International Journal of Telecommunications & Emerging Technologies vol 2 issue 1

International Journal of
Telecommunications
& Emerging Technologies
IJTCET
Jan – June 2016
Mechanical Engineering
Chemical Engineering
Architecture
Applied Mechanics
5 more...
1 more...
2 more...
2 more...
5 more...
Computer Science and Engineering
Nanotechnology
« International Journal of Solid State Materials
« International Journal of Optical Sciences
Physics
Civil Engineering
Electrical Engineering
Material Sciences and Engineering
Chemistry
5 more...
4 more...
3 more...
Biotechnology
3 more...
Nursing
« International Journal of Immunological Nursing
« International Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing
« International Journal of Neurological Nursing
« International Journal of Orthopedic Nursing
« International Journal of Oncological Nursing
5 more... 4 more...
Subm
it
Your A
rticle2016
www.journalspub.com
e-ISSN: 2455-0345

International Journals Publisher
JournalsPub is a multi-disciplinary international journal boosting innovative & eminence research work
by Division of Dhruv Infosystem Pvt. Ltd. Launched in 2014 under the support and guidance by our
Honorable EditorialBoard Members from renownedinstitutes.
ObjectivesofJournalsPub
üJournalsPub is international scholarly journal that publishes peer reviewed journal in the frontier areas of
AppliedSciences,MedicalandEngineering.
üJournalsPub publishes Original Research Papers, Review Papers, Popular Articles, Short
Communications&CaseStudy.
üPublishingspecialissues on Proceedingsof Conferences,SeminarsandSymposia.
üJournalsPub Publishes issues twice a year (bi-annually) in English-language which is available online
(openaccess)andinprintedversionwithagoaltopromoteanextensiveacademicawareness.
üJournalsPub desires to set a good benchmark in the publishing industry by launching more than 100+
new International Journals to help the scientific community to enhance communication within the
research communities and maintain a balance between the existing and emerging interdisciplinary
technologies.
üJournalsPub aims to provide quality research articles for Academic Researchers, Industrial
Professionals, Engineers, Scientists, Professors, etc. working in the areas of Applied Sciences, Medical
andEngineeringtocontributeandcommunicateinnovativework.
SalientFeatures
üAn umbrellaof 100+ journalsthatcoversAppliedSciences,MedialandEngineeringArena.
üThe first and one of the rapidly emerging publication website in Country as well as overseas for its
excellenceandexposure.
üUniversaltransmissionandreflectivity.
üARigorous, Fast andConstructivePeerReviewProcess
üSpeedyPublicationof Manuscripts
üEminentEditorialBoardMembersfromrenownedorganizations.
üFreeRegistration,OnlineSubmission, Processing, Publication&OnlineAccessofManuscripts.
üThejournalpublishesnovelresearcharticleswithemphasison theoreticalandexperimentalwork.
Telecommunications &
Emerging Technologies

