International Journal of Polymer Science & Engineering is a peer-reviewed journal that covers all aspects of polymer science and engineering. Journal mainly focuses on polymerization techniques and recent advances of plastic engineering. It accepts both original research papers as well as comprehensive review articles.

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International Journal of
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4. International Journal of
Polymer Science & Engineering
The International Journal of Polymer Science & Engineering publishes an original research article that
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editorial reviews covering recent trends in polymer engineering. Both theoretical and experimental papers
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Focus andScopeoftheJournal

Biopolymer
 Conjugated microporous polymer
 Biopolymer
 Conjugated microporous polymer
 Polyanhydrides
 Polymer adsorption
 Polymer separators
 Polymerization
 Polymersome
 Plastics engineering
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Commissioning Editors
Dr. Chhavi Goel
Manisha Dhoble

6. EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS
Alexander Russell
Mechanical Process Engineering,
University of Magdeburg, Germany.
Dr. Animes K Golder
Department of Chemical Engineering,
Indian Institute of Technology, Assam, India.
Dr. Asif Mahmood
Department of Chemical Engineering,
King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Prof. Ateeq Rahman
Department of Chemistry, Bindura University
of Science Education, Bindura, Zimbabwe.
Dr. Bharat Modhera
Department of Chemical Engineering, Maulana
Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal,
India.
Prof. C. M. Narayanan
Department of Chemical Engineering,
National Institute of Technology, Durgapur,
India.
Dr. Chandi Charan Malakar
Department of Chemistry, National Institute of
Technology, Imphal, India.
Prof. Chang-Yu Sun,
China University of Petroleum, Beijing,
China.
Dr. Dharam Pal,
Department of Chemical Engineering,
National Institute of Technology, Raipur,
India.
Dr. Didik Prasetyoko,
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of
Mathematics and Sciences, ITS, Surabaya,
Indonesia.
Dr. M. Jhansi L. Kishore
Department of Chemical Engineering,
Institute of Technology, Nirma University,
Ahmedabad, India.
Dr. Mohamed Abashar,
Department of Chemical Engineering,
College of Engineering, King Saud University,
Saudi Arabia.
Dr. Nagamalleswara Rao Kanidarapu
Bapatla Engineering College (Autonomous),
Bapatla, Andhra Pradesh, India.
Dr. Nanda Gopal Sahoo
Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience and
Nanotechnology Centre D. S. B. Campus,
Kumaun University, Uttarakhand, India.
Dr. P. A. Pawar
Department of Chemical Technology,
Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University,
Amravati, India.
Prof. Radha Das
Department of Chemical Engineering,
West Bengal University of Technology,
India.
Dr. Rajendrasinh Jadeja
Department of Chemistry,
The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara,
India.
Saeed Soltanali
Research Institute of Petroleum Industry
(RIPI),
Iran.
Saeed Soltanali
Research Institute of Petroleum Industry (RIPI),
Iran.
Mr. Sanjay L Bhagat,
Pravara Rural Engineering College,
Maharashtra, India.

7. EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS
Dr. Shi-Peng Sun,
National University of Singapore,
Singapore.
Dr. Shivkumar Ranganathan
R & D (Battery), Su-Kam Power Systems
Limited, Apparel Park Cum Industrial Area,
Himachal Pradesh, India.
Dr. Soumitra Kumar Choudhuri,
Department of In Vitro Carcinogenesis,
Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute,
Calcutta,
India.
Dr. Srinivasan Anandan,
Center for Nano-materials, International
Advanced Research Centre for Powder
Metallurgy & New Materials (ARCI), Bolapur,
Hyderabad, India.
Dr. Stoyan Novakov Nedeltchev
Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf
Institute of Fluid Dynamics, Germany.
Dr. Suryya K Rana
Dungarpur College of Engineering &
Technology, India.
Dr. Suyogkumar V. Taralkar
Chemical Engineering Department,
MIT Academy of Engineering, Pune,
India.
Dr. T. K. Radhakrishnan
Department of Chemical Engineering,
National Institute of Technology,
Tiruchirappalli, India.
Dr. V. Venkata Basava Rao
Faculty of Technology, Principal Investigator for
Centre of Excellence TEQIP Coordinator,
University College of Technology (A),
Osmania University Hyderabad, India.
Dr. Vangalapati Meena,
Department of Chemical Engineering,
A. U. C. E (A), Andhra University, Andhra
Pradesh,
India.
Prof. Velluru Sridevi
Department of Chemical Engineering,
A. U. College of Engineering, Andhra
University, India.
Dr. Vijaya Kumar Bulasara
Department of Chemical Engineering,
Thapar University, Patiala,
India.
Dr. Vipan Kumar Sohpal
Department of Chemical Engineering &
Biotechnology, Beant College of Engineering &
Technology, Punjab, India.
Dr Wenming Yang,
National University of Singapore,
Singapore.
Dr. Zhi Shang
Louisiana State University, United States.

