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9. 1. A Study of Death Due to Poisoning in Barpeta, Assam
Arpan Mazumder, Manoj Kumar Singha, P.K. Thakuria 1
2. Cryptosporidium parvum Mediated Diarrhea in Immunocompromised Patients
Durgadas Govind Naik 5
3. A Study on Demographic Patterns of Drowning Cases in the Medicolegal Autopsies
Pradip Kumar Thakuria, Manoj Kumar Singha, Arpan Mazumder 10
4. A Study of Hanging Cases in Barpeta Distrtict
Manoj Kumar Singha, Parthapratim Das, Arpan Mazumder 13
5. Progress from the Traditional Vaccines to Novel Rational Vaccine Designs
Ajit Singh 17
ContentsResearch & Reviews: A Journal of Immunology

10. RRJoI (2016) 1-4 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
Research & Reviews: A Journal of Immunology
ISSN: 2277-6206(online), ISSN: 2349-1280(print)
Volume 6, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
A Study of Death Due to Poisoning in Barpeta, Assam
Arpan Mazumder1,
*, Manoj Kumar Singha2
, P.K. Thakuria1
1
Department of Forensic Medicine, Gauhati Medical College and Hospital, Guwahati, Assam, India
2
Department of Forensic Medicine, Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed Medical College, Barpeta, Assam, India
Abstract
Suicide is a complex phenomenon. Depression, psychological stress and schizophrenic
depression were the factors that influence suicide. Suicide is one of the major burdens
nowadays. Fifteen suicides took place every one hour during the year 2014. Poisoning is the
second most common method of suicide adopted for suicide after hanging. In this study, all the
cases of suspected poisoning brought for autopsy in the department of forensic medicine,
Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed Medical College, Barpeta district, Assam, during the year 2014 were
included. A total of 46 cases of suspected poisoning death were analyzed. In the study, male
fatalities were more and maximum poisoning victims occurred in young age group (21–
30 years). In this study, the aim is to evaluate incidence and pattern of poisoning in the
district of Barpeta.
Keywords: Suicide, poisoning, hanging
INTRODUCTION
“All substances are poison; there is none
which is not a poison; the right dose
differentiates a poison from a useful
medicine”, Paracelsus (1493–1541). Poison is
a substance, which produces toxicity. In fact,
every substance is theoretically capable of
producing toxicity [1]. Poison is a substance
(solid or liquid or gaseous) which if introduced
to the living body or brought in to contact with
any part thereof, will produce ill health or
death, by its constitutional or local affect or
both. Rapid development in science and
technology and fast growth in agriculture and
industrial sector have led to increasing trend in
the incidence of poisoning, hampering human
resource development of the country.
According to WHO, 3 million acute poisoning
cases with 220000 deaths occur annually. Of
this, 90% of poisoning occurs in developing
countries. According to NCRB, total poisoning
cases recorded in the year 2014 were 34254
(26%). 429 numbers of poisoning cases were
recorded in Assam in the year 2014 [2].
OBJECTIVES
1. To estimate the magnitude of suspected
poisoning.
2. To find out the socio demographics of the
victims.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
In this retrospective study all the victims of
suspected poisoning cases brought for medico
legal autopsy to FAAMCH, Barpeta were
included during the period of January 2014 to
December 2014. Details of suspected
poisoning cases were collected from police,
inquest report, history from relatives, hospital
records, post-mortem findings and chemical
analysis reports. During the study period, 46
numbers of victims were studied. Decomposed
bodies were excluded from the study.
OBSERVATION
A total 514 cases’ autopsy was done during
the study period, of which 46 cases were death
due to suspected poisoning. Male victims
outnumbered the females, the number being 30
(65.2) in males and 16 (34.8) in females. The
male-female ratio is being 1.9:1 (Table 1).
Most of the victims were married, 29 (63%)
cases (Table 2).
Table 1: Sex Distribution.
Sex Total %
Male 30 65.2
Female 16 34.8

11. RRJoI (2016) 5-9 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 5
Research & Reviews: A Journal of Immunology
ISSN: 2277-6206(online), ISSN: 2349-1280(print)
Volume 6, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Cryptosporidium parvum Mediated Diarrhea in
Immunocompromised Patients
Durgadas Govind Naik*
Department of Microbiology, International Medical School, Management and Science University,
Malaysia
Abstract
Cryptosporidium parvum is one of the important diarrheal agents, especially in malnourished
children and immunocompromised patients. Of the many species, Cryptosporidium parvum
and Cryptosporidium hominis are the two major species that cause water borne outbreaks.
