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International Journal of
Energetic Materials
Jul–Dec 2016
eISSN: 2456-3978
IJEM
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Energetic Materials
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 Explosives
 Pyrotechniccompositions
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 Thermaldecompositionandhazardstesting
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Arts, Commerce & Science College, Bodwad,
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Film Photovoltaic Lab, School of Electronics
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(Odisha), India
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Ningbo Institute of Material Technololgy and
Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences
Dr. Saad A. El-Sayed
Mechanical Power Engineering Department,
Zagazig University, El-Sharkia, Egypt
Dr. Himadri Shekhar
Department of Applied Sciences, Haldia Institute
of Technology, Haldia, (West Bengal) India
Dr. G. K. Paul
Department of Physics, Hooghly Mohsin
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Department of Applied Sciences, Haldia
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Dr. Atanu Jana
Department of Physics, Vivekananda Mission
Mahavidyalaya, Haldia (West Bengal) India
Dr. Nikhil Dev
YMCA University of Science and Technology,
Delhi
Dr. Shyam Khambholja
LecturerB & B Institute of Technology
India
Dr. Saad A. El-Sayed
Assistant Professor Zagazig University
Egypt
Dr. suhas
Assistant Professor Gurukula Kangri
Vishwavidyalaya, Haridwar India

From the Editor's Desk
Dear Readers,
We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly
journal, International Journal of Energetic Materials. This journal is part of the Applied
Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Energetic Materials issues, from
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technologies.
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societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Energetic Materials in general. JournalsPub acts as
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International Journal of Energetic Materials focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of
Explosives, Pyrotechnic compositions, Rocket and missile propellants, Synthesis and sensitivity of energetic
materials, Molecular orbital calculations, Thermal decomposition and hazards testing, Detonation and/or
deflagration processes, Rocket thermal protection materials, Combustion of energetic materials, Munitions
use and demilitarization. The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the
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Science community. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of
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newdevelopmentsinthefieldofEnergeticMaterials.
This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we
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editorialstaffofJournalsPub,who supported us ateverystageoftheproject.
It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Energetic Materials readers
and willstimulatefurtherresearchintothevibrantareaofEnergeticMaterials.
PuneetMehrotra
ManagingEditor

1. Development and Design of Fuel Cell System Structure – A Review
Nikhil Dev 1
2. Noncrystalline Composite and Its Propellant
Aditya Singh 6
3. Thermodynamic, Kinetic and Mechanistic Investigations of Ruthenium
Shruti U. Mishra 9
4. Mechanistic and Catalytic Behavior of Os for the Chlorpheniramine Maleate and
Bromamine-B Redox System
Sonal Singh 14
5. Catalysis Materials: Connecting the Academia to the Industry
Saptrishi Roy 30
Contents

IJEM (2016) 1–5 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
International Journal of Energetic Materials
eISSN: 2456-3978
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Development and Design of Fuel Cell System Structure – A
Review
Nikhil Dev*
Mechanical Engineering Department, YMCA University of Science and Technology, Faridabad, Haryana, India
ABSTRACT
Hydrogen, a fuel for future, like other fuels require an energy conversion system to generate
energy either in the form of electricity or power. In the present work different types of fuel
cells are studied for their performance. Some of the factors responsible for fuel cell
performance are also identified or categorized. These factors will be responsible for their
performance in real life situation. Any system is a combination of sub-systems and
components. In case of fuel cell manufactures are many and different types of cell are
available. A lot of new fuel cells are under development. These new developments are also
discussed.
Keywords: AFC, fuel cell, PEFC, parameters, performance
INTRODUCTION
Alternative fuels such as hydrogen,
alcohols, formic acid, etc. are utilized by
fuel cells as their fuels to generate
electricity. Fuel cells require a continuous
source of fuel and oxygen or air to sustain
the chemical reaction.[1]
In a fuel cell
system at the anode, fuel (usually
hydrogen) is oxidized into electrons and
protons, and at the cathode, oxygen is
reduced to oxide species. Depending on
the electrolyte, which is further dependent
upon design criteria, either protons or
oxide ions are transported through the ion-
conducting electrolyte membrane.[2]
Second membrane is electronically
insulating electrolyte membrane. This
electronically insulating electrolyte
membrane helps to combine with oxide or
protons to generate water and electric
power.
Line diagram for a typical fuel cell is
shown in Figure 1. In a fuel cell fuel enters
on one side and air enters from the other.
Pure oxygen may also be supplied to fuel
cell. But it is costly.[3]
Therefore,
atmospheric oxygen is supplied. In a fuel
cell anode and cathode membranes are
present. Anode electrolyte membrane does
not allow electrons to pass from it. Only
proton or H+
ions are allowed to pass
through membrane. The electron passed
through anode membrane travels to
cathode and combines with other parts
present at cathode.[4]
By combination
water is generated. Fuel cells may be
either low temperature or temperature.
Two high-temperature fuel cells, solid
oxide fuel cells and molten carbonate fuel
cells (SOFC and MCFC), are used for
large-scale (MW) stationary power
generation.
The proton exchange membrane fuel cell
(PEMFC) is named from the special
plastic membrane used as the electrolyte
which conducts only proton not electron.
The performance of proton exchange
membrane relies on the presence of liquid
water to be able to conduct protons
effectively, and this limits the temperature
up to which a PEMFC can be operated.[5]