8. From the Editor's Desk
Dear Readers,
We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly
journal, International Journal of Polymer Science & Engineering. This journal is part of
the Applied Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Polymer Engineering issues,
from theoreticalaspectstoapplication-dependentstudiesand thevalidationofemergingtechnologies.
This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Polymer Science &
Engineering as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of
scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Polymer Engineering
community,addressing researchersandpractitionersinthisarea.
The core vision of International Journal of Polymer Science & Engineering in JournalsPub is to propagate
novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional
research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Polymer Science & Engineering in
general. JournalsPub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to publish their papers at excellently,
well-time&successfully.
International Journal of Polymer Science & Engineering focuses on original high-quality research in the
realm of Alternative energy conversion & transport mechanisms, Thermodynamics, Chemical reaction
engineering, Polymer Science and Engineering, Modern instrumental analysis, Colloidal and interfacial
science,Moleculardynamics&Chemicalkinetics,and manymore.
Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Polymer Science &
Engineering. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an
innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new
developmentsinthefieldofPolymerEngineering.
This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we
would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We also like to express our gratitude to the editorial
staffofJournalsPub,who supported us ateverystageoftheproject.
It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Polymer Engineering readers
and willstimulatefurtherresearchintothevibrantareaofPolymerScience&Engineering.
PuneetMehrotra
ManagingDirector

9. 1. Effect of Heat Ageing on Mechanical Properties of Polyamide 6(Nylon 6) and Polyamide 12(Nylon 12)
Hitkam Pandya, Jinkal Mistry, Lokesh Jain, Kathan Patel, Sandeep Rai 1
2. Sal Wood Flour and Its Mechanical Behavior
Mahaveer Jain 13
3. Article on Polyurethanes That Are Based on Tung Oil
Rishabh Singh Kuperkar 18
4. Natural Rubber and the Resin Exuded from Ailan malab Tree
John Jacob 24
5. Plastics Product Design and Analysis
Mujahid A. Ansari, Srushti Wadekar, Priyanka Gaikwad, Sujata Shinde 31
Contents