JournalsPub (Division of Dhruv Infosystem Private Ltd.) having its Marketing office located at Office No. 4, First Floor,
CSC pocket E Market, Mayur Vihar Phase II, New Delhi-110091, India is the Publisher of Journals. Statements and
opinionsexpressedintheJournalreflecttheviews oftheAuthor(s) andarenottheopinionofJournalsPub unless so stated.
Subscription Information and Order
Cost of Journal
National Subscription
?Rs. 3000/-perJournal(includes2 printissues), SingleIssue copypurchaseRs.1800/copy
International Subscription
?OnlineOnly- $99, PrintOnly-$149 (includes2printissues)
?Online+ Print-$199(includes2printissues +onlineaccessof publishedbackvolumes)
To purchaseprintcompilationof backissues pleasesendyourqueryatinfo@journalspub.com
Subscription must be prepaid. Rates outside the India include speed delivery charges. Prices subject to change without
notice.
Mode of Payment:At par cheque, Demand draft, and RTGS (payment to be made in favor of Dhruv Infosystem Pvt. ltd.,
payableatDelhi/NewDelhi.
OnlineAccess Policy
A). ForAuthors:
In order to provide maximum citation and wide publicity to the authors work, JournalsPub also have OpenAccess Policy;
Authors who would like to get their work open access can opt for Optional Open Access publication at nominal cost as
follows:
India,SARC andAfricanCountries:INR 1500 includingsinglehardcopyofAuthor's Journal.
OtherCountries:USD 200includingsinglehardcopyofAuthor's Journal.
B.) ForSubscribers:
Online access will be activated within 72 hours of receipt of the payment (working days), subject to receipt of correct
informationonuser details/StaticIPaddress of thesubscriber.
The accesswillbeblocked:
If the user requests for the same and furnishes valid reasons for blocking due to technical issue. Misuse of the access rights
as pertheaccesspolicy.
Advertising and Commercial Reprint Inquiries: JournalsPub with wide circulation and visibility offer an excellent media
for showcasing/promotion of your products/services and the events-namely, Conferences, Symposia/Seminars etc.These
journals have very high potential to deliver the message across the targeted audience regularly with each published issue.
The advertisements on bulk subscriptions, gift subscriptions or reprint purchases for distribution etc. are also very
welcome.
LostIssue Claims:Pleasenotethefollowingwhen applyingfor lostor missingissues:
Claims for print copies lost will be honored only after 45 days of the dispatch date and before publication of the next issue
as perthefrequency.
Tracking id for the speed post will be provided to all our subscribers and the claims for the missing Journals will be
entertainedonlywiththeproofs whichwillbeverifiedatboththeends.
Claimsfiledduetoinsufficient(or nonotice)ofchangeof address willnotbehonored.
Change ofAddress of Dispatch should be intimated to JournalsPub at least 2 months prior to the dispatch schedule as per
thefrequencyby mentioningsubscriberID andthesubscriptionID.
Refundrequestswillnotbeentertained.
LegalDisputes
AllthelegaldisputesaresubjectedtoDelhiJurisdictiononly.
If you haveanyquestions,pleasecontactthePublicationManagementTeam:
info@journalspub.com;Tel:+910120-4347644.

Telecommunications & Emerging Technologies
International Journal of Telecommunications & Emerging Technologies is a comprehensive journal that
covers all aspects of Telecommunications and their integration into recent technologies that are the focus of
ongoing research. Journal has a wider scope including all major advancement in the technology and design
thatarerelatedtotelecommunication.Allarticlespresentedherearepeer-reviewedand areofgood quality.
Focus and Scope oftheJournal
! Electrical and Electromagnetic Telecommunication Technologies
! Wavelength-division multiplexing
! Wired communication
! Fiber optics
! Digital revolution
! Dual-tone multi-frequency signaling
! Telecommunications environment
! Regulatory and privatization issues in telecommunications
! Media management
! Telematics and Telemetry
International Journal of Telecommunications & Emerging Technologies is published twice a year (bi-
annual) in India by JournalsPub is an imprint of Dhruv Infosystems Pvt. Ltd. The outlooks stated in the
articles do not essentially reflect of the publisher. The publisher does not endorse the quality or value of the
advertised/sponsored products described therein. Please consult full prescribing information before issuing
aprescriptionfor anyproductsmentionedinthispublication.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval or transmitted in any form without written
permissiontothepublisher.
To cite any of the material contained in this journal, in English or translation, please use the full English
reference at the beginning of each article. To reuse any of the material, please contact JournalsPub
(info@journalspub.com).
eISSN: 2455-0345

PUBLICATION MANAGEMENT TEAM
INTERNAL MEMBERS
Associate Manager
Chairman
Mr. Puneet Mehrotra
Managing Director,
JournalsPub,
New Delhi
Hidam Renubala
Ankita Singh
Akanksha Marwah
Deepika Bhadauria
Commissioning Editors
Priyanka Garg
Chhavi Goel
Shrawani Verma

