinal and transverse zones, reflexology, reflex points, zone therapy
INTRODUCTION
Foot Reflexology
Reflexology is the application of pressure
to specific areas on the feet, hands and
ears. The peripheral nerves which are
connected to these areas are connected to
the central nervous system and by
massaging these areas we are tapping into
the central nervous system which helps to
relieve pain and reduce stress. The nerves
in the feet, hands and ears each correspond
with other parts of the body. Applying
pressure to specific reflex points can
reduce symptoms in other parts of the
body.[1]
For example, by massaging big toe could
reduce tension in the head and relieve a
headache. By applying pressure to heel –
improve digestion. According to the
reflexology concept the body can be
divided into 10 longitudinal and transverse
zones, 5 zones on each side of the body,
beginning at the tip of each toe, and
running up the length of the body to top of
the head. The transverse zones divide the
areas of the feet into zones that correspond
to the head and neck, chest, abdomen and
the pelvis area. Application of pressure to
an area on the foot stimulates the body's
healing power for that entire zone. It is
also known as zone therapy.
In order to perform foot reflexology one
must know the specific area of reflexes on
the feet that correspond to every limb,
organ and gland of the body. Application
of pressure to these specific points,
stimulate the corresponding limb, organ or
gland.[2]
Before doing reflexology identify which
part of the body need healing and find out
the correct reflex spots on the foot which
is corresponding to that particular body
part or organ. Apply firm and gentle

IJOrN (2016) 7-8 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 7
Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Hip Dysplasia: Short Review Article
Sushant Kakkar*
Department of Orthopedic Nursing, College of Nursing, Manipal University, Karnataka, India
INTRODUCTION
Hip dysplasia, also known as,
developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH)
or congenital dysplasia of the hip (CDH) is
acongenital or developmental distortion or
misalignment of the hip joint.[1]
The hip is the biggest "ball-and-socket"
joint in the body. It is held together by
ligaments, tendons, and a joint case. The
ball is known as the "femoral [fem-er-uhl]
head," which is the highest point of the
femur or thigh bone. The socket is known
as the acetabulum (figure 1). The hip joint
is created where the femoral head meets
the acetabulum. Due to this fit, the hip
joint can move freely.[2]
Fig. 1. Hip Joint.
Hip dysplasia is a condition that develops
when the areas associated with the hip
joint do not develop properly (figure 2).
This is associated with hip pain. This
condition occurs in infants, it can also be
detected in young children and teenagers.
The pain in the hip joint is experienced
during normal activities, like walking,
running, etc.[3]
Fig. 2. Difference Between a Normal Hip
and a Deformed Hip.
This condition can either affect both the
hip joints, also known as bilateral
condition, or can affect a single joint,
known as a unilateral condition.
No precise or exact cause of hip dysplasia
has been recognized. However, several
factors are said to be associated to it, such
as, a large fetus, or a fetus in a breech
position, first- born child, female child.[2,4]
Hip dysplasia can either be congenital or
acquired.
Fig. 3. A Deformed Femur Head.

IJOrN (2016) 9-11© JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 9
Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Rheumatoid Arthritis: Short Article
Guninder Kaur*
Mai Bhago College of Nursing, Punjab, India
INTRODUCTION
Rheumatoid joint pain (RA) is an auto
immune system disorder that basically
affects joints. It ordinarily produces warm,
swollen, and excruciating pain in joints.
Pain and stiffness regularly deteriorates
after a while. Mostly, the wrist and hands
are included, with the same joints
ordinarily included on both sides of the
body. It influences different parts of the
body. This may bring about a low red
platelet count, irritation around the lungs,
and aggravation around the heart. Fever
and low vitality may be present. Often,
side effects aggravate slowly over weeks
to months.[1,2]
While the reason for rheumatoid joint pain
is not clear, it is accepted to include a mix
of hereditary and environmental
components. These factors basically cause
the body’s immune system to attack the
joints. This causes irritation and thickening
of the joint socket. It likewise influences
the underlying bone and cartilage. The
diagnosis is made on the basis of the
individual's signs and symptoms. X-rays
and research facility testing may support
thediagnosis of the disease or rule
outotherdiseases. Other illnesses that may
display similar symptoms include systemic
lupus erythematosus, psoriatic joint
inflammation, and fibromyalgia among
others (Figure 1).[3–5]
Fig. 1. Normal and Arthritic Joints.
The objective of treatment for this disease
is to lessen pain, diminish inflammation,
and enhance an individual’s general
working. This might be aided by balancing
rest and excercise, the utilization of splints
and supports, or the utilization of assistive
devices. Pain killers, steroids, and NSAIDs
are every now and again used to help with
side effects. Other medication, called
disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs
(DMARDs) might be utilized to reduce the
progress of the disease. They incorporate

Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Osteoporosis
Asha Nagpal*
Department of Orthopedic Nursing, College of Nursing, Manipal University, Karnataka, India
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a state of weak and frail bones with an increased vulnerability to fractures.
Osteoporosis deteriorates the bone and increasesits risk to breaking. Bone density diminishes
after 35 years of age, and bone loss happens more quickly in females after menopause. Key
risk elements for osteoporosis incorporatesgenetic factors, absence of activity, absence of
calcium and vitamin D, previous history of bone breaking, cigarette smoking, alcohol intake,
history of rheumatoid arthritis, low body weight, and family history of osteoporosis. Patients
with osteoporosis have no indications until bone fractures happen. The analysis of
osteoporosis can be recommended by X-rays and affirmed by tests to quantify bone density.
Treatments for osteoporosis, apart from prescribing osteoporosis drugs, includesquitting of
alcohol and cigarettes, and proper physical therapy, calcium, and vitamin D.
Keywords:bone density, diagnosis, osteoporosis, treatment
INTRODUCTION
Osteoporosis is a condition where
diminished bone density increases the risk
of a bone fracture. It is the most common
cause ofbroken bone among the elderly.[1]
Bones that generally breakare the back
bones, the bones of the lower arm, and the
hip.[2]
Until a fracture in a bone occurs,
there are generally no indications of this
condition. Bones may deteriorate to such
an extent and lead to the point where a
break may happen with minor stress or
unexpectedly. Endless pain and a
diminished capacity to do typical everyday
tasks may happen after a broken bone.[3]
Osteoporosis might be because of lower
than normal range of bone mass/ density
and more increased than bone loss. An
increase in bone loss occurs after
menopause because of lower levels of
estrogen. Osteoporosis may likewise
happen because of various sicknesses or
medications including alcohol addiction,
anorexia, hyperthyroidism, surgical
removal of the ovaries, and kidney disease.
Certain drugs build the rate of bone loss
including some antiseizure meds,
chemotherapy, proton pump inhibitors,
particular serotonin reuptake inhibitors and
steroids. Less amount of excercise and
smoking are also the risk factors.[3]
Osteoporosis is characterized as a bone
thickness of 2.5 standard deviations below
that of a young adult.[4]
This is normally
measured by dual-energy X-ray
absorptiometry at the hip (figure 1).[5]
Fig. 1. A Healthy Bone and Osteoporosis
Bone.
Prevention of osteoporosis involvesproper
diet intake during childhood and trying to

Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Pain Level Perception Among Orthopedic Surgery Patients
Mehak Arora*
College of Nursing, SRIPMS, Coimbatore, India
Abstract
Many surgeries are conducted each year worldwide requiring continuous utilization of
intense postoperative pain management methodologies. While mostly all the surgical
procedures are connected with some level of pain, orthopedic surgeries are also one of the
many painful surgeries. For patients undergoing surgery, the trepidation of uncontrolled
pain is an essential concern. Despite the fact that the impression of postoperative pain is
normal, it is usually combined with nervousness and anxiety.Almost, 75% of patients think
they would feel pain after surgery, and 59% of patients refer to pain as their most regular
concern while thinking about surgery. Eight percent of those patients wind up deferring their
surgery because of their anxiety. Also, 86% of patients who report encountering pain after
surgery report moderate to higher levels of pain.
Keywords: anxiety, distress, orthopedic surgery, pain perception
INTRODUCTION
Pain is a multidimensional subjective
feeling that many individuals have
attempted to describe for a considerable
length of time.[1–3]
International
Association for the Study of Pain (IASP,
1979) characterizes pain as: " “An
unpleasant sensory and emotional
experience associated with actual or
potential tissue damage ".The general
vision of algologists is that the pain is a
subjective experience that, McCafferyhas
also defined as "whatever the encountering
individual says it is, and exists wherever
he says it does". Therefore, the patient's
verbal report of pain is crucial and ought
to be acknowledged as the single most
solid marker of pain. Medical attendants
are the human services experts who spend
the majority of time with the patientsand
their part in pain administration is vital.
Likewise; to guarantee a powerful pain
administration, there ought to be a
powerful pain assessment.
However; subjectivity of pain influences
its evaluation, and pain mentalities
furthermore, convictions of medicinal
services experts may prompt
underestimation and undertreatment of
pain. Moreover deficient learning about
pain physiology and its evaluation may
prompt inadequate pain management.But
these variables; there is another imperative
element in postoperative pain
administration which is patients'
furthermore medical attendants'
acknowledgment of postoperative pain as
an ordinary after effect of surgery.[4–6]
On the other hand, the pain rating scale
utilized takes an essential part on
underestimation of pain. Use of Verbal
Rating Scales which the patient verbally
depicts the level of his pain is not
sufficiently touchy to uncover the
adjustment in pain level. The absence of
affectability of the pain scale may prompt
underestimation of pain. Be that as it may,

International Journal of Orthopedic Nursing vol 2 issue 1

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International Journal of Orthopedic Nursing vol 2 issue 1