10. IJPSE (2016) 1-12 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
International Journal of Polymer Science and Engineering
eISSN: 2455-8745
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Effect of Heat Ageing on Mechanical Properties of Polyamide
6(Nylon 6) and Polyamide 12(Nylon 12)
Hitkam Pandya1
, Jinkal Mistry1
, Lokesh Jain2
, Kathan Patel3
, Sandeep Rai1,3*
1
GRP Limited, Panoli Industrial Estate, GIDC, Bharuch, Gujarat, India
2
Narmada Valley Rubber Pvt Ltd, GIDC, Ankleshwar, Bharuch, Gujarat, India
3
Shorff S.R. Rotary Institute of Chemical Technology, Vataria, Ankleshwar, Bharuch, Gujarat, India
ABSTRACT
Polyamide 6 or nylon 6(PA 6) and polyamide 12 or Nylon 12 (PA 12) are well known
engineering semi-crystalline polar polymers characterized by the presence of amide linkage
(-CONH-) in the repeating units of their chains. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of PA
6 and PA 12 is ~50 and ~37°C, respectively. PA 6 is widely used for gears and bearings,
fittings in automobile industry for under hood parts and also as a material for power tools
housings. PA 12 is mainly used for special applications in automobile industry like, to
prepare fuel tank and oil-gasoline resistant pipes/tubes. When any polymer is used for a long
period of time, it becomes aged. Heat aging process affects not only the material property
but also decide the service life of polymer. Therefore study of heat aging properties of
polymers is a fundamental topic both from academic and industrial view-point. In the present
study, Injection molded specimens of PA 6 and PA 12 were heat-aged in an oven at a
temperature ranging from below the glass transition temperature (Tg) of PA and above the Tg
for a specific period ranging. The heat aging effects on PA 6 and PA 12 in terms of
mechanical properties such as tensile modulus (E), tensile yield strength (σy), elongation at
break (εb) and Izod impact strength were investigated under various conditions. Extensive
literature survey revealed that, no such systematic aging studies for Nylon 6 and Nylon 12
are reported so far.
Keywords: polyamide, heat ageing effect, mechanical properties, morphology
INTRODUCTION
Now a day’s polyamides are useful in
different types of applications like
Electric and Electronics applications,
under hood parts of automobiles, to
make safety air bags to make ropes which
are used by rock and ice climbers, brush
filaments, wire coating, coil forms, and
gears, etc.
As Polyamides have tough, possessing
high tensile strength, elasticity, luster and
also have good chemical resistance, so if
we want to apply such applications
according to its properties, then we need
to study how polyamides behave after a
long age in atmosphere. Polyamides have
high heat distortion temperature (HDT)
and good mechanical properties, such as
tensile strength and tensile modulus.
Polyamide can also be used in high
temperature environments. However,
when polyamides is exposed to a high
temperature for a prolonged period, such
as, in case with objects that serve in
automotive under-the-hood applications
and in electric and electronic applications,
the polymer generally starts to show

11. IJPSE (2016) 13-17 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 13
International Journal of Polymer Science and Engineering
eISSN: 2455-8745
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Sal Wood Flour and Its Mechanical Behavior
Mahaveer Jain*
Department of Chemistry, IFTM University, Lodhipur Rajput, Delhi Road, Moradabad, U.P., India
ABSTRACT
In this paper mechanical parameters of polypropylene (PP) to a limit of 15 wt% of copolymer
are investigated. The PP/SEBS blend with 15 wt% of copolymer is then changed to 14, 16, 31
and 55 wt% of sal wood. The tensile properties like modulus, strength, and impact strength
are observed. The effect of salt spray on these properties is also the part of study. The results
were found to be very mesmerizing.
Keywords: polypropylene, sal wood, salt spray, SEBS, wood flour
INTRODUCTION
Due to a growing environmental
awareness throughout the world by the
environmentalists, it has triggered a
paradigm shift towards selecting materials
compatible with the environment. Owing
to their excellent mechanical properties,
composite materials have been widely
used throughout the last four decades. The
use of natural fibers, as reinforcing fibers
in both thermoplastics and thermosets
matrix composites provides positive
environmental benefits with respect to
ultimate disposability and raw material
utilization.[1]
Polypropylene (PP) is a polymer with a
very simple chemical structure which is
probably the most used mineral filled
thermoplastic polymer for injection
molding applications.[2,3]
Fillers into
polymer, find applications in the polymer
industry almost exclusively, e.g. to
improve mechanical, thermal, electrical
properties and dimensional-stability.[4–6]
Over the past two decades, natural fibers
have been replacing synthetic fiber
reinforcement such as glass fiber in
polymer.[7,8]
The advantages of these fibers
are low density, low cost, acceptable
specific strength, good thermal insulation
properties, reduced dermal and respiratory
irritation, reduced tool wear, renewable
resource and recycling possible without
affecting the environmental damage, and
together with biodegradable ability.[9–13]
Polymer with fillers based composites has
received considerable interest in the
materials field because of their potential
for large gains in mechanical properties.
The understanding of mechanical
properties of the fillers, mainly wood flour
and PP based composites is very important
in order to use in different applications,
such as, the automotive and building
industries in which they are used in
structural applications as fencing, decking,
outdoor furniture, window parts, roofline
products, door panels, etc.[14,15]
Although there are several reports in the
literature which discuss the of
wood/polymer composites;[16–19]
however,
very limited work has been done on effect
of addition of wood flour into
polypropylene on its mechanical behavior.
Generally these composites are also used
corrosive environment. In this paper, a
study of effect of addition of Sal wood