IJEM (2016) 6–8 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 6
eISSN: 2456-3978
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Noncrystalline Composite and Its Propellant
Aditya Singh*
Department of Material Sciences, Jaypee Institute, Noida, India
ABSTACT
This study writes about forces in light of cross-connected HTPE folio plasticized with
nitroxyethylnitramine (BuNENA) as vigorous material and HP 4000D as noncrystalline
prepolymer. This fastener was directed with strong stacking in the 85%. The outcomes
demonstrated a change in processability, mechanical properties and smoldering rate. Also,
its charge conveys (around 6 seconds) higher execution (particular drive) than the best
existing composite strong rocket fuel. Warm investigations have performed by (DSC, TGA).
The warm bends have demonstrated a low glass move temperature ( 𝑇𝑔) of force samples, and
there was no indication of fastener polymer crystallization at low temperatures (−50°C).
Because of its high atomic weight and unsymmetrical or irregular atom conveyances, the
polyether (HP 4000D) has been improved the mechanical properties of forces cover polymer
over a vast scope of temperatures [−50, 50°C]. The fuels depicted in this paper have
exhibited high volumetric particular motivation (>500 s⋅gr⋅cc−1
). These elements joined make
BuNENA-based composite fuel a possibly alluring option for various missions requesting
composite strong charges.
Keywords: conduct, noncrystalline, propellant
INTRODUCTION
Much research on composite strong forces
has been performed in the course of recent
decades and much advance has been made,
yet a significant number of the major
procedures are still obscure, and the
improvement of new fuels remains
exceptionally experimental. Approaches to
improve the execution of strong charges
for rocket and different applications keep
on being investigated tentatively, including
the impacts of different added substances
and the effect of fuel and oxidizer
molecule sizes on smoldering conduct.
In perspective of higher vitality (𝐼sp > 264
s), composite fuels have been broadly
utilized for rocket/rocket applications and
space missions. A higher particular drive
(𝐼sp) of composite forces is gotten by
consolidating a most extreme conceivable
measure of solids (oxidizer/metallic fuel)
in the cover grid and substituting the
dormant materials with fiery ones
(vivacious plasticizers). Display day
applications request charges of better
mechanical properties what's more than
higher vitality content. Because of these
conflicting prerequisites hydroxy-ended
polyether (HTPE) based forces are
plasticized with lively plasticizers, for
example, BuNENA, reinforce execution
and mechanical properties.[1,2]
HTPE with HP 4000D as prepolymer is
capable of taking up solids up to 85% and
impart superior mechanical properties
without compromising on high storage
life, due to its random molecule
distributions that prevent crystallization at