The geographic difference in the distribution of parasite has been attributed to sources and its
mode of transmission. The parasite is able to survive in the environment for long time and is
resistant to many disinfectants. There is correlation between CD4 count of less than 200 cells
per cubic mm and symptomatic cryptosporidiosis. In immunocompromised individuals like
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients, the disease takes severe form. The diarrhoea
is prolonged with dehydration and possible involvement of respiratory tract. Both innate and
acquired immunity provide antiparasitic defence. Mucosal antibody response may be
involved. Cell-mediated response and IFN-γ play a dominant role. Antimicrobial killing
mechanisms include nitric oxide production and antimicrobial peptides. Acid fast staining is
most commonly used method for diagnosis. Antigen detection kits are available with
specificity of 93 to 100%. Nitazoxanide has been approved for treatment of diarrhea caused
by Cryptosporidium in immunocompetent people. Preventive measures include protective
personal and public hygienic measures. It is essential to screen potable water sources for the
presence of parasite to prevent water borne outbreaks.
Keywords: Cryptosporidium parvum, diarrhea, immunocompromised, immune response,
laboratory diagnosis, out breaks
INTRODUCTION
Background
Cryptosporidium parvum is a protozoan
parasite that causes watery diarrhea. It is
ubiquitous in nature. Recent days, it has
emerged as one of the most common causes of
waterborne disease. The parasite also causes
periodic outbreaks [1]. Cryptosporidium
parvum is one of the important diarrheal
agents, especially in malnourished children
and immunocompromised patients. In many
countries of the globe, it has been difficult
task to measure disease burden due to
ineffective surveillance system. The periodic
water and food borne outbreaks, and the
presence in animals indicate widespread of
parasite [2].
Cryptosporidium parvum, Isospora belli,
Cyclospora cayetanensis, Entamoeba
histolytica and Giardia intestinalis are the
common protozoan parasites that cause
diarrhea in immunocompromised individuals.
Cryptosporidium parvum, is an important
cause of diarrhea in Arab world, particularly
in children [3]. Among the parasites,
Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia and
Cryptosporidium parvum are the major causes
of diarrhea. 1.5–3% of Russia's population is
carrier of Cryptosporidium oocysts.
Ubiquitous prevalence of the causative agent
in nature is well known.
These worldwide parasites had been detected
in various water sources as recreational,
surface, drinking, river, and seawater. Six
Cryptosporidium species (C. hominis, C.
parvum, C. meleagridis, C. fayeri, C.
andersoni and C. bovis) have been identified
in humans in Australia. Cryptosporidium
parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis are the
two major species that cause human
cryptosporidiosis. The geographic differences
in the distribution of Cryptosporidium parvum

12. RRJoI (2016) 10-12 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 10
Research & Reviews: A Journal of Immunology
ISSN: 2277-6206(online), ISSN: 2349-1280(print)
Volume 6, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
A Study on Demographic Patterns of Drowning Cases in
the Medicolegal Autopsies
Pradip Kumar Thakuria1,
*, Manoj Kumar Singha2
, Arpan Mazumder1
1
Department of Forensic Medicine, Gauhati Medical College and Hospital, Guwahati, Assam, India
2
Department of Forensic Medicine, Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed Medical College, Barpeta, Assam, India
Abstract
Drowning is a leading global killer. It is a serious and neglected public health threat claiming
the lives of 372000 people a year worldwide. In Barpeta district of Assam, drowning cases
were relatively more because water resources are in abundance. The objective of study is to
find out the demographic pattern and to identify the causative factors. In the study, drowning
cases brought for autopsy in the FAAMCH, Barpeta, during a period of one year from Jan 1st
2014 to Dec 31st 2014 were considered. Out of total 514 cases post mortem done during the
study period, 54 (10.5%) were drowning cases. Majority of cases 40 (74.1%) were males.
Most of the victims were in the age group 21–30 years.
Keywords: Drowning, suicide, autopsy
INTRODUCTION
Drowning literary means, “suffer death by
submersion in water or any other liquid
because of being unable to breathe”. The
definition of drowning adopted at the first
World Congress on drowning (2002): “The
process of experiencing respiratory
impairment from submersion/immersion in
liquid”. In 2012, an estimated 372000 people
died from drowning, making it the world’s
third leading unintentional death (WHO) [1].