12. IJPSE (2016) 18-23 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 18
International Journal of Polymer Science and Engineering
eISSN: 2455-8745
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Article on Polyurethanes That Are Based on Tung Oil
Rishabh Singh Kuperkar*
Department of Applied Chemistry, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology (SVNIT), Ichchhanath,
Surat, Gujarat, India
ABSTRACT
Polyurethane (PU) formulated from natural polyols obtained from Tung oil (TO) have
improved hydroxylation of the double bonds in the fatty acid chains of the unsaturated oil
followed by the alcoholysis of the hydroxylated oil. The comparative chemical analysis
between unmodified and modified TO suggested that the hydroxyl content increased
significantly after the hydroxylation and alcoholysis reactions. Incorporated wood flour
(WF), microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) or rice husk ash (RHA) as fillers in modified TO
imparts between formulation in physical, thermal and mechanical properties of reinforced
rigid PUs.
Keywords: composites, foams, polyurethanes, thermosetting polymers, tung oil
INTRODUCTION
Use of renewable natural products as an
alternative source for nonrenewable
material has gained enormous importance
in the research and industries since decade.
Vegetable oils are relatively low cost
materials and offer prior quality of
biodegradation. Chemically, they are
composed of triglyceride molecules
obtained from esters of glycerol and fatty
acid chains with 16–22 carbon atoms with
0–3 double bonds per chain. It is the
unsaturated fatty acid which offers many
reactive sites to obtain the desire
polymeric product according to industrial
applications [1].
Tung oil obtained from the seeds or nuts of
the tung tree belongs to the family of
Euphorbiaceae [2, 3]. This oil is
interesting because of its major constituent
α-eleostearic acid (77–82%) with three
conjugated double bonds, oleic acid (3.5–
12.7%) with one double bond and linoleic
acid (8–10%) with two non-conjugated
double bonds structural formula is
presented in Figure 1 [4, 5]. The exothermi
c reaction between isocyanates and
alcohols is the most important reaction in
PU synthesis leading to the production of
urethane [-NH-COO-] linkages.
There is no -OH (hydroxyl) group and free
acids in the unmodified TO. The carbon-
carbon double bonds can be used to
introduce new reactive groups through a
hydroxylation reaction. Additionally, the
triglyceride molecules can be cut through
transesterification reaction with molecules
such as glycerol or triethanolamine, which
also allows in increasing the concentration
of hydroxyls per molecule. The resulting
oil-based polyols can be used as a
replacement of synthetic polyol to produce
PUs which is used in paints and varnish
industries [1, 2, 6–8].
Structurally, these long pendant chains and
modified fatty acids with the hydroxyl
groups imparts effective thermosetting
nature, flexibility, high strength elasticity
and hydrolytic resistance to the network,

