International Journal of I.C. Engines and Gas Turbines vol 2 issue 2

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reviews of the research that was and is of significant importance. Journal broadly covers two stroke, four
stroke,six strokeengines,steamturbinesandturbineenginefailure.
Focus andScopeoftheJournal
 Two-stroke, Four-stroke (Otto cycle) and Six-stroke engine
 Diesel engine
 Atkinson cycle
 Miller cycle
 Wankel rotary engine
 Engine configurations
 Fuels and oxidizers
 Measures of engine performance
 Jet engines
 Turboprop engines
 Aeroderivative and Amateur gas turbines
 Gas turbine locomotive
 Gas turbine modular helium reactor
 Non-Intrusive Stress Measurement System
 Pneumatic motor
 Steam turbine
 Turbine engine failure
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EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS
Dr. Chitranjan Agarwal
College of Technology and Engineering,
Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and
Technology, Udaipur, (Rajasthan), India
Dr. Veeredhi Vasudeva Rao
College of Science Engineering and
Technology, University of South Africa,
South Africa
Dr. Balram Kundu
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
Shivaji Bhandarkar
Department of Automobile Engineering,
Pusa Institute, DTTE, New Delhi, India
Mr. Anjaneya Gorkal
RVCE, Bengaluru, India
Bo-Wun Huang
Cheng Shiu University, Taiwan
Dr. Harishankar Chandra
Vishwavidyalaya Engineering College,
Lakhanpur Sarguja University,
Ambikapur
(Chhattisgarh),
India
Dr. Jayanta Kumar Biswas
Dr. Jayanta Kumar Biswas Associate Professor
& Head Department of Ecological Engineering
& Environmental Management and
Coordinator, International Centre for
Ecological Engineering University of Kalyani
Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal
Dr Shaharin A. Sulaiman
Dr Shaharin A. Sulaiman, Associate Professor,
Universiti Teknologi Petronas, 31750 Tronoh,
Perak Malaysia, Malaysia
Dr. Mark Ovinis
Senior Lecturer Mechanical Engineering
Department Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS
32610 Bandar Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia,
Malaysia
Dr. R. Suriyaprabha
Centre for Nanoscience and Technology, K. S.
Rangasamy College of Technology,
Tiruchengode, Tamil Nadu India, India
Dr. Nikhil Dev Garg
Assistant Professor, YMCA University of
Science & Technology, Faridabad, Haryana,
India
Jahar Sarkar
Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT
Varanasi, India
Qingsong Wang
State Key Laboratory of Fire Science,
University of Science and Technology of China
Dr Ramjee Repaka
Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, India
Dr. Sarang Pande
Faculty of PG and Research, Marwadi
Education Foundation, Rajkot, India
Dr. Masoud Asgari
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, K.N. Toosi
University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.

From the Editor's Desk
Dear Readers,
We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly
journal, International Journal of I.C. Engines and Gas Turbines. This journal is part of the
Engineering Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present I.C. Engines and Gas Turbines
from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging
technologies.
This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of I.C. Engines and Gas
Turbines as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific
and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Engineering Science community,
addressing researchersand practitionersinthisarea.
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novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional
research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Journal of I.C. Engines and Gas Turbines
in general. Journals Pub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to published their papers at
excellently,well-time&successfully.
International Journal of I.C. Engines and Gas Turbines focuses on original high-quality research in the
realm of Two-stroke, four-stroke (Otto cycle) and six-stroke engine, Diesel engine and Wankel rotary engine,
Atkinson cycle, Engine configurations, Jet engines and Turboprop engines,Aeroderivative and amateur gas
turbines,Gas turbinelocomotiveetc.
The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of I.C. Engines
and Gas Turbines and solutionsinthearea.
Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the I.C. Engines and Gas
Turbines community. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of
creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting
newdevelopmentsinthefieldofI.C.EnginesandGas Turbines.
This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we
would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the
editorialstaffofJournals Pub,who supported us ateverystageoftheproject.
It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for engineering readers and will
stimulatefurtherresearchintothevibrantareaofI.C.EnginesandGas Turbines.
PuneetMehrotra
ManagingDirector