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS
Dr. Somnath Banerjee
ITI,
Bangalore, India
Mr. Hardeep Singh Saini
Professor, Electronics and Communication
Engineering, Indo Global College of
Engineering, Mohali, Punjab, India
Dr. Sudhansu Sekhar Singh
Professor and Program Head School Of
Electronics Engineering, KIIT University,
Bhubaneswar, India
Dr. Vijay Kumar Salviya
Director Engineering Institute, & Project
Technical Advisor, International R& D Group,
India
Dr. Gopinath Palai
Gandhi Institute for Technological Advancement
Engginering College, Bhubaneswar, India
Dr. S Anandamurugan
Assistant Professor, Information
Technology,Kongu Engineering,
Tamilnadu, India.
Kota Chandra Bhushana Rao
UCEV-JNTUK
Vizianagaram, India
Mr. Rosalio G Artes
Assistant Professor, Department of
Mathematics and Statistics College of Science
and Mathematics, MSU-Iligan Institute of
Technology Andres Bonifacio Avenue,
Tibanga, Iligan City, Philippines
Isidro Duran
Chairman, BSCS-LEP, College of Computer
Science,AGOO, LA UNION, Philippines
Ritesh C Sadiwala
RKDF University
Bhopal, India
Dr. Mahesh N. Jivani
Department of Electronics Saurashtra University,
Rajkot, India.
Dr. P. Dananjayan
Chairman, PG Programme (CBCS),
India.
Dr. Amin Noura
University Putra Malaysia, 43300 UPM
serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
Er. Kamal Kumar Ranga
Assistant Professor Computer Science &
Engineering Department Ganga Institute of
Technology and Management India
Muppala Janardhana Raju
Sunrise University,
Alwar, Rajsthan, India
Prof. J. Naren
Assistant Professor, Department of Computer
Science Engineering, School of Computing,
SASTRA University, Thanjavur, India

From the Editor's Desk
Dear Readers,
We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly
journal, International Journal of Telecommunications & Emerging Technologies. This
journal is part of the Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, and is devoted
to the scope of present Electronics issues, from theoretical aspects to application-
dependentstudiesand thevalidationofemergingtechnologies.
This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of International Journal of
Telecommunications & Emerging Technologies as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely
recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of
the Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering community, addressing researchers and practitioners
inthisarea.
The core vision of International Journal of Telecommunications & Emerging Technologies in JournalsPub
is to propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and
professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Electronics and
Telecommunication Engineering in general. Journals Pub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community
topublishedtheirpapers atexcellently,well-time&successfully.
International Journal of Telecommunications & Emerging Technologies focuses on original high-quality
research in the realm of Electrical and Electromagnetic Telecommunication technologies, Wavelength-
division multiplexing, Wired communication, Fiber optics, Digital revolution, Dual-tone multi-frequency
signaling, Telecommunications environment, Regulatory and privatization issues in telecommunications,
Media management, Telematics and Telemetry. The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and
researchers to share the techniques of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering and solutions in the
area. Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Electronics and
Telecommunication Engineering community. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who
supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this very first issue will be
followed by many others, reporting new developments in the field of Electronics and Telecommunication
Engineering. This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board
members, and we would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our
gratitudetotheeditorialstaffofJournalsPub,who supported us ateverystageoftheproject.
It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Electronics and
Telecommunication Engineering readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of
Telecommunications&EmergingTechnologies.
PuneetMehrotra
ManagingDirector

1. Floating Tracking Cooling Concentrator (FTCC) System – An Introduction
Dheeraj Joshi, Simmi Sharma 1
2. Head Movement Based Controlling of Home Appliances for Physically Challenged
Pratik Savadi 5
3. Model Simulation & Resource Allocation in Cognitive Radio System
Swati, Deeksha Singh, Amit Yadav 14
4. Power Theft Identification Using Embedded System
Rahul Saraf 18
5. Enabled Impairment Cognizant of Elastic Optical Networks by Traffic Grooming and Multipath Routing
Deeksha Singh, Swati, Amit Yadav 24
6. A Review Analysis of Operating System Kernel Used in Distributed Systems and
High Performance Computing
Ankit Nahata, Deboshree Das, Runjhun Agrawal 29
7. Review on Cryptography
Sonia, Sonia Chaudhary 37
Contents