IJEM (2016) 9-13 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 9
eISSN: 2456-3978
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Thermodynamic, Kinetic and Mechanistic Investigations of
Ruthenium
Shruti U. Mishra*
Department of Studies in Chemistry, Karnatak University, Karnataka, India
ABSTRACT
The kinetics of ruthenium(III) catalyzed degradative oxidation of methylparaben by the
copper complex, diperiodatocuprate(III) in alkaline medium is studied at 25ºC and at a ionic
strength of 8.0 × 10−2
mol dm−3
. In the presence of catalyst rutheniumIII), the reaction
between methylparaben and diperiodatocuprate(III) in aqueous alkaline medium exhibits 1:1
stoichiometry. The oxidation products were identified by UV–visible, GC-MS and IR
spectroscopy. The reaction exhibited unit order in case of diperiodatocuprate(III) and
ruthenium(III) concentrations, while less than unit order with respect to methylparaben and
alkali concentrations. The added periodate retards the rate of reaction. The effect of added
products, ionic strength and dielectric constant on the rate of the reaction were studied. The
active species of diperiodatocuprate(III) and ruthenium(III) in alkaline media are
[Cu(H2IO6)(H3IO6)]2
−
and [Ru(H2O)5(OH)]2+
respectively. The activation parameters with
respect to the rate determining step and the thermodynamic quantities with respect to the
equilibrium steps are evaluated and discussed. The plausible mechanism in consistent with
the experimental results is proposed and discussed in detail.
Keywords: kinetics, oxidation, diperiodatocuprate(III), ruthenium(III), methylparaben
INTRODUCTION
Copper is very significant as a
microelement in biological systems [1].
Copper salts are also fundamental
mechanisms of catalytical mixtures castoff
in industry to mediate the oxidation of
organic compounds by oxygen, e.g., in the
Wacker process [2]. Several number of the
unanalyzed and catalyzed works on the
kinetics of oxidation of different substrates
by using diperiodatocuprate(III) in alkaline
medium have been studied, e.g., oxidation
of L-Tryptophan, L-leucine,
sulfacetamide, acyclovir, etc. The
distinctive oxidative effect of trivalent
copper-periodate complex,
diperiodatocuprate(III) (DPC),
K5[Cu(HIO6)2] on methylparaben at low
concentration is studied in alkaline
medium. The Cu3+/
Cu2+
reduction potential
is −1.18 V in alkaline solution [3]. So
there is much more possibility of oxidation
of substrates by DPC(III) with such a
higher reduction potential compared to that
of other oxidants in either alkaline or
acidic medium. Copper(III) has received
extensive attention recently because of its
apparent involvement in various biological
processes [4]. The use of DPC as an
oxidant in alkaline medium is restricted to
a few cases due to its limited solubility and
stability in aqueous medium. DPC is used
as an oxidant in the establishment of
mechanism of oxidation of various amino
acids [5] by kinetic method.
Hydroxybenzoates (parabens) are esters of
p-hydroxybenzoic acid (PHBA) with