1. A Brief Note on of Spark Ignition Engine
C. Chinglenthoiba, V. Balaji, B. Abbas, A. Madhan Kumar 1
2. A Short Note on I.C. Engine and Its Components
C. Chinglenthoiba, V. Balaji, B. Abbas, A. Madhan Kumar 3
3. Performance Analysis of a Biodiesel Fuelled Diesel Engine with the Effect of
Titanium Oxide (TiO )-Coated Piston2
K. Kusuma, E.L. Nagesh 7
4. Effect of Various Parameters on Engine Performance and Emissions for a Single Cylinder
VCR Diesel Engine
Naveen Kumar Sain, Ashish Nayyar, Chandan Kumar 20
5. A Review on Performance and Emission Characteristics of Diesel Engine Fueled With Biodiesel
Mahesh Chand Saini, Omprakash Gurjar 26
Contents

IJICEGT (2016) 1-2 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
International Journal of I.C. Engine and Gas Turbines
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
A Brief Note on of Spark Ignition Engine
C. Chinglenthoiba*
, V. Balaji, B. Abbas, A. Madhan Kumar
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mahendra Engineering College Namakkal, Affiliated to Anna
University, Chennai, India
ABSTRACT
The main objective of automobile industry is set on developing efficient engine technology
that can bring a breakthrough in minimal fuel dissipation along with reduction in pollution.
In this article, a short description is presented about the use of SI ignition engine based on
Otto cycle principle. Advantages and disadvantages have been realized to influence on
commercial use of SI ignition engine in vehicles.
Keywords: compression, gasoline, Otto cycle, polluting, SI engine
INTRODUCTION
Spark Ignition Engine
A spark ignition (SI) engine runs on an
Otto cycle – most gasoline engines run on
a modified Otto cycle. This cycle uses a
homogeneous air-fuel mixture which is
combined prior to entering the combustion
chamber. Once in the combustion
chamber, the mixture is compressed, and
then ignited using a spark plug (spark
ignition). The SI engine is controlled by
limiting the amount of air allowed into the
engine. This is accomplished through the
use of a throttling valve placed on the air
intake (carburetor or throttle body).
Mitsubishi is working on the development
of a certain type of SI engine called the
gasoline direct injection engine.[1–5]
ADVANTAGES
 A century of development and
refinement – For the last century the SI
engine has been developed and used
widely in automobiles. Continual
development of this technology has
produced an engine that easily meets
emissions and fuel economy standards.
With current computer controls and
reformulated gasoline, today's engines
are much more efficient and less
polluting than those built 20 years
ago.[6–11]
 Low cost – The SI engine is the lowest
cost engine because of the huge
volume currently produced.
DISADVANTAGES
The SI engine has a few weaknesses that
have not been significant problems in the
past, but may become problems in the
future.[12–23]
 Difficulty in meeting future emissions
and fuel economy standards at a
reasonable cost - Technology has
progressed and will enable the SI
engine to meet current standards, but
as requirements become tougher to
meet, the associated engine cost will
continue to rise.
 Throttling loss lowers the efficiency -
To control an SI engine, the air
allowed into the engine is restricted
using a throttling plate. The engine is
constantly fighting to draw air past the
throttle, which expends energy.
 Friction loss due to many moving parts
- The SI engine is very complex and

Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
A Short Note on I.C. Engine and Its Components
C. Chinglenthoiba*
, V. Balaji, B. Abbas, A. Madhan Kumar
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mahendra Engineering College Namakkal, Affiliated to Anna
University, Chennai, India
ABSTRACT
This article presents a brief description of IC engine and its components. Working principle
is also explained which conveys a clear idea about efficiency that it starts immediately
without much efforts and has higher efficiency than the external combustion engine. Other
aspect of IC is that it is portable because of its light weight and compact size. Since it is safer
to use, IC engine is commonly preferred for various industrial applications.
Keywords: combustion, crankshaft, cylinder, efficiency, four stroke
INTRODUCTION
The foremost commercial model of an IC
engine was successfully developed by
Étienne Lenoir around 1859. Later, the
modern version of it was created by
Nikolaus Otto in 1876. The modern
version was then utilized in most of the IC
engine applications. Lately practical
designs have compromised by trade-offs
between different properties like
efficiency, weight, power, heat, response,
exhaust emissions or noise. Efforts are
going on in increasing the efficiency of IC
engines that will lead to better fuel
economy but only if the fuel cost per
energy content is the same. Over last 30
years, research and development has
helped manufacturers reduce ICE
emissions of criteria pollutants, such as
nitrogen oxides and particulate matter by
more than 99%. Internal combustion
engines are those heat engines that burn
their fuel inside the engine cylinder. In
internal combustion engine the chemical
energy stored in their operation. The heat
energy is converted in to mechanical
energy by the expansion of gases against
the piston attached to the crankshaft that
can rotate. IC engine is applied in road
vehicles, light- weighted aircrafts,
motorboats and other small machines such
as lawn mowers, chain saws and portable
engine generators.[1–15]
ENGINE TERMINOLOGY
The engine terminologies are detailed
below.
Cylinder
It is a cylindrical vessel or space in which
the piston makes a reciprocating motion.
Piston
It is a cylindrical component fitted to the
cylinder which transmits the bore of
explosion to the crankshaft.
Combustion Chamber
It is the space exposed in the upper part of
the cylinder where the combustion of fuel
takes place.
Connecting Rod
It inter connects the piston and the
crankshaft and transmits the reciprocating
motion of the piston into the rotary motion
of crankshaft.