IJTCET (2016) 1–4 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
International Journal of Telecommunications & Emerging Technologies
ISSN: 2455-0345 (Online)
Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Floating Tracking Cooling Concentrator (FTCC) System – An
Introduction
Dheeraj Joshi1*
, Simmi Sharma2
1
DTU, Delhi, India
2
B.P.I.T, Delhi, India
Abstract
In country like India, achieving energy security through sustainable technologies is the most
challenging objective that needs to be fulfilled. Though Nuclear energy is expected to meet a
part of India's energy demand by 2030 but it is an unsafe way of producing power as was
seen in Japan’s nuclear plant. Solar energy is one of the best alternatives that can provide
power requirements. Floating tracking cooling concentrator (FTCC) Systems are used to
harness solar energy keeping in view the availability of 70% water on earth, decreasing land
area due to increasing population, the efficiency degradation due to thermal drifts. This
paper explains FTCC system and their role in widening the solar energy domains.
Keywords: FTCC system, MPPT, solar inverter
INTRODUCTION
Photovoltaic cells allow the direct
conversion of solar energy into electrical
energy with maximum efficiency around
9–12% depending on the type of solar cells
used. More than 80% of the solar radiation
reaching the photovoltaic cell is not
converted into electricity; it is reflected or
transformed into heat energy. This heat
increases the cell temperature and results
in decreasing the efficient conversion of
electricity.[1-3]
This high temperature has a
negative effect on the electrical output
parameters of the PV panels. The electrical
efficiency and hence the power output of a
PV panel depend on the operating
temperature. The temperature variations
thus degrade conversion efficiency by
about 0.4–0.5% per degree rise in
temperature. The operating temperature
plays an important role in the photovoltaic
conversion process. In recent few years
photovoltaic panels have emerged as
robust and distributed energy source. The
decreasing costs justify the efforts to
improve their use and to study the
possibility of building large plants.
However the energy source is not utilized
up to its maximum utility because of lack
of space, thermal drift which lowers the
efficiency of the system by 10-15 percent,
high cost of tracking systems. With water
covering over 70% of our planet, it makes
sense to utilise water surface not only for
offshore wind farms but also for solar
electricity generation too.
FLOATING TRACKING COOLING
CONCENTRATOR
To overcome the disadvantages of
conventional systems, Floating Tracking
Cooling Concentrator (FTCC) System
which is photovoltaic floating plant with
tracking and cooling system is introduced.
It harnesses small basins, natural and
artificial lakes to install PV plants and they
possess characteristics like tracking
system, Panels cooling system, set of

IJTCET (2016) 5–13 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 5
ISSN: 2455-0345(online)
Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Head Movement Based Controlling of Home Appliances for
Physically Challenged
Pratik Savadi*
Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering, D.K.T.E’s Textile and Engineering Institute,
Ichalkaranji, India
Abstract
In the world there are many physically challenged people who cannot move and operate
devices like switching of lights, fans, etc. Similarly the paralyzed or a dumb cannot speak and
ask for their needs like food, medicine, water etc. So they are facing many difficulties in
fulfilling of their basic needs. So in our project we are designing a “Head movement
controlled device switching system for physically challenged”. Now the person who is
physically challenged can wear this device to head and with the simple head movements can
request the basic needs like water, food or medicine. This is based on MEMS technology and
Accelerometer is the main unit in this system.
Keywords: ADXL355 accelerometer, deaf and dumb, home automation, 16F877A PIC
microcontroller, switching system, voice commands, APR9600 voice module
INTRODUCTION
Home automation systems are not
developed in recent years it has been
developed so many years back. This makes
use of emerging technologies for the
development. Home automation now a
days has become so popular that it
introduces many technologies for making
the automation easy and with best
performance. The main concept is to form
a network connecting the electrical and
electronic appliances in a house. Some has
used wired as well as wireless
technologies to communicate. This is a
developing technology that has changed
the livings of people. The Wireless Home
Automation System is an integrated
system that helps elderly and disabled
people with an easy-to-use home
automation system that can be fully
operated based on Head Movement. This
Home Automation System is not only used
by physically challenged people but also
by the rich people those how wants
luxurious life.
Smart home systems have captured many
disparate technologies so far and products
have been in the market for more than one
decade. This method reduces the wiring
and complexity of the system.
The main aim of the reported Wireless
Home Automation System is to provide
those with special needs with a system that
can respond to voice commands and
control the on/off status of electrical
devices, such as lamps, fans, television etc.
The system should be reasonably cheap,
easy to configure, and easy to run. Many
developed companies have started working
and developing new technologies. Many
big organizations are planning to expand
this industry in near future.