There are approximately 42 drowning deaths
every hour in a single day. Incidence of
drowning in males is twice than that of
females. Drowning is one of the 10 leading
causes of death from people aged 1–24 years
in every region of the world. Total 7426
(5.6%) suicidal drowning cases were recorded
in the year 2014 in India, out of this, males
were 4765 and females were 2661. In Assam,
total suicidal drowning cases recorded were
433, out of this, 327 were males and 106 were
females (NCRB) [2].
MATERIAL AND METHOD
In the current study, drowning cases brought
for medico legal autopsy in the department of
forensic medicine, FAAMCH, Borpeta,
Assam, in the year 2014, were considered. Out
of total 514 autopsies conducted in the study
period, 52 drowning cases were selected for
the study. The demographic data such as age,
sex etc. were noted at the time of autopsy
examination with relevant history from the
accompanying persons. Decomposed bodies
cases were excluded from the study.
Observations
A total of 514 cases being autopsied, out of
which 52 (10.1%) cases were drowning. Male
drowning victims were 40 (76.9%) and female
victims were 12 (23.1%). THE male and
female ratio is 3.3:1 (Table 1).
In this study found that 21–30 years age group
involved maximum numbers of fatalities that
is 18 (34.6%) followed by 11–20 age group
with 15 (Table 2).
Out of total deaths due to drowning, 32% were
Hindu and 20% were Muslim. Most of the
victims were married with 35 cases (67.3%).
Incidence wise, maximum cases were recorded
in summer season with 21 cases (40.4%) and
least in winter that is 13.5%. The common
manners of deaths due to drowning were
suicidal in nature (from history) with 48 cases
and only four were accidental in nature. Most
of the victims were from lower socio
economic group numbering 36 (69.2%).
Maximum fatalities observed in the study were
from rural area 80.8%.

13. RRJoI (2016) 13-16 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 13
Research & Reviews: A Journal of Immunology
ISSN: 2277-6206(online), ISSN: 2349-1280(print)
Volume 6, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
A Study of Hanging Cases in Barpeta District
Manoj Kumar Singha1,
*, Parthapratim Das1
, Arpan Mazumder2
1
Department of Forensic Medicine, Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed Medical College, Barpeta, Assam, India
2
Department of Forensic Medicine, Gauhati Medical College and Hospital, Guwahati, Assam, India
Abstract
Hanging is a violent form of asphyxial death. It is widely accepted as a method of suicide due
to its relative painless and rapid death. The rate of suicidal hanging cases is increasing day
by day. The objective of study is to find out its demographic pattern, ligature material
commonly used by the victims, post-mortem findings and to identify the causative factors. In
this study of hanging cases brought for autopsy of Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed Medical College
and Hospital, Barpeta, Assam, during a period of one year from 1st January 2014 to31st
December 2014, were included. Out of total 514 cases of post mortem done during one year,
124 (24.1) were hanging cases. Maximum cases 41 (33.1%) of death due to hanging were seen
in age group 21–30 years. Majority of cases 82 (66.13) were males. Majority of victims have
used rope (58 cases) as a ligature material. Cyanosis, salivary stain and petechial
hemorrhage in brain were observed in variable number of cases.
Keywords: Asphyxia, hanging, suicide
INTRODUCTION
Hanging is due to constriction of the neck as a
result of suspension in such a manner that the
weight of the body or a part of the body of a
victim pulls upon the ligature [1]. Sometimes
the body completely suspends from above and
is called complete hanging. When some part of
body touches the ground, the procedure is
called incomplete or partial hanging. A good
number of people die each year by suicide,
making it one of the 10 leading causes of death
in the world. More than one lakh persons
committed suicide in the country during the
decadal period from 2004 to 2014. 15 suicides
took place every one hour during the year
2014 (NCRB). 131666 number of suicide
cases were reported in the year 2014 in India.
Among them, maximum cases were from
hanging 39410 (41.8%) (National Crime
Records Bureau).
Hanging produces painless death for the
victims. A thin rope around the neck will
cause unconsciousness in 15 sec. So, the
people prefer it as a common method of
suicide. Maximum hanging (41.8%) then
consuming poison (26%), self-immolation
(6.9%) and drowning (5.6%) were the
prominent means of committing suicide during
2014 (NCRB).