eISSN: 2456-3978
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Mechanistic and Catalytic Behavior of Os for the
Chlorpheniramine Maleate and Bromamine-B Redox System
Sonal Singh*
Department of Chemistry, Jyoti Nivas College, Bangalore, India
ABSTRACT
Chlorpheniramine maleate (CPM) is an important antihistamine agent. To the best of our
knowledge there is no report in the literature about the oxidation of CPM with halogen + 1
oxidant from the stand point of its kinetics and mechanistic chemistry. Hence, a systematic
kinetics and mechanistic study on the oxidation of CPM with bromamine-B (BAB) in the
presence of NaOH and Os(VIII) catalyst has been carried out at 303 K. The reaction exhibits
a first-order dependence of rate on [BAB]o and [Os(VIII)]. The order with respect to
[CPM]o is zero, whereas it is fractional on [NaOH]. Activation parameters were evaluated.
The stoichiometry of the reaction is 1:1 and the oxidation products were identified as (4-
chlorophenyl)(pyridine-2-yl)methanol and 2-(dimethylamino)acetaldehyde from GC-MS
analysis. The Os(VIII) catalyzed reaction is about four-fold faster than the uncatalyzed
reaction. Based on the experimental results, possible reaction mechanism and kinetic model
have been proposed.
Keywords: chlorpheniramine maleate, bromamine-B, oxidation-kinetics, Os(VIII) catalysis,
mechanism
INTRODUCTION
Chlorpheniramine maleate (CPM),
chemically known as (S)-γ-(4-
Chlorophenyl)-N,N-dimethyl-2-pyridine
propanamine maleate salt, is an effective
antihistamine drug. CPM is widely used in
the treatment of allergic and vasomotor
rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, and mild
urticaria [1]. Due to its importance in
pharmaceutics, several analytical
techniques have been reported in literature
for its determination [2–5]. Except for the
work of Savanur [6] and Khudaish [7] so
far no other kinetics and mechanistic data
are available on the oxidation of CPM.
Therefore, it is of much interest and
importance to understand the oxidation
mechanism of CPM drug with halogen +1
oxidant through the study of reaction
kinetics. This research knowledge gives an
impetus as the substrate CPM is a potent
drug since organic N-haloamines is quite
similar to HOCl, which is a biologically
more relevant oxidant, in its oxidative and
mechanistic behavior. It should also be
noted that the role of platinum metal ions
as catalysts for the oxidation of this drug
has not so far been examined.
The diverse nature of the chemistry of
aromatic sulfonyl haloamines (organic N-
haloamines) is due to their ability to act as
sources of halonium cations, hypohalite
species and N-anions which act as both
bases and nucleophiles [8]. As a result,
these reagents react with a wide range of
functional groups affecting an array of
molecular transformations. Sodium-N-
chloro-p-toluenesulfonamide, well known
as chloramine-T (CAT), is a very

eISSN: 2456-3978
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Catalysis Materials: Connecting the Academia to the Industry
Saptrishi Roy*
BITS, Hyderabad, India
ABSTRACT
This article emphasizes the importance of catalysis technology and catalysts particularly in
Indian perspective. The growth of the catalysis technology used in the existing industries in
India is enormous and also the catalysis research in Indian academia is significant.
However, in pedagogical teaching catalysis is always being neglected in the chemistry
syllabus in this country. A conclusion has been drawn addressing the importance of teaching
catalysis to the undergraduates and postgraduates and in demand of more research
contribution in this field.
Keywords: catalysis, industry, technology
INTRODUCTION
Since Berzelius coined the term
“catalysis”, the catalytic science and
technology have come across a long way.
Nearly 95% of the chemical manufacturing
processes including production of fuels
and chemicals, fertilizers, plastics,
pharmaceuticals use catalysts.[1]
Other than
chemical production, there is a colossal
use of catalysts in environmental
protection and energy conversion
processes.[2]
Catalysis is a rapidly growing
multibillion-dollar industry. The total
catalyst market value, which was 7.4
billion dollar in 1997, has now turned into
16.3 billion dollars,[3,4]
among which, 40%
is devoted to automotive sector and
environmental catalysis. In United States
chemical industry alone, the catalysis
accounts for around three billion dollars
per annum and calculation shows that each
US$1 spent on catalysts generated US$155
worth of products.[5,6]
Because of the
implementation of stringent environmental
laws, it is predicted that by 2015,
automotive emission control catalyst itself
will constitute more than $7 billion. The
importance of catalysis will continue to
grow in our century due to ever increasing
energy demand, to sustain the environment
and also due to the developments in
material science like the invention of
meso-porous and nano materials.
Catalytic reactions are carried out using
homogeneous, heterogeneous and enzyme
catalysts but the production of the majority
of the bulk chemicals involves solid
(heterogeneous) catalysts. Though
homogeneous catalysts are intrinsically
more active and selective compared to
most of the heterogeneous catalysts, still
heterogeneous catalysis is the choice in
industry for manifold advantages like:
catalyst recovery is cost effective and easy,
and good thermal stability. The key
success of industrial heterogeneous
catalysis depends on the catalytic
materials. The synthesis and processing of
materials play a pivotal role. Therefore,
the primary emphasis is given on
optimizing the reactor, effective way of
synthesizing bulk catalyst materials and
characterizing the materials. Nowadays,
the ever-increasing research efforts have
now led to a situation where the

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