13. IJPSE (2016) 24-30 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 24
International Journal of Polymer Science and Engineering
eISSN: 2455-8745
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Natural Rubber and the Resin Exuded from Ailan malab Tree
John Jacob*
Department of Physics, Vemana Institute of Technology, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
Abstract
Elastomeric blends of natural rubber and exuded resin of Ailanthus malabaricum tree have
been prepared from solution casting technique. Benzene was used as the common solvent for
both the constituent polymers. Compared to the elasticity of natural rubber, the resin exhibits
excellent elasticity. The combination of both the elastomers with different composition
showed a considerable enhancement in elasticity of rubber. Universal testing machine was
employed to study the tensile properties of the resulting blend system. Tensile strength,
elongation at break and modulus at various elongations were determined from this
experiment. Tensile strength of natural rubber reduced and elongation at break increased by
the addition of exuded resin. Modulus of the samples was also reduced with the addition of
exuded resin. Surface hardness of the blend was measured from Shore A durometer and it
shows a reduction in hardness with the incorporation of resin into natural rubber. From the
overall tensile and hardness studies, it can be concluded that the resin collected from
Ailanthus malabaricum tree has been used to enhance the elastic performance of natural
rubber.
Keywords: Ailanthus malabaricum tree, elastomer, natural rubber, tensile strength
INTRODUCTION
Blending of two or more polymers has
been one of the major areas of research
and development in the field of polymer
science. The technology of polymer blends
is a best solution to achieve desired
material with suitable properties for the
end use application. It reduces the research
and development expense compared to the
development of new polymers or
monomers [1–3].
The phase structure of the resulting
material can be either miscible or
immiscible when two or more polymers
are mixed. Most of the blends are
immiscible and its physical properties are
poor compared to their constituent
polymers. This problem can be solved by
the addition of compatibilizers into the
blend by enhancing the favorable
interaction between the blend phases [4,
5]. Formation of interpenetrating polymer
network is the other way to obtain the
blend with better stability. Interpenetrating
polymer networks (IPNs) are unique type
of polymer alloys consisting of two or
more cross-linked polymers with no
covalent bonds or grafts between them [6].
When one of the phases is cross-linked,
pseudo- or semi-IPNs will be formed.
When both phases are cross-linked full-
IPNs are developed [7].
These intimate mixtures of cross-linked
polymers are held together by permanent
entanglements lead to forced miscibility
compared with usual blends and the
resulting materials exhibit good
dimensional stability. IPN materials offer
great promise for the future in view of the
increasing number of applications of these

14. IJPSE (2016) 31–34 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 31
International Journal of Polymer Science and Engineering
eISSN: 2455-8745
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Plastics Product Design and Analysis
Mujahid A. Ansari*, Srushti Wadekar, Priyanka Gaikwad, Sujata Shinde
Department of Plastics & Polymer Engineering, Maharashtra Institute of Technology, Aurangabad, India
ABSTRACT
Product design of commonly used articles like key-chains is to make it more attractive, user
friendly, cost effective yet durable and providing longevity. Therefore, this work deals with
the designing of optimized 3D model of key-chain if suitable shape and size and doing its
analysis in Moldflow analysis software to study the material flow behaviour, impact of
processing parameters on the product and possible defects after one complete cycle of
processing. Lastly by trial and error method we could minimize the defects and could
optimize the product design for better and smooth production.
Keywords: moldflow, optimize, product design
INTRODUCTION
Why design a product specifically made of
plastics material? Usually, the reason to
design products made of plastics is either
to create new products, never made before,
or to create something similar to existing
old products but which is better, more
appealing to the user, or more economical
to produce.
"The design is the problem of anticipating
or trying to do what will be required in
future and improving what is being
already produced”.
Plastic products† are a dominant part of
the manufacturing world. It is very likely
that you the reader could, at this moment,
reach out and touch a plastic product from
where you sit.
Successful product design requires
knowledge, intelligence, and flair. The
knowledge requirement may in turn be
subdivided into[1–3]
:
(1) Knowledge of the requirements of the
product.
(2) Knowledge of the behaviour of
plastics materials.
(3) Knowledge of plastics processes.
(4) Knowledge of all relevant economic
and psychological factors.
Intelligence is required to relate this
knowledge, and flair to bring the design to
a successful reality
FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED
WHILE DESIGNING A PRODUCT
While designing a product, several factors
are considered, some of them are:
Materials: Materials should be cheap and
should be able to withstand design
requirements. During production wastage,
should be minimized.
Manufacturing facility: Product design
should commensurate with the facilities
available in the factory about to equipment,
labour, and layout.
Aesthetic: The product should be good in
appearance and should have attractive
colours.
Tolerance: It should have desired
tolerances, as tight tolerances will result in
increased rejection and thereby adding to
the cost of product.

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International Journal of
JUL–DEC 2016
eISSN: 2455-8745
IJPSE