MATERIAL AND METHOD
A study of hanging cases brought for
medicolegal autopsy in the department of
forensic medicine, FAAMC, Barpeta, Assam,
during a period of 1 year, from January 2014
to December 2014. 124 numbers of hanging
cases were selected for the study. Total post
mortems were 514 in the study period.
Decomposed bodies were excluded from the
study.
OBSERVATIONS
A total of 514 medicolegal autopsies were
conducted during the period of January 2014
to December 2014, out of which, 124 (24.1)
were deaths due to hanging (Table 1).
Gender
It was observed that the males outnumbered
the female victims. Male suicidal rate was 82
(66.1%) and female was 42 (33.1%). Male and
female ratio being 1.9:1 is given in (Table 2).
Sex and Age Wise Distribution
The numbers of hanging victim were
maximum 41 (33.1%) among the age group
21–30 years and 31–40 years age group was
second (Table 3). Both the male and female
cases were more in the age group 21–30 years,

14. RRJoI (2016) 17-31 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 17
Research & Reviews: A Journal of Immunology
ISSN: 2277-6206(online), ISSN: 2349-1280(print)
Volume 6, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Progress from the Traditional Vaccines to Novel Rational
Vaccine Designs
Ajit Singh*
Department of Veterinary Microbiology,
Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, India
Abstract
Vaccines are among the most valuable assets for saving human and animal lives. The vaccines
discovered and designed on the Pasteurian principles laid the foundations of the traditional
vaccine regime during the late-19th
century. Some traditional vaccine designs proved
remarkably successful, while others had safety or efficacy problems, and still others failed-
particularly those against diseases caused by non-cultivable, hyper-variable or opportunist
pathogens, or those requiring cellular immunity. The problems of the traditional vaccines are
mainly attributed to empiricism in their design and evaluation. Rationalization is a
knowledge-based solution to problems of the traditionally designed vaccines. In the 20th
century, the rationalization of the traditional vaccines progressed along two main paths,
firstly the ‘reductionist’ path from the whole organisms to the isolated antigens/subunits to the
peptide vaccines, and secondly the ‘attenuation-refining’ path from the serial-passage
attenuated to the defined and conditional mutants to the live expression vectored and chimeric
vaccines. Innovative rDNA-based and other technologies, in synergy with novel insights into
key concepts in immunology of antigens and epitopes, mechanistic determinants of immune
responses, and markers of protection have impacted progressive rationalization of the
traditional vaccine designs. A completely rational vaccine is designed with all the features to
assure maximal efficacy and predictability of the immune markers-informed outcome in
responders and non-responders. In the 21st
century, two new approaches viz., the ‘reverse
vaccinology’ and the ‘systems vaccinology’ are leading to the emerging regime of completely
rational vaccines, including individualized ‘designer’ vaccines for infectious and non-
infectious diseases of humans and animals.
Keywords: Traditional vaccine design, reverse vaccinology, systems vaccinology, rational
vaccine design
INTRODUCTION
Historically, the concept of infection-induced
immunity arose from observations on
survivors of the plague epidemics in Greece
during 5th
century BC, whereas the vaccine-
induced immunity to prevent smallpox disease
in humans was systematically studied first
time by Edward Jenner in 1796 AD. History of
vaccination to prevent disease predates the
wide acceptance of the germ theory of disease
(Pasteur, Koch and others, 1850–1880s AD).
Nevertheless, it was the knowledge of the
microbial agents of diseases and the methods
to isolate and attenuate them that sowed the
seeds of vaccinology as a discipline (Fowl
cholera, anthrax and rabies vaccines: Pasteur,
1880s AD). Interestingly again, founding of
vaccinology predates that of immunology as a
discipline to explain how the host gets
protected against the disease after vaccination
[phagocytosis and antibody (Ab) discovery:
Metchnikoff, von Behring, Kitasato and
others, mid-1880s AD]. The dominant concept
of that era was: ‘The pathogenic microbe can
be changed into a vaccine, when grown in
conditions to lose its disease-causing ability
(attenuation) without losing its ability to
induce protection (immunity) in the inoculated
host’.
The vaccine development activities during that
era were mainly focused on learning and
mastering the skills of making the pathogenic
microorganisms lose their harmfulness by
attenuation or inactivation/killing. The
designing of vaccines was guided by the

15. conducted
Ch Instrumentation/ /
/
Energy Science/ /
22
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ISSN 2277-6206 (Online)
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Research & Reviews:
A Journal of
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September–December 2016
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