IJTET (2016) 14–17 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 14
ISSN: 2455-0345 (Online)
Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Model Simulation & Resource Allocation in Cognitive Radio
System
Swati1*
, Deeksha Singh1
, Amit Yadav2
1
Department of Electronics Communication Engineering, RBS ETC, Bichpuri, Agra, India
2
Department of Electrical Engineering, DEI, Dayalbagh, Agra, India
Abstract
Cognitive radio is the technique where different sorts of wireless communication devices
work dynamically and change frequencies and other parameters over time. The idea of
cognitive radio (CR) is to find means to use these “gaps” or “holes” in the frequency spectra
and do something useful of the frequencies floating around unused and the goal of cognitive
radios is to utilize under used spectrum as spectral resources are becoming sparts. We aim to
develop a system model scenario and the approach is to take the decisions on the basis of
power spectral density of the channel which can be used cognitively to find out the available
gaps, those can be assigned to new incoming users thus improving the overall channel’s
throughput & performances.
Keywords: cognitive radio, digital communications, multiplexing, software-defined radio
INTRODUCTION
Cognitive radio is the name of a technique
where different sorts of wireless
communications devices somehow works
dynamically and change frequencies and
other parameters overtime.[1-3]
The ability of sensing the RF environment
and extracting the knowledge from the
system environment is called Cognitive.
Awareness of the radio environment,
Dynamic adaptability,[4-6]
Highly efficient
cooperative behavior are the key features
of Cognitive Radio.
Based on software-defined radio (SDR)
technology cognitive radios are the
products of multidisciplinary effort
involving experts in wireless networks,
digital communications, systems
engineering, artificial intelligence and
other fields. As a result of these activities,
it is hoped that these systems can
simultaneously respect the rights of the
incumbent license holders while providing
greater flexibility and access to spectrum.
SUBCARRIER IN COGNITIVE
RADIO
Subcarrier is the kind of the resource
which has to allocate in cognitive radio
system. A subcarrier is a separate analog
or digital signal carried on a main radio
transmission, which carries extra
information such as voice or data. This is
an early and simple method of
multiplexing.
SUBCARRIER ALLOCATION &
ALGORITHMS SUMMARY
According to the different purposes of the
resource allocation, some of the main
algorithms are Max-Rate, Min-
Interference, Fair- Rate Subcarrier
Allocation algorithm and Greedy
algorithm.

Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Power Theft Identification Using Embedded System
Rahul Saraf*
Essel Vidyut Vitaran, pvt. Ltd. Sagar, India
Abstract
Today, power theft plays the key role in transmission losses of electricity from the generating
station to the consumer end. About 30% of power produced is being theft. Though the
electricity boards know that there is power theft in the area under their vigilance, they are
not able to locate the area or location of theft. So, to identify the power theft and to
communicate to the EB there needs a system to be developed. Here comes the system
developed by us which will find the power theft if it happens and sends the information about
the place of the theft to the nearby Electricity Board.
Keywords: digital ammeter, energy meter, GSM module, microcontroller, multiplexer
INTRODUCTION
India, the largest democracy with an
estimated population of about 1.1 billion,
is on the road to rapid growth in economy.
Energy, particularly electricity, is a key
input for accelerating economic growth of
the country. Today, the power theft is
becoming a very serious issue in the power
sector of the World. About 20–30% of the
power produced is being theft. This causes
a major loss to the Electricity boards. So it
becomes inevitable task these days, during
which power shortages occur frequently,
to find a solution to identify the power
thefts and to eradicate them.
METHODS OF POWER THEFT
There are various methods by which
power is being theft in the distribution
lines. The most commonly used methods
are:
(1) Energy meter tampering
(2) Illegal tapping from the distribution
lines
(3) Bypassing the feeders
Energy Meter Tampering
In meter tampering, the energy meter in
the consumer side is made to malfunction
by introducing materials which make the
energy meter not to read its original
readings. This is usually done by
introducing magnets near the energy meter
which work on electromagnetic principles,
such that the magnetic forces are made to
malfunction and hence the meter readings.
So the meter reads the different readings,
usually lesser readings than the original
ones. Recently, a popular way to slow
down a meter is the use of strong
permanent magnets like rare earth
neodymium magnets. In induction meters,
a number of torques are balanced to get
optimum linear characteristics. One of
them comes from permanent magnet (N-S)
braking the aluminium disc (Al).
Neodymium magnets installed close to
rotating discs may effectively boost
braking torque. After removing this
magnet, the meter starts to rotate much
faster so “having already saved a lot",
users complain about reading. Fortunately,
utilities found a way to distinguish

Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Enabled Impairment Cognizant of Elastic Optical Networks by
Traffic Grooming and Multipath Routing
Deeksha Singh1*
, Swati1
, Amit Yadav2
1
Department of Electronics Communication Engineering, RBS ETC, Bichpuri, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India
2
Department of Electrical Engineering, DEI, Dayalbagh, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India
Abstract
The large bandwidth of fibre optical networking is far wider than the typical bandwidth
required by network service providers. This variation leads to a need for multiplexing the low
rate traffic demands into optical wavelength channels, but this call for a extravagant
electronic swapping devices, potentially equalizing the advantage of low cost optical
transport. Traffic grooming and multipath routing are two techniques that are being
commonly used to increase the performance of traditional wavelength division multiplexed
networks. They have been recently used in elastic optical networks to increase spectral
efficiency. In this paper we have employed these two techniques with the realistic physical
impairment model in order to find out the potential gain. We focus in this paper to present an
analytical optimization simulation for small networks and a heuristic for large networks
which can allocate resources and quantify spectral efficiency gains over existing impairment-
awareness layout. With the help of various numerical methods traffic grooming and
multipath routing have been explained together along with increased spectral efficiency and
reduced resource consumption. this work conclude significant performance enhancements in
networks with low degrees of connectivity, high traffic loads, and long links.
Keywords: elastic optical networks (EON), impairment-aware schemes, spectral efficiency,
traditional WDM networks
INTRODUCTION
The exponentially increasing internet
traffic and arising bandwidth-intensive
applications have fetched the requirement
for more advanced, high-capacity optical
fiber transmission technologies.[1-5]
Excess of 400 GB/s in transmission rates
is due to the recent advancements in
optical technologies.[6-12]
Next-generation
optical networks are expected to arise into
more transmission-rate-flexible,
reconfigurable, and capacity-efficient
elastic optical networks (EONs) in order to
increase usage of this available high
bandwidth.
A traffic connection in EON, is kept by
allotting a set of consecutive spectrum
slots (i.e., a band) with “just enough”
bandwidth.[1–3]
EONs remarkably decrease
bandwidth waste vis-à-vis traditional
wavelength division multiplexed (WDM)
networks, as spectrum slots are placed at a
finer granularity (e.g., 6.25 GHz) and
combined to accommodate connections of
different bandwidths. Optical connections
aim to give fully high information
capacity. However, the rate of fluctuations
in network conditions, such as traffic and
routing information, is much more than the
time required for setting up or taking down
these connections. On the other side, low

Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
A Review Analysis of Operating System Kernel Used in
Distributed Systems and High Performance Computing
Ankit Nahata*
, Deboshree Das, Runjhun Agrawal
CSE Department, JK Lakshmipat University, Jaipur, India
Abstract
In this paper we are analyzing six different operating system. All we have aim to analyze
these operating system by their kernel. Mainly the traditional operating system is for the
bigger system like to run java application but as we see the operating system pertaining
distributed system it looks to the user as centralized OS but operates on multiple independent
CPU’s. In this paper we discuss about the different operating systems i.e. angel, helios,
paramecium, cosy, hive and Puma.
Keywords: angle, Helois, paramecium, Cosy, Hive, PUMA
INTRODUCTION
Angel is an operating system, was
developed at imperial college. Angel is an
operating system which believes in the
principle of using shared and distributed
memory in multiprocessor systems where
it is not implemented in hardware. The
machine which has this operating system it
is seen to be a hierarchical system
containing multiprocessor clusters using
physically shared memory. In this
operating system it has DSM (distributed
shared memory) mechanism into it so that
the entire system's address space is unified
under a single DSM region which handles
the caching of code, migration of data and
coherency of distributed data structure.[1]
Helios is a Unix-like os for parallel PCs. It
was created and developed by Perihelion
Software. Its essential design was the
Transputer. Helios' microkernel actualized
a distributed namespace and informing
convention, through which administrations
were gotten to. A POSIX similarity library
empowered the utilization of UNIX
application programming, and the
framework gave the greater part of the
typical UNIX utilities. A helios network
requires at least one I/O Server node that is
able to provide a file
system server, console server and reset
control for the processing nodes.
Paramecium is an operating scheme which
is a kernel uses an object-based software
construction which collected with example
designation, late binding and explicit
predominates allows tranquil
reconfiguration. Defining which
constituents exist in in the kernel
fortification field is up to the user.
Cosy is an operating system developed by
R. Butenutha, W. Burkeb, C. De Roseb, S.
Gillesb and R. Weberba. Cosy project
started in 1992 with the aim to build an
operating system designed and optimize
especially for parallel computers. The
focus was to provide appropriate system
services to ease the work of application
programmers and users of parallel
computers. This operating system’s kernel
supports a small set of kernel objects.

ISSN: 2455-0345 (online)
Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Review on Cryptography
Sonia, Sonia Chaudhary*
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Ganga Institute of Technology and Management, Kablana.
Jhajjar, Haryana, India
Abstract
Numerous groups are working rigid to safe themselves from the rising extortions of note
hacking through several trends in cryptography. Yet the headlines are dominated with the
latest news of message passing disaster more frequently than any time before.
A comprehensive debate has been done on the traditional cryptography and the
disadvantages of the classical cryptography to confirm the need for going to novel tendencies
in cryptography like quantum cryptography, elliptic curve cryptography. These novel
methods that has appeared out of numerous mistreatments in the arena of cryptography
growths a fair amount of hope that we can incredulous the difficulties we are facing in a head
hoc way. These demonstrated skills can happen the wants of the greatest arduous of
atmospheres while their individual emphasis on manageability has mechanical several
errands and basic administrative functions through easy-to-use interfaces developed finished
years of customer response and at the end of the text we can accomplish that rapidly we can
save confidentiality complicated in message passing from the unsafe controls of
communication hackers.
Keywords: cryptography, elliptic curve, quantum
INTRODUCTION
The Internet is the globally linked network
of computer networks with addresses that
are controlled by IANA (Internet address
and Naming Authority). It grew intensely
because anyone can attach to it and
everyone associated to it can connect
others to it as glowing. Every site that
linked to it, can develop an Internet
Service supplier to other sites Does
increased security deliver ease to paranoid
people? Throughout this time when the
Internet delivers vital communication amid
tens of millions of people and is being
progressively used as a tool for commerce,
security becomes a significant subject to
transaction. There are various features to
security and various submissions,
extending from protected commerce and
expenditures to secretive communications
and caring passwords. One important
characteristic for safe communications is
that of cryptography.
This paper has two foremost
determinations. The first is to describe
certain of the terms and concepts overdue
basic cryptographic methods, and to offer
a way to compare the myriad
cryptographic schemes in use today.
The second is to provide some real
examples of cryptography and new trends
in use today.
Cryptographic schemes incline to include
in cooperation a procedure and a stealthy
value. The secret worth is recognized as
the key. The aim for consuming a key in
calculation to an algorithm is that it is
problematic to keep planning new

International Journal of Telecommunications & Emerging Technologies vol 2 issue 1

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (20)

Viewers also liked

Viewers also liked (18)

Similar to International Journal of Telecommunications & Emerging Technologies vol 2 issue 1

Similar to International Journal of Telecommunications & Emerging Technologies vol 2 issue 1 (20)

More from JournalsPub www.journalspub.com

More from JournalsPub www.journalspub.com (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

International Journal of Telecommunications & Emerging Technologies vol 2 issue 1