IJICEGT (2016) 7–19 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 7
International Journal of I.C. Engines and Gas Turbines
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Performance Analysis of a Biodiesel Fuelled Diesel Engine with
the Effect of Titanium Oxide (TiO2)-Coated Piston
K. Kusuma*, E.L. Nagesh
Department of Mechanical Engineering, JNTUH, Hyderabad, India
St. Peter’s Engineering College, Hyderabad, India
ABSTRACT
Biodiesel is one of the best alternative fuel to diesel engine among other sources due to
having potential to reduce emissions. Biodiesel is a renewable, biodegradable and
environment friendly fuel in nature. The advantages of biodiesel are lower exhaust gas
emissions and its biodegradability and renewability compared with petroleum based diesel
fuel. The energy of the biodiesel can be released more efficiently with the concept of semi
adiabatic (thermal barrier coated piston) engine. The objective of this study is to investigate
the performance and emission characteristics of a single cylinder direct injection (DI) diesel
engine using 25% biodiesel blend (Jatropha Di-Ethyl Ether: JDEE) as fuel with thermal
barrier coated piston. Initially the piston crown was coated with Titanium Oxide (TiO2) of
thickness of 300 micron (0.3mm) by plasma coating method. The results revealed that the
brake thermal efficiency (BTE) was increased by 4% and BSFC was decreased by 9% for
B25 with coated piston compared to uncoated piston with diesel. The smoke, CO and HC
emissions were also decreased for B25 blend with coated piston compared with the uncoated
piton engine. The combustion characteristics such as peak pressure, maximum rate of
pressure rise and heat release rate were increased and the ignition delay was decreased for
B25 blend for the coated piston compared with diesel fuel.
Keywords: biodiesel, combustion, diesel engine, emission, Jatropha di-ethyl ether
INTRODUCTION
Energy demand is increasing day by day
due to modernization and industrialization
of any country in world wide. Most of the
developing countries like India import
fossil fuels to fulfil their energy demand.
In the current situation, fast depletion of
fossil fuels, increasing cost of petroleum
fuels and stringent emission norms
imposed by the government have urged the
researchers to search for an alternative fuel
for compression ignition engines like
biofuel and biomass. Vegetable oils and
biomass fuels have been found to be
potential fuel for diesel engines. These
fuels are easily available, biodegradable,
environment friendly and renewable in
nature.[1,2]
The use of raw vegetable oils
used as fuel for diesel engines without
modification causes some damage to parts
of the engine and also, the performance is
greatly affected.[3,4]
However, the long
term operation of the engine problems of
injector coking, dilution of engine oil,
deposits in various parts of the engine due
to its higher viscosity.[5]
Purushothaman
and Nagarajan[6]
conducted the experiment
in compression ignition engine to study the
performance, emission and combustion
characteristics of a diesel engine using
with orange oil and reported that that the
brake thermal efficiency was higher

Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Effect of Various Parameters on Engine Performance and
Emissions for a Single Cylinder VCR Diesel Engine
Naveen Kumar Sain*
, Ashish Nayyar, Chandan Kumar
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Swami Keshvanand Institute of Technology, Management and
Gramothan, Jaipur, India
ABSTRACT
Diesel Engines are playing crucial role in field of automobile in current scenario. In Present
world there are so many research works are going on in the field of renewable energy
sources to replace conventional sources. Variable Compression Ratio (VCR) Engine
provides facility to change engine parameters to optimize the power output and the
emissions. From experimental Investigation it is clear that the better performance is obtained
at 18.5 CR and 210 bar Injection pressure.
Keywords: diesel engine, emissions, smoke, variable compression ratio
INTRODUCTION
Diesel Engines are playing crucial role in
field of automobile in current scenario. In
Present world there are so many research
works are going on in the field of
renewable energy sources to replace
conventional sources. But it is not very
easy to replace diesel engines with other
engines when the matter comes about
power and reliability. The Emissions from
Diesel Engines are very harmful for the
environment as well as for humans. The
Major Emissions are NOx and Smoke
which need to be controlled in an effective
manner. Due to smoke formation power
output from the engine is reduced and this
phenomenon is known as smoke limited
power. So to improve the engine
performance smoke must be minimizing
by any means. A lot of research is going
on to reduce the emissions from
Compression Ignition engines by using
some additives, use of alternative fuels
etc. An another method for reducing the
emissions is to find the optimum engine
parameters like Compression Ratio,
Injection Pressure, Injection timing etc. in
common engines we cannot change the
engine parameters easily without any
modification. But Variable Compression
Ratio (VCR) Engine provides facility to
change engine parameters to optimize the
power output and the emissions. In this
study we are using a single cylinder VCR
Diesel Engine to determine the engine
parameters to find the improved
performance with reduced emissions [1–
5].
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
The schematic layout of the experimental
setup for the present investigation is
shown in Figure 1. It consists of a test-
bed, having a diesel engine, eddy current
dynamometer, fuel tank, air box,
computerized data acquisition panel
having controls and displays for different
thermocouples, speed sensor, and flow
meters. Fuel supply is measured using
load cell. AVL 437C smoke meter will be
used to measure exhaust smoke. Other
emissions will be measured with the help
of i3syssix gas analyzer.

IJICGT (2016) 26-32 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 26
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
A Review on Performance and Emission Characteristics of Diesel
Engine Fueled With Biodiesel
Mahesh Chand Saini, Omprakash Gurjar
Department of Mechanical, Poornima University, Jaipur, India
ABSTRACT
With increasing energy demands in the transport sectors and power generation together with
the limited availability of fossil fuels and the adverse environmental effects causing from
their use attracts a lot off researchers towards finding alternative fuels to successively
substitute conventional fuels. Among the alternative fuels, biodiesel has received great
attention due to their attractive characteristics of being renewable in nature. A lot of
research has been done on performance and emission characteristics of the diesel engine
fueled with biodiesel. In this paper a review report is presented on biodiesel engine
performances and emissions on the basis of the research papers which are published by
highly rated scientific indexes journals. From these reports, the effect of biodiesel on engine
power, durability, economy and emissions, including regulated and non-regulated emissions
and the corresponding effect factors are analyzed and surveyed with deep attention. The use
of biodiesel leads to the accountable reduction in HC and CO emissions accompanying with
the insignificant power loss, the increase in fuel consumption and the increase in NOx
emission on conventional diesel engines with no or minor modification.
Keywords: biodiesel, brake power, BSFC, emission, thermal efficiency
INTRODUCTION
Rapid growth in population and
industrialization results in the rapid
increase in energy demand. All countries
are dependent on fossil fuel to fulfill their
energy demands. Increase in energy
demand due to growth in population
affects the underground fossil fuel
resources and worldwide petroleum
consumption steadily increases. The total
consumption in 2009 was 4,060 million
tons, with an average annual growth rate
of about 1.5 % in the last 20 years. Due to
this, crude oil is becoming more
expensive, limited and a highly volatile
commodity. The annual statistical review
of world energy was estimated the 1.7 X
105 million tons of proven oil reserves in
late 2008, that is a reserve to production
ratio of 42 years. Now a day, the
worldwide transportation sector is almost
entirely dependent on petroleum-derived
fuels. Petroleum-based products are one of
the main causes of carbon dioxide (CO2)
emissions to the atmosphere. The transport
sector creates one-fifth of global CO2
emissions that accounts for about 60% of
global oil consumption. Around the world
about 806 million cars and light trucks
were on the road in 2007. These numbers
are projected to increase to 1.3 billion by
2030 and to over 2 billion vehicles by
2050. This growth will affect the stability
of global climate and ecosystems as well
as global oil reserves.
In order to prevent this problem,
researchers are looking for